WELL-BEING AS AN INDICATOR: WELL-BEING AS AN INDICATOR: A MARINE RESOURCE A MARINE RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONMANAGEMENT APPLICATION

Courtland SMITH - Oregon State UniversityCourtland SMITH - Oregon State UniversityPatricia M. CLAY - NOAA FisheriesPatricia M. CLAY - NOAA Fisheries

AAA Meetings, November 2007

http://margaux.grandvinum.se/SebTest/wvs/articles/folder_published/article_base_56

Ingelhart & Klingemann 2000:168

Well-beingempty zone

Ingelhart & Klingemann 2000:176

0

5

10

15

20

25

Least Most

Life Satisfaction

Perc

ent

Life Satisfaction from World Values Survey, n= 42,601 (Inglehart et al. 1998:34)

Skew = -0.65

(van Praag and Ferrer-I-Carbonell 2004:45)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

General Satisfaction

Perc

ent

E German

W German

SkewE Germany -0.50W Germany -1.00

Income distributions Oregon, Clatsop & Lincoln counties, Astoria, Newport, & Coquille Tribe

Source: city & county US Census & survey

Oregon 1.171.17

Astoria 1.201.20

Clatsop 1.231.23

Newport 1.381.38

Lincoln 1.381.38

Coquille 1.451.45

Skew

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

<15 15-25 25-35 35-50 50-75 >75

Income

Perc

ent

Oregon

Astoria

Clatsop

Newport

Lincoln

Coquille

Coquille

Oregon

1994 data from National Opinion Research Center (1999), n= 2627, Question 157, range 0 to 4, not too happy to very happy, US population averaged by income class, <10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, >75k, correlation is 0.20.

(Easterlin 2001:468)0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 20 40 60 80 100

Income

Hap

pine

ss

Hi subjectiveHi subjectiveLo objectiveLo objective

Hi subjectiveHi subjectiveHi objectiveHi objective

Lo subjectiveLo subjectiveLo objectiveLo objective

Lo subjectiveLo subjectiveHi objectiveHi objective

Objective, etic, material well-being

Subj

ectiv

e, e

mic

, per

ceiv

ed w

ell-b

eing

Direction of improving well-being

lo

hi

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Material Well-being

Qua

lity

of L

ife

Mill Workers

US

Fishermen

1976

1971

1966

Point Judith, Rhode Island mill worker/fisher comparison (Poggie and Gersuny 1974)

Deckhand

The Nova Scotia offshore fishery (Binkley 1995:9, 75)

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

0 1 2 3 4 5

Income

Self-

Act

ualiz

atio

n

Midshore and trawlers differ significantly at p<0.01. Captain and crew differ at p<0.05

Crew Captain

Trawler

Midshore

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5

Survival/Security

Self-

actu

aliz

atio

n Bay

Oyster

Clam

Scallop

Dragger

Longline

Six New Jersey gear types (Gatewood and McCay 1990:21)

No significantdifference existsbetween the six gear groups

Aftermath of the1994 Coho Closure

(Smith and Gilden 2000; Smith et al. 2000; Gilden and Smith 1996 a, b)

Oregon Troll

OR and WA Gillnet

Troll 0.110.11

Gillnet 0.680.68

Overall satisfactionskew

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

much worse worse no change better much better

Overall Satisfaction

Perc

ent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

much worse worse no change better much better

Overall Satisfaction

Perc

ent

Gilden and Smith 1996a, b

Am Indians

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Income Ratio

Satis

fact

ion

Watershed Coordinators Students Lawyers

Trollers

Gillnetters

Tribe

Comparisons with trollers and gilllnetters in Gilden and Smith (1996a, b)

Differences with trollers and gillnetters are significant at p<0.01

Self-Actualization/Identity

Belonging/Place

Physiological/Basic needs/Occupation

+

-

Wikipedia

Factor analysis, commercial fishers, charter boat operators, and fish plant workers, Petersburg and Craig, Alaska, n=135 (Pollnac and Poggie 2006:332)

Pollnac and Poggie 2006:334-335

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Basic Needs

Self

Actu

aliz

atio

n Commercial

Craig

Petersburg

Processor

Charter

Differences are significant at p<0.02, except for commercial and Craig

Factor analysis commercial and recreational fishermen, n=1336 (Smith 1981:186)

Smith 1981:186-188

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Occupation

Iden

tity

>5 MT Troll

Commercial

<1 MT Troll

Recreation

Angler

Differences between recreation and commercial are significant at p<0.001

ConclusionsConclusionsObjective-etic-material vs subjective-emic-perceptual comparisons are Objective-etic-material vs subjective-emic-perceptual comparisons are supported in numerous studiessupported in numerous studiesExtensive subjective anthropological research on fishing groups, Extensive subjective anthropological research on fishing groups, objective well-being less measuredobjective well-being less measuredLack comparison with non-fishers and across timeLack comparison with non-fishers and across timeBetter sampling and common measures are neededBetter sampling and common measures are neededIndividual data lacking, little recognition that objective, material Individual data lacking, little recognition that objective, material distributions are positively skewed and subjective, perceptual ones are distributions are positively skewed and subjective, perceptual ones are negatively skewednegatively skewedFishing groups more often in high objective and high subjective Fishing groups more often in high objective and high subjective quadrantquadrantPowerlessness from being managed or controlled lowers the Powerlessness from being managed or controlled lowers the subjective well-being measuresubjective well-being measure

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

NOAA Fisheries (NMFS), Office of Science and NOAA Fisheries (NMFS), Office of Science and TechnologyTechnologyNOAA Office of Sea Grant, Oregon Sea Grant NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Oregon Sea Grant ProgramProgramReview by Fred SerchukReview by Fred Serchuk