welfare implications of waste management

8/8/2019 Welfare Implications of Waste Management

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Welfare Implications of Waste

Management

Medha Malviya

MSc Economics


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Objective of the study

1) To make an appraisal of the various existingviewpoints on the need and importance on wastemanagement in India

2) To focus on the relationship between wastemanagement and its impact on welfare of society

3) To establish that the welfare implications may need

not necessarily be uniform and that it can differ acrosscountries depending on the level of development


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Methodology

Review of available literature- Reviewing the ongoing

waste management practices along with relevant case

study.

Analyzing the waste management policies and their

implications


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Literature Review

L. Padma et al (2007)

Rural waste management options are limited.

The policies recommended:(i) village and settlement-based rural waste management strategies andinitiatives, and (ii) village bylaws.

Thomas C. Kinnaman and Don Fullerton (1999)

Incineration has been most successful where land is

scarce for countries like Sweden, Germany, etc.

A deposit or advanced disposal fee- at production orpurchase whereas a refund or subsidy to recycling for

households that recycle or to firms that purchase

recycled materials.


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Chongwoo Choe and Iain Fraser (1997)

Model for household waste management policy When household waste reduction effort (not significant)

the first-best optimum can be achieved by using variouscombinations of an environmental tax on the firm and awaste collection charge.

In the presence of household waste reduction effort asecond best-optimum is achieved because due to thehigher the waste collection charge leads to moreincentives for the household for waste reduction as wellas for illegal waste disposal.

Community involvement is required for monitoring andenforcement of the policies.


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R. Kerry Turner, J. Powell and A. Craighill

(1998)

Focus on role, efficiency and implementationof Green Taxes.

Economic instruments can provide efficiencygains but in a political economy settings the

efficiency gains might reduce due to multiple

and conflicting policy objectives.


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Case Study- Kampala City

Objective of the study- To determine the economic

value of an improvement in environmental qualitydue to an alternative household garbage collection

and selection system for the households of Bugoloobi

flats a suburb of Kampala City.

Methodology- Contingent Valuation Method

Results- Consistent with economic theory

a) Kampala City Council (KCC) is inefficient

b) Private service providers- Relatively Efficient

c) HighWTP, improvement in welfare, increase in

income


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Analysis ofWaste Management polices

European Union (EU)

Approach to waste management is based onthree principles:

Waste prevention

Recycling and reuse

Improving final disposal and monitoring

The Landfill Directive (April 1999) (Directive

1999/31/EC )- Prevent or reduce as far as possiblenegative effects on the environment from theland-filling of waste, by introducing stringenttechnical requirements for waste and landfills.


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In April 2006, Directive 2006/12/EC - ensure that

waste is recovered or disposed of without

endangering human health and without usingprocesses or methods which could harm the

environment and shall take appropriate measures to

encourage prevention and recovery- re-appealed by

Directive 2008/98/EC with effect from 12 December2010

Strategies focusing on:

Prevention and recycling of waste

Limit waste production


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480

485

490

495

500

505

510

515

520

525

530

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Municipal Waste Generated (kg per capita) EU-27

Municipal Waste Generated (kg per

capita)

Source: Euro Stat


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Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation per capita

in the EU had been increasing until

recently, but now seems to have stabilised

Slight increase in 2002, due to increase in the

population size

Stabilization- Due to either change in consumptionpatterns or improved waste management techniques


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Source: Eurostat


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Focus on minimising waste

Recycling- Some countries have very high or high

recycling levels on all waste streams. Relation between Economic Growth andWaste

Generation

Waste generation is still increasing proportionally with

income, and economic and environmental costsassociated to land-filling are also increasing.

EU has on its agenda that waste generation shoulddecouple (no waste growth) from economic growthwithin the EU in the future.

Decoupling- linked to the main driving forces behindwaste generation: technical change, economic growthand household consumption.


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Policies undertaken by member states-

Germany

United Kingdom-Waste Strategy 2007

Emphasis is on recycling and reduction of waste at the

source level


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Brazil

Population is roughly the same number as the

combined populations of France, the UnitedKingdom, and Italy.

Relatively poor country, with an average annual

income of only $3,570 per year and a poverty rate of

22%.

Much of the population lacks standard amenities

Sao Paolo- 35% of sewage is discharged

untreated, 76% of municipal solid waste (MSW)waste is disposed off in open dumps, and 10% is

disposed of in uncontrolled landfills. Only 13% is

placed in controlled landfills, and less than 2% is

treated by composting, recycling, or incineration.


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The national solid waste policy (PNRS, in the

Portuguese abbreviation) will be implemented-

approved on March 10, 2010.

Emphasis on recycling

Become equal the EU in relation to legislation

concerning the solid waste. Focus on PNRS- Protection of public health and

environmental quality, as well as at the

adoption, development and improvement of clean

technologies to minimize environmental impacts, andat the reduction of the volume of hazardous

waste, amongst other actions.


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Waste-to-Energy options for Brazil

Not considered as an option

Political, Economical and Technical barriers

Recommendations- Municipal SolidWaste requires

extensive changes before being able to benefit from

WTE technologies, starting by collecting, assessing andspreading of reliable data and information. Institutional

and legal reforms, R&D, training and public education

programs, financing and funding

mechanisms, modernization of technical, managerialand operational structures are also in order.


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India

In 2000, the MoEF introduced its Municipal SolidWaste Management Rules

The MNES initiated the National Programme on

Energy Recovery from UrbanWastes in 1995 to

develop the waste-to-energy market Major problem- High Costs

Recycling- New concept

Informal sector plays a large role Low income- High organic content in waste

W-T-E options for India


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Rapid urbanisation leading to increase in waste

generated

Increase in income- Increase in standard of living

Illegal dumping- a major practice

Unhygienic conditions

Health problems

Increase in economic growth leading to rapid increase

in waste generation


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Problems faced by developing countries:

IPRs- Not properly defined

High costs No reduction at source level

Limited financial resources

Technical constraints Legal Constraints

Social Constraints

Institutional Constraints

Economic Constraints

Environmentally unsound waste managementpractices


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Results:

Capacity development, changing role of

stakeholders, and appropriate institutional settings Capacity development from the perspective of enabling

factors for governmental intervention and national andregional industrial development for recycling

Need for possible policy responses and internationalpolicy harmonisation to prevent a loop-hole of domesticrecycling mechanisms due to the expandinginternational material flow

Community-L

evel participation Reduction in tarrifs

Decentralisation

Strengthening of legal framework


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Properly define PRs

Role of private sector, ngos, etc.

PPP

Defining clear roles at each level

Education and awareness at the local level

Supporting Strategic Planning and Follow-upImplementation

Developing Self-financing Schemes An alternative waste management policy that concentrates

primarily on reducing hazardous wastes could be arguedfor, when focusing on the environmental costs of wastegeneration for (no waste growth)

To reduce waste intensities linked to firms, the policyinstruments introduced must bring about an introductionof waste preventing production techniques.


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House-to-house collection of MSW should be

organized through methods like collection on regular

pre-informed timing and scheduling.

Organizing the informal sector and promoting micro-

enterprises are an effective way of extending

affordable services.

Landfilling restricted to non-biodegradable, inert

waste and other waste that are not suitable either for

recycling or for biological processing.


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References http://europa.eu/ Accessed on 12th November, 2010

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/regulation/31867.aspx

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31999L0031:EN:HTML

www.bmu.de/english/waste_management/doc/3432.php-All accessed on 12th

November, 2010

ww2.defra.gov.uk - Accessed on 9th November, 2010

Final Report to Directorate General Environment., European Commission

Financing and Incentive Schemes for Municipal Waste Management. Eunomia

Research& Consulting Ltd

http://eur-lex.europa.euAccessed on 18th November, 2010

www.bdlaw.com/news-834.html Accessed on 8th November, 2010

Coehlo, S.T. et al., Barriers to Implementation ofWaste-to-Energy (WTE)

Technologies in Brazil, Zuan, D. et al., Improving Municipal SolidWaste Management in India- A

Sourcebook for Policy Makers and Practitioners., World Bank Institute

B. Perinaz., 2005. Capacity-to-Act in Indias SolidWaste Management andWaste-

to- Energy Industries

Eurostat


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Fisher, C., and. Davidson, C.; Europe as a Recycling Society: The

EuropeanRecycling Map.; European Topic Centre on Sustainable

Consumption and Production

Hall, D.,Waste management in Europe: framework, trends and issues

welfare implications of waste management

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