Welcome to Ms. Sherien’s Global Regents Prep Review!If you have any questions, feel free to email me:

sheriens@yahoo.com

In this workbook, you will find notes on the most common questions asked on the regents. The questions are broken down by topics. Use the table of contents to help you find these topics.

The global regents covers A LOT of topics. I have tried my best to find the most common questions asked on the regents and have created these notes to help familiarize you with the content. I can write a million notes for you BUT IF YOU DO NOT STUDY THIS WORKBOOK WILL NOT HELP YOU.

Best ways to study:

1. Create flash cards.2. Create word walls. Hang them up on your walls in your bedroom. Read them in

the morning when you wake up, read them at night before you go to sleep.3. Visit nysed. Take old regents. Check the answers you got wrong. Learn why you

got them wrong.

Remember, the regents wants to see if you have the ability to THINK. You do not need to know everything in order to pass the regents. You just need to read the question correctly and THINK!

I promise that if you take this seriously you WILL pass the Global Regents this January.

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Table of contents

1. GEOGRAPHY – Geography affects the way countries develop. Geographic features are very important on the regents. In this section, you will learn about the

different geographic features of some countries.

2. ANCIENT CIVILATIONS – Once we stopped being nomads because of the Neolithic revolution, we started developing civilizations. Find out here what

similarities ancient civilizations had and what unique aspects each had. The regents wants to know that you understand how civilizations developed and what

contributions they gave us.

3. GOLDEN AGES AND GREAT EMPIRES – What makes a great empire? What makes a golden age? Both empires and golden ages are positive

features. The regents wants to see if you know what positive things came out of golden ages and empires.

4. JUSTICE and HUMAN RIGHTS – Laws. Why do we need them? Laws give us rules of society. In this section, read about the most common forms of law in global history. Also read about how individuals have violated human rights.

5. THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE CRUSADES – After the Roman empire collapsed because of political corruption, feudalism developed in Europe. In this section you will read about Europe during the middle ages. You will

also read about the effects of the Crusades, the holy wars for control of Jerusalem.

6. EUROPE AFTER THE MIDDLE AGES – The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, Absolutism.

7. AGE OF EXPLORATION

8. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION

9.IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM

10.CONFLICT

11. QUICK NOTES2

9. 10. REVOLUTIONS

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GEOGRAPHY

Learning about the geography of a country can tell you a lot about it. For example, if a country has many mountains it becomes very difficult to travel. If you can’t travel, you can’t unite a country.

Geographic features

Peninsula: A peninsula is a body of land that sticks out and is surrounded by water. It’s important to know what a peninsula is because it is often asked on the regents.

Famous peninsulas:

India

Korea – Is the cultural bridge between Japan and China

Spain and Portugal: This is important because Spain and Portugal were the two European countries that led the age of exploration.

Geography of countries

Russia is FREEZING. It is such a cold country that the climate stopped invaders from taking it! For example, both Hitler and Napoleon tried to invade Russia. You know what stopped them? The weather! Their armies FROZE TO DEATH!

Italy was able to become the richest country in Europe during the Renaissance because of its location. Venice, a city in Italy, became the center of trade and became a very rich city.

Constantinople was the most famous Byzantine city. It connected Europe and Asia and became the center of trade.

South America has the Andes Mountains and the Amazon River.

River valleys – Helped many of the ancient civilizations grow

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Ancient civilizations

A very long time ago, around the time of the dinosaurs, human beings were nomads. A nomad is a person that travels from place to place looking for food. They could not settle down anywhere because there were no refrigerators to store food. If you wanted to eat, you needed to go out and hunt for food.

One of the most famous nomads were the Bantu. They were a group of African nomads who migrated (moved) from place to place to find food. Remember them! They show up on the regents.

After a while, the weather started changing on earth. It started to get warmer and we were able to start growing plants. This meant that we didn’t have to keep traveling to find food. We can grow our food outside our house and start having farms.

Another thing we were able to do is domesticate animals. This means that we trained animals not to be wild. The dog became our friend. We were able to keep cows happy so they can give us milk and put chickens on a farm so they can give us eggs.

This was the start of the Neolithic Revolution . Remember that word because it comes on the regents often. The Neolithic Revolution was when we stopped moving around and started the domestication of animals and growth of plants. We could finally stop moving around and settle in one place and finally RELAX!

Okay, so now we’ve stopped moving around. Once we stopped moving around, we started creating civilizations. Geography is VERY important when we talk about ancient civilization. A favorable geography helps a civilization grow. Here are the most common:

Civilization Geography Political system Contribution

Egypt Nile River Hieroglyphics – type of writing

China Yellow River Dynastic cycle –Mandate of heaven (the emperor got his power from God)

Introduced civil service exams

Invented gunpowder

Also gave us type of writing

India (Gupta empire)

Indus River Caste system Concept of zero

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Mesopotamia Tigris River The Phoenicians spread culture

What is something all the above have in common? They all developed near river valleys. Why are rivers important? By the water you can grow food. It becomes the perfect place to build your great city.

Greece and rome

I have included Greece and Rome in a separate chart because they developed separately from the above. They did not have river valleys, so they developed a little different.

Civilization Geography Important cities ContributionsGreece Many islands and

mountains. Because of this, Greece wasn’t able to unite and instead developed city-states

Athens – practiced direct democracy

Sparta – Very strict, had a strong military, always wanted to go to war! Remember the movie 300? Those were Spartans.

Philosophy: Socrates, Plato

Politics: Direct Democracy

Rome Had low mountains. The Roman empire was able to spread all over Europe and Africa.

Pax Romana = Roman Peace – brought stability and trade

Politics: Twelve Tables (laws that people had to follow)

Practiced representative democracy

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Great empires and golden ages

Our ancient civilizations gave us some amazing things. The ancient Egyptians and Chinese gave us our first form of writing, the Indians and Mayans gave us the concept of zero, the Greeks gave us direct democracy and great philosophers, and the ancient Romans gave us the Twelve Tables. They were fabulous.

As time moves on, some civilizations grow into empires. Great empires and golden ages lead to cultural diffusion. Remember this word. Cultural diffusion is very important to the regents.

This is a list of great empires you MUST know:

Byzantine Empire

Located in Greece. It was a big empire led by JUSTINIAN. It was very important because it:

1. Introduced Orthodox Christianity to Russia – It was the Byzantine empire that influenced Russia.

2. Established the Justinian Code – The Justinian Code set the rules of society. Justinian decided that he was sick and tired of people breaking laws, so he looked at all the laws throughout history and picked the best ones for his society. The Justinian Code is VERY IMPORTANT because many years later Europe used these laws when it was creating its own rules.

3. Had Constantinople - Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. It was the most important city. It was important because it connected Asia and Europe and helped countries trade better.

4. **Preserved Greek and Roman Culture** (very important to know this). Justinian thought the ancients Greeks and Romans were very smart. He thought their laws were great and he really liked their philosophers. So he decided that it was important to make sure we never lost their culture. He translated their books and borrowed many ideas from them.

Mongolia

This was an empire led by Genghis Khan. He controlled a large area of Asia.

The only thing you need to know about Mongolia for the regents is PAX MONGOLIA. This translates to Mongolian Peace (Pax means Peace). This is important because when you have peace, you can TRADE. Once you have trade you have a great empire.

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Africa

The regents does not ask many questions about early African empires. What you need to know is:

Mali and Ghana were two great countries in Africa. They became very rich because of trade. What did they trade? Salt and gold. They had Saharan trade routes which helped them increase their wealth.

Golden age of Islam

The Golden Age of Islam is very important because they:

1. Gave us advances in math and science – Islamic scholars created algebra. So if you’re having a difficult time in Mr. Nikola’s class you can blame the Islamic scholars!

2. Preserved Greek and Roman texts – Like Justinian, Islamic scholars thought the Ancient Greeks and Romans were very smart. They wanted to make sure we kept their ideas.

Japan

Japan had a feudal system.

Some vocabulary words to know related to Japan’s feudal system: Bushido, samurai

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Justice and Human Rights

Early Forms of Justice and Law

Prehistoric and ancient people often lived together for protection.  Living in crowded conditions can quickly lead to trouble. In many ancient societies, kings often made laws after an argument or incident. 

What kind of trouble do you think ancient people had?

Most kings knew that for ordinary people to obey a law, they had to understand it, and know the consequence if they broke it.

Here are some laws that existed in societies to help promote justice:

Code of Hammurabi (Babylon) = very strict codes with consequences for people who broke the law. The King put these laws on a big poster in the middle of the city so EVERYONE could know the law.

Laws of the Twelve Tables (Ancient Rome)

Republican form of government = Ancient Rome

Direct Democracy = Ancient Greece

Justinian Code (Byzantine Empire) = preserved Greek and Roman Culture = served as a model for European legal systems

English Bill of Rights = limited the power of the monarchyMagna Carta = limited the power of the monarchy

John Locke = consent of the people, natural rights

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HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

Even though we have laws, this does not mean that there are no human rights violations. Some people in society do not want to give people their rights.

Some human rights violations:

SOUTH AFRICA

South Africa is a country all the way on the bottom of Africa. It was colonized by the Europeans and created white minority rule. This meant that even though there are more black Africans in South Africa, it was the white Europeans that controlled the country.

This led to apartheid = strict racial separation and discrimination in South Africa. For those of you in my U.S. history class, this was exactly like the segregation the African-Americans in the United States experienced!!

Nelson Mandela was a South African nationalist. He fought against apartheid.

CHINA

Tiananmen Square: This is a square in China, kinda like Times Square here in NY. The Chinese people were upset with their government and so they went there to protest. They wanted democracy.

The Chinese government was not happy with these protestors so they tried to stop them. To break up the protests they sent tanks and soldiers.

OPPRESSIVE REGIMES

This list of men is a list of leaders who denied people their human rights:

Augusto PinochetSaddam Hussein HitlerMussolini

Mao ZedongFidel CastroHo Chi Minh

Ethnic cleansing

Armenian massacreRwanda (Hutus & Tutsis)Bosnia

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Europe during the middle ages and the crusades

Feudal system

After the Roman Empire collapsed because of political corruption, Europe developed the feudal system. Any feudal system is a decentralized system, which means that power was divided up.

So what does this mean? This means that land is exchanged for military service and loyalty. If you promise loyalty to me, I will give you land.

Under the feudal system the amount of land you possessed is how much power you had. So if you were a king, you obviously have A LOT of power because you own A LOT of land. But if you’re a peasant, you have NO power because you do not own any land. You just work on the land. It was a really sad life if you were a peasant

Bubonic Plague

During the Middle Ages, Europe traded a lot of with China. Marco Polo, a very famous Italian merchant, traveled to China and brought back many ideas (cultural diffusion). So Europe wanted to continue trading with China.

By increasing trade we also ended up increasing disease. The Black Death was brought back to Europe by sailors who traded with Asia. The Black Death wiped out Europe’s population.

Crusades

If you were a peasant in Europe during the Middle Ages, you had a VERY hard life. You did not own any of your land and had to follow all the horrible rules the king set. The Crusades gave you a chance to change your life.

The Crusades were the wars between the Christians and the Muslims for control of Jerusalem.

As a result of the Crusades, cultural diffusion increased. The Europeans learned a lot because of the Golden Age of Islam. Remember, the Islamic scholars preserved Greek and Roman texts and also made advances in science and math. The Europeans learned A LOT from the Muslims during the Crusades.

War, however, is not a pleasant thing. Several people died and the Crusades led to distrust between the Muslims and Christians for many years after.

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Europe after the middle ages

The Renaissance The protestant reformation

The englightenment The scientific revolution

Absolutism It looks like there’s A LOT of things you need to know about this topic, right?? Well, don’t worry. Although there are a lot of topics, there is some basic information you need to know about them. Once you know this information, you’ll be fine.

Let’s start with the Renaissance.

The word Renaissance means a “rebirth in culture”. We call this time period the renaissance because after the Middle Ages and the Black Death, Europe entered a golden age. The Renaissance started in Italy, Geographic location of such cities like Venice helped them grow. Access to important trade routes made Italy perfect to develop the Renaissance.

During the renaissance:

1. Wealthy patrons (rich people) started supporting the arts. They gave money to artists so they can create wonderful art. Who are some of these great artists? I’m sure you know some of them already:

Leonardo Da Vinci – Wonderful painter and inventorMichelangelo – Another amazing painterShakespeare – Wrote Romeo and Juliet. He was given money by Queen

Elizabeth I

2. Humanism developed. What is humanism? Humanism is the idea that the individual is important. Humanism stressed the importance of education.

3. Europe revived Greek and Roman culture. Remember how Justinian and the Islamic scholars preserved the Greek and Roman texts? Well, it’s good that they did because the Renaissance people LOVED it. They thought it was so good that they decided to use their designs.

The Protestant Reformation

In 1517 a man named Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses. Martin was very unhappy with some of the things the Catholic Church was doing. One of these things was indulgences. He thought these were HORRIBLE.

What’s an indulgence? The Catholic Church told people that if they wanted to go to 12

heaven, they could buy a piece of paper that would forgive their sins and that would guarantee them a place in heaven. Martin Luther was ANGRY! How could the Catholic church take advantage of people like this?

Martin Luther decided to challenge the teachings of the church. He came up with the 95 Theses, which was a list of 95 arguments against what the church was doing.

The printing press allowed for the 95 Theses to be printed quickly and spread all over Europe.

Scientific Revolution

It’s exactly what it sounds like, a revolution in science. How can science be a revolution?

Well, in the Middle Ages people weren’t very sophisticated. They believed that the sun revolved around the earth! We know today that the earth revolves around the sun. We know this because of the Scientific Revolution.

The most famous scientiests of this revolution were:

Copernicus – who created the heliocentric theoryDescartes – who told us that we need to observe nature in order to learn how things work.Galileo -

But many people in the Middle Ages were very unhappy with the scientific revolution. They did not like new ideas. It contradicted medieval beliefs.

The Enlightenment

Other people, however, liked the Scientific Revolution. They liked the idea that we learn best by applying reason and laws of nature. The great philosophers of the the Enlightenment believed that we were all smart and can think of for ourselves.

Famous philosophers:

John Locke – He was a thinker that believed that we were all born with natural rights and that the consent of the people was important.

Other philosophers were Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau. All these great thinkers believed that we had rights.

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Absolutism

During this time, kings tried to centralize their political power. This means that they wanted to control EVERYTHING. They wanted ALL the power, all the money, all the fame. They don’t want to share like the feudal system.

These kings and queens convinced people that God gave them the right to rule – this was called Divine Right . Famous absolute leaders:

Louis XIV – France, famous for saying “L’etat, c’est mois”.

The Enlightenment philosophers did not like absolute rulers. Why should someone like Louis XIV have all the power? Why should he be able to do whatever he wanted and take away our rights?? John Locke said that we were all born with natural rights and that if someone like Louis XIV wanted to be leader, he would have to have consent of the people.

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The Age of ExplorationI LOVE to travel. I love to explore new lands, learn new languages, visit new places.

Many European countries loved to travel too. The most famous of these countries were Spain and Portugal. They wanted to discover new lands and food. Both these countries had a great advantage to exploration.

Spain and Portugal are located on a peninsula. They’re closer to the water and it makes it easier to travel. They are also able to travel because they had great technology. Remember, the Europeans by this time were exposed to the Golden Age of Islam, which gave them a lot of new technology.

So Columbus and others (Vasco de Gama) explored South America. Why South America? It had GREAT resources. Columbus wanted to take these resources and give them to Spain.

Once Columbus landed in South America he decided that these lands belonged to Spain. He wanted to take all their resources so Spain could become a richer country.

The best way to do this was for Spain to create mercantilism. Mercantilism is an economic system. In this system the colonies were used as a source of labor.

So what sort of government did Spain create in South America? It created the encomienda system. This is almost exactly like the feudal system we had in Europe. All the way in to bottom you had the Africans and the natives who did forced labor. They were like slaves who did the work of the ownders.

Although some South American empires such as the Aztecs fought against the explorers, they were unable to win because the Europeans had better military technology, like guns. Many South Americans died as well because the Europeans brought them diseases (like what happened during the Black Death)

One positive thing from the Age of Exploration:

Because of this exploration we had the Columbian Exchange. This introduced new products and foods to both Europe and South America.

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INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERNIZATIONThe Industrial Revolution began in England. England had a lot of natural resources that helped them build factories and create things in factories so that they could trade.

Problems of Industrial revolution: child labor, dangerous work in factories.

Karl Marx was very upset by the industrial revolution. He thought it was horrible for the poor people. They had to have child labor and the work they did in factories was very dangerous. They didn’t even get paid a lot of money!

He believed that the proletariat (these poor working people) would lead a revolution against capitalism. He thought they would become so upset that they would have a revolution. Marx believed that the industrial revolution would lead to class struggle and revolutionary change. Overthrowing the capitalist system is the only way to end class struggle.

Karl Marx created Communism.

Karl Marx influenced people like Fidel Castro (Cuba), Vladimir Lenin (Russia), Mao Zedong (China).

IRELAND – The Industrial Revolution was not good for the Irish.The Irish left because of mass starvation. There is always one question on this on every single regents. YOU MUST KNOW THAT THE IRISH LEFT IRELAND BECAUSE OF MASS STARVATION KNOWN AS THE POTATO FAMINE

JAPAN

Under the Meiji Restoration Japan decided to reform its political and economic system.

Just like many other countries, Japan wanted to modernize. They wanted to build modern railroads and have modern cities.

Once you modernize, however, you will continue to need more natural resources. Where is Japan going to get natural resources? They are going to TAKE it from other countries. So Japan annexed (took) Korea to take Korea’s resources.

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CHINA - Four Modernizations under Deng Xiaping. Promoted economic and technological modernization

Move towards increased capitalism.

Soviet Union

Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to modernize his country. So he created the Five Year plan. (This is on every single regents) Under the Five Year Plan, Stalin wanted to control the Soviet economy and increase production in heavy industry.

Please remember Stalin’s Five Year Plan!!!

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Imperialism and colonialismYou just read about the industrial revolution and modernization in countries around the world. Once you experience such a revolution, you become a very rich country. However, you always want to be richer. How can a country become richer? By taking control of other lands so it could take and use its resources.

Countries in Europe were able to do this because they dominated military and commercial relations.

Europeans established the economic system of mercantilism in order to control trade with its colonies.

AFRICA

Africa had a lot of resources that the Europeans wanted. The Scramble for Africa was when all the European countries tried to go and colonize countries in Africa.

The Europeans believed that Africa was the White Man’s Burden. This meant that the Europeans thought it was their job to civilize the Africans.

INDIA

The British colonized India so it could take its resources.

The Indians were very unhappy about this. In order to end British colonial rule they had the Sepoy Mutiny. Unfortunately this mutiny failed and the British took over India even stronger.

One important man that protested British colonialism of India was Gandhi. He did this without violence however. He believed that the best way to kick out the British was through civil disobedience. example, Gandhi said that India should boycott British goods. Don’t buy anything from the British.

Please remember Gandhi and his non-violent methods to get independence from England. Every single regents has one question on Gandhi.

CHINA

In China the Chinese wanted to kick the British out too. They had the Boxer Rebellion.

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Summary:

NATIVE REACTION TO FOREIGN INFLUENCE – SELF-DETERMINATION

1. Sepoy Mutiny and Boxer Rebellion2. Gandhi and civil disobedience, stop buying British goods3. Simon Bolivar, Jose de san Martin, Touissant L’Ouvertoure, Jomo Kenyatta =

Great nationalists who helped lead nationalist movements or independence movements

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CONFLICTEveryday in my classroom there seems to be some sort of conflict. Students are often fighting with each other because someone said something bad or someone stole someone’s pen.

In our global world we have conflict as well. Obviously those problems are much bigger than our classroom ones!

WARS

1. The Crusades

War between the Muslims and the European Christians for control over Jerusalem. Increased cultural diffusion.

2. The Cold WarThe Cold War was not a war like you know. There were no guns or people dying. The Cold War was like a huge argument between the United States and Russia. These two countries did not like each other at all. So what did they do? For the most part, they talked smack. The U.S. (which was capitalist) did not like Russia (which was communist). Each tried to get the rest of the world to agree with them, which caused a lot of problems.

A. The US created NATO in order to control Russia

B. Cuban Missile Crisis: Russia wanted to scare the United States, so they put missiles in Cuba, which is near Florida. Americans were scared. What if Russia decided to launch the missiles?? Many American lives would be lost. After a lot of negotiation, Russia turned the missiles away from America. By then, however, Americans had an even bigger reason not to like Russia, so both continued fighting with each other.

C. Containment: The US would do whatever it needed to do to prevent the spread of communism

CONFLICTS

1. Palestinian/Israeli conflict2. India and Pakistan (Often comes on the regents)

Religious conflictConflict over Kashmir

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R E V O L U T I O N S!There are two types of revolutions that you will see on the regents. We can also call them turning points because they were dramatic changes in history.

1. Political revolutions: Usually violent revolutions where people are fighting for their rights.

2. Non-violent revolutions: Usually changes in society, such as the industrial revolution.

Political Revolutions

Why do we have political revolutions? Usually people are unhappy with the current government they have and this leads to revolutions. Some similarities:

The most common political revolutions you will meet on the regents are:

1. The French Revolution2. Latin American Revolutions3. The Russian Revolution (also known as Bolshevik revolution)4. Chinese Revolution

One thing they all have in common is that they had the support of the peasants.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW:

French Revolution – Viva la France!

French society was divided up into Three Estates (this means classes – when you see the word estates you know the question is about the French revolution). So there were three classes: the very rich, the priests, and the poor peasants.

Who do you think paid the most taxes?

That’s right, it was the very poor. How happy would YOU be if you had very little money and had to pay the MOST taxes? You probably wouldn’t be very happy at all.

The king at the time, Louis XIV, didn’t care about the poor people. He only cared about keeping his own power and staying rich. When the people complained to him, he didn’t care to help them.

So what are the poor folk to do? REVOLT!

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Latin American Revolutions Once the people in Latin America heard about the successful revolution in France, they started thinking, “HEY! Maybe we should have a revolution as well!!”

Remember, Latin America was ruled by France and Spain. They did not have political freedom and they were getting pissed.

The first country to fight for its own freedom was Haiti. The leader, Toussaint L'ouverture, fought for freedom and won!

After that, leaders like Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Pancho Villa (Mexico) led their countries to freedom.

Russian RevolutionThis revolution is also known as the Bolshevik revolution because the Bolsheviks led the revolution. The most famous of them was Vladimir Lenin, who got a lot of his ideas from Karl Marx.

The Russian people were having a very hard time. They were very poor while their czar (king) was very rich. They were hungry and frustrated. The king did not help them at all.

So Lenin went to the streets and promised the Russian people “Peace, Land, and Bread”. Why Peace, Land, and Bread? Well, because the Russian people wanted peace – they were sick of the wars they were fighting. They also wanted land – they want to be able to own land so they can build homes and farm. They were also desperate for bread – obviously because they were hungry!

Chinese RevolutionThe Chinese Revolution was led by Mao Zedong. He was unhappy with the way China was being run so he led his own revolution with the support of the peasants. He got a lot of his ideas from Karl Marx.

When Mao Zedong won power, he ruled China very strictly. He created the Cultural Revolution because he wanted to create a new China. During this revolution he restricted what people could read and say. If you said something bad about the Chinese government he would put you in jail!

Obviously he couldn’t do this by himself. He can’t watch what everyone is saying! So he created the Red Guards. The Red Guards were a group of people who gave their loyalty to Mao Zedong. If they heard you say something bad about Mao, they would use violent methods to stop you.

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Non Violent Revolution

Neolithic Revolution

We (human beings) used to be nomads. A nomad is a person who moves from place to place to find land and food. A good example of a nomadic group is the Bantu from Africa.

Well, after the Ice Age we had a Neolithic Revolution. This means that we domesticated plants and animals and were able to stay in one place. This is important because our lives changed after this. We were able to create civilizations and start thinking. We created great literature, the concept of zero, had amazing philosophers, and actually started writing.

Industrial Revolution

Started in England because England had natural resources. If you have natural resources you can start building factories and things to actually sell.

The Industrial Revolution had a lot of negative consequences:

Child labor Imperialism – Eventually if you use all your natural resources you will finish

them! England really wanted to remain rich, so they decided that they were going to colonize (take over) other countries so they can use their natural resources. This isn’t really fair, is it?

Scientific Revolution

It’s exactly what it sounds like, a revolution in science. How can science be a revolution?

Well, in the Middle Ages people weren’t very sophisticated. They believed that the sun revolved around the earth! We know today that the earth revolves around the sun. We know this because of the Scientific Revolution.

The most famous thinkers of this revolution were:

Copernicus – who created the heliocentric theoryDescartes – who told us that we need to observe nature in order to learn how things work.Galileo

But many people in the Middle Ages were very unhappy with the scientific revolution. They did not like new ideas. It contradicted medieval beliefs.

Commercial Revolution23

A revolution in the banking. Created capitalism in Europe.

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ECONOMY1. Centers of trade: Constantinople, Venice

2. Laissez-faire free trade

3. Mercantilism economic system to control the colonies

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QUICK NOTES

AFRICA

1. Great empires Mali and Ghana = wealth through trade in gold and salt.2. Mansa Musa = leader of Mali. Went to Mecca and came back, spread Islam.3. Imperialism = White Man’s Burden (England should civilize Africa)4. South Africa = Apartheid (segregation) = Nelson Mandela (nationalist who

fought for freedom)5. Egypt = river valley

INDIA

1. Hinduism = Dharma / Karma / Reincarnation2. Caste system3. Gupta Empire = concept of zero4. Gandhi = wanted the British to leave India = used civil disobedience to kick

them out5. Sepoy Mutiny = violent rebellion against British rule

RUSSIA

1. Cold climate keeps it from being invaded.2. Bolshevik revolution = “Peace, Land, Bread” = Lenin3. Stalin’s Five Year Plan = modernize Russia4. Communism = total control of society5. Glasnost = 6. Peretroiska = 7. Détente =

EUROPE1. Feudal system = decentralized power = loyalty in exchange for land = the more

land you have, the more powerful you are.2. Black Death = Killed a large number of people in Europe 3. Crusades = increased cultural diffusion4. Magna Carta = limited power of the monarchy5. Bill of Rights = limited power of the monarchy6. Renaissance = humanism = Leonardo Da Vinci / Michelangelo / Shakespeare7. Protestant Reformation = Martin Luther wrote 95 Theses = Printing press

(helped spread the 95 theses)8. Scientific Revolution = apply reason and laws of nature = Galileo / Descartes =

heliocentric model9. Englightenment = apply reason10. John Locke = natural rights = consent of the people11. Absolutism = Divine Right (power from God)

FRANCE1. French Revolution = Three estates = Louis XIV (absolute king)

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JAPAN1. Shinto = spirits reside in nature2. Bushido, samurai = warriors3. Meiji Restoration = Industrialization and modernization

= annexation of Korea so they could take their resources

CHINA1. Confucious = filial piety / Five Noble Truths / 2. Mandate of Heaven = dynastic cycle3. Introduced civil service system4. Invented gunpowder5. Boxer rebellion6. Mao Zedong = led the Communist revolution 7. Four Modernizations = Deng Xiaoping wanted to modernize China

Political systems1. Absolutism = Divine Right (power from God)2. Feudal system = decentralized power = loyalty in exchange for land = the more

land you have, the more powerful you are.3. Democracy = Ancient Greece (Direct Democracy)4. Communism = government has total control = Lenin = Stalin = Mao Zedong =

Fidel Castro5. Fascism = Hitler

Economic Systems1. Mercantilsim = control trade with colonies2. Capitalism = laissez faire = free trade3. Command economy = communist = government controls all aspects of the

economy

Belief systems1. Islam = Mohammed = Quran = Five Pillars = Ramadan = Allah2. Christianity = Jesus = Bible3. Judaism = Moses = Ten Commandments4. Shinto = Spirits reside in nature5. Buddhism = Eightfold Path6. Confucianism = Filial Piety = Five Noble Truths7. Hinduism = Karma = Dharma = Reincarnation

Ancient Civilizations1. Neolithic revolution = Domestication of plants and animals2. Bantu in Africa = Migrated to find land for farming 3. River valleys = Egypt, China, Mesopotamia, India4. Early form of writing = Egypt and China5. Greece = direct democracy6. Rome = Twelve Tables7. India = Concept of Zero

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Great Empires1. Byzantine Empire = Justinian = Justinian Code = Preserved Greek and Roman

Texts = Constantinople2. Golden age of Islam = advances in math and science = Preserved Greek and

Roman Texts3. Mongol = Genghis Khan = Pax Mongolia4. Africa = Mali /Ghana = Trade = Gold and Salt

Exploration1. Spain and Portugal = peninsula = easy to explore2. Columbian exchange – new products/growth = new food to Europe and America

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