Regents Review

Global History and Geography

Mr. Regan, Ms. Scallero

CONFIDENTLY!

Global History and GeographyAGENDA

Purpose: To help you organize your review for the Global History and Geography regents exam so that you can walk into the exam on June 18th

Process:

•Examine the Format of Regents Exam

•Organize Review and Study Strategies

•Review Test Taking Strategies

•Writing the DBQ

Where Can I Get Review Materials?

•Use web sites:•Regents Review Site at

http://regentsprep.org•SED test sampler for Global History at

www.nysed.gov Purchase review book

•Use your class notebook, textbook, review folder

FORMAT

Part 1 50 Multiple-choice questions--55%

Parts 2 and 3 Essays •Thematic essay 15%•Document Based Question (DBQ) 15% scaffolding 15% essay

No choice. You must write 2 essaysYou must demonstrate your knowledge of content and your skills of analysis, organization, and writing as you address these two essay tasks.

Your essays will be evaluated using rubrics.

TEST TAKING SKILLS

Read all directions carefully.

This is a timed test. You have 3 hours to complete the test so work efficiently.

•First do the chronologically organized multiple choice questions.

•Next do the DBQwrite responses to the scaffold questionsorganize your essaywrite the essay

•Last do the thematic essay

Use These STRATEGIES

For multiple choice•Read the question carefully, underlining key words•Eliminate wrong foils or answers

For DBQ scaffold questions•Read the question below the document•Brainstorm what you know about the question before reading the documents•Read the document carefully, underlining key ideas which will help answer the question •Write the response using information directly from the document.

Make your answer as complete as possible Write complete sentences

FOR ESSAYS

Read the question or task carefully. Underline key words. Be sure you understand what you are required to do.

Read the rubric. Underline key words.

Organize information needed to respond to the question. For the DBQ include outside information and information from the documents

Write introductory paragraph- thesis statement, controlling idea, definition of the topic, introduction of what you will prove in the essay.

Write body paragraphs- one for each topic.

Write a concluding paragraph.

REVIEW STRATEGIES

ORGANIZE your review

•Identify the most important topics•Create study aids--charts, flash cards, timelines, graphic organizers, maps to organize key information

•Keep your review materials in a folder

SCHEDULE review time on your calendar. Be sure you have a quiet place.

REVIEW STRATEGIES

ACTIVELY STUDY your materials. Do what works for you--make cards in colors, draw pictures of vocabulary words, make illustrated timelines, study with a friend.

PRACTICE doing multiple choice questions and

writing DBQ and thematic essays.

BELIEVE you can do it. Set goals and get started

reviewing.

Review Strategies for Content

CHRONOLOGICAL ERAS

Graphic organizer/ timeline for era

Outline of important content

Chart of important themes/concepts:

Geography Revolutions Conflict

Political systems Nationalism Science& Tech.

Economic systems Imperialism Movement of Goods

Belief systems Human Rights

Change Interactions

& People

Global History & GeographyINTRODUCTION

1. Ancient World (4000BC-500)

2. Expanding Zones of Exchange & Encounter(500-1200)

3. Global Interactions (1200-1650)

4. First Global Age (1450-1770)

5. Age of Revolutions (1750-1914)

6. Half Century of Crisis & Achievement (1900-1945)

7. 20th Century Since 1945

8. Global Connections and Interactions

4000 BC - 500 AD• Early River Valley

Civilizations• Classical Civilizations• Belief systems

500 AD - 1600 AD• Rise of Empires• Golden Ages• Early Middle Ages• Age of Transition• Exploration• Encounter

1600 - 1900• Absolutism• Enlightenment, Evolution

British Democracy, French Revolution, Lat. Am. Rev.

• Industrial Revolution• Nationalism

1900 - 1945• World War I• Russian Revolution• Dictators & WWII

1945 - present• Cold War, independence

movements, changes in Middle East, Africa, Asia

Neolithic Agricultural Revolution

• Two Key Ideas:

1. Domestication of Animals

2. Farmers Planting Seeds to Grow Crops

– Leads to the DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION

Rome

Egypt

GreeceIndia China

Mesopotamia

Ancient WorldCIVILIZATIONS AND RELIGION

4000 BC - 500 AD

Ancient River Valleys

Contributions

Nile / Egypt Tigris & Euphrates Mesopotamia

Indus India Huang He China

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EGYPT / NILE

• Irrigation System – Nile River

• Pyramids

• Pharaoh

• Hieroglyphics

• Polytheistic religion – divine right

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TIGRIS & EUPHRATES MESOPOTAMIA

• Code of Hammurabi

• Cuneiform

• Many conquerors

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INDUSINDIA

• Planned cities – Harappa &

Mohenjo-Daro

• Hinduism - caste system

• Sanskrit writing

Back

HUANG HECHINA

• Walled cities• Calligraphy - writing• Rice cultivation• Dynasties• Dynastic Cycle – Mandate of Heaven

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ANCIENT WORLDCivilizations and Religion

4000 BC - 500

Contributions of Classical Civilizations

Greece RomeHan Dynasty (China

)

Mauryan Empire (India)

Mayan

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GREECE

• Architecture - Parthenon• Science and math• Philosophy - questioning spirit, human reason, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle• City states Athens - democracy Sparta - military

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ROME

• Centralized government - empire and army• Engineering - roads, aqueducts• Law - Twelve Tables• Pax Romana - promoted trade• Christianity• Latin language• Republic vs. Empire• Mare Nostrum -- “Our sea”

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DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• Political corruption• Economic problem - inflation, unemployment, cost of empire • Military decline• Loss of morale • Barbarian invasions

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MAYAN (Mesoamerica)

• Architecture- temples, palaces• Math, number system• Calendar• Astronomy• Writing system• Agrarian, maize

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MAURYAN EMPIRE (India)

• Buddhism• King Asoka

·tolerant of all religions· built hospitals, roads· encouraged education and

spread of Buddhism

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CLASSICAL CHINA

• Zhou dynasty - teachings of Confucius and Lao-zi

• Qin dynasty - Great Wall of China• Han dynasty - Golden Age

·civil service examinations· merchants - trade· Silk Road - connected China & India

to Middle East

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MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS

Ancient WorldCivilizations and Religion

4000 BC - 500

• Daoism

• Confucianism

• Buddhism

• Hinduism

• Judaism

• Christianity

• Islam

• Janism

• Animism

• Shintoism

Major Belief Systems of the World

Religion Location Major Beliefs Impact

Confucianism

Daoism

Buddhism

Hinduism

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Major Belief Systems of the World

Religion Location Major Beliefs Impact

Judaism

Christianity

Islam

Animism

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Shintoism

IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS

•Interpret and view natural forces and patterns of nature

•Unified people in Latin America

•Led to conflict in the Crusades

•Protestant Reformation

•Medieval and Renaissance art and architecture

ANIMISM

CHRISTIANITY

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IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS

•Meditation important; cultural diffusion -- spread from India

•Caste system

•Conflict in Partition of India

•Sacred objects - Ganges River and cow (don’t eat beef)

ANIMISM

BUDDHISM

HINDUISM

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IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS

•Influenced Chinese government and education Mandate of heaven

•Influenced some ancient Chinese leaders

•Study of natural world led to advances in science

ANIMISM

CONFUCIANISM

DAOISM

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IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS

•Unified people in Middle East

•Conflict in Crusades

•Partition of India

•No alcohol or pork

•Diaspora - Jews spread •Anti-Semitism in Medieval Europe•Jews persecuted

•Holocaust•Pogroms in Russia

•1948 Israel created and conflict

ISLAM

JUDAISM

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The civilizations of the Sumerians, the Phoenicians, and the Mayans were similar in that each

1. emphasized equality in education

2. established monotheistic religions

3. encouraged democratic participation in government

4. developed extensive writing systems

PRACTICE MULTIPLE CHOICE

Global Interaction-Key Questions 500-1600

• What is a Golden Age and what were the achievements of each of the major empires?

• How did the empires spread and interact? • What was Europe like after the fall of the Roman

Empire? Feudalism? Role of the Catholic Church?• How did Europe change during the Renaissance,

Reformation, and Age of Exploration?• What was the impact of the Columbian exchange

on the peoples of Europe, Africa and the Americas?

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MEDIEVAL EUROPE FEUDALISM

• Lord provided protection in exchange for loyalty and services of vassal

• Decentralized government• Rigid class system• Self sufficient manor• Serfs• Feudalism in Japan similar: shogun,

samurai, peasants

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MEDIEVAL EUROPE CATHOLIC CHURCH

• Unified people - common religion, sacraments• Economic role - Church owned land and

collected• Educational role - monks in monasteries

copied books• Built cathedrals• Pope powerful - crowned Charlemagne Holy

Roman Emperor and called for the Crusades

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DECLINE OF FEUDALISM - 1

• CRUSADES - holy wars in which Christians wanted to regain the Holy Land from Seljuk Turks

• IMAPCT:1. New ideas - Arabic, Greek, and Roman learning; awareness of other cultures--

Renaissance2. New products (silk,spices, coffee etc.) increased demand --trade--Commercial Revolution-- Exploration3. Breakdown of feudalism--Rise in power of kings

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DECLINE OF FEUDALISM - 2

• BLACK DEATH (bubonic plague) 1348-1353--Rats with fleas carried the disease from Asia; entered Europe on trading ships

• IMPACT-- Killed 1/3 of European population-- Loss of peasant labor - decline of manors-- Guilds declined as craftsmen in towns

died

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AGE OF TRANSITION RENAISSANCE

• What? Rebirth of interest in learning; Golden Age

• Where began? - Italian city-states - Florence

• Emphasized: HumanismSecularism

• Art: Michelangelo - daVinci

• Scientific change: Copernicus - Galileo

• Literature: Machiavelli - Shakespeare

• Technology: Gutenberg

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PROTESTANT REFORMATION• What? Martin Luther wanted to reform the Catholic

Church - posted 95 Thesis• Luther’s Ideas

1. sale of indulgences wrong2. faith alone necessary for salvation3. Pope and clergy not necessary - read Bible yourself

• Other leaders: John Calvin - Henry VIII• Results:

1. end of religious unity, religious wars 2. growth in power of king

3. Counter-Reformation: Jesuits Council of Trent Inquisition

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EXPLORATION

• Causes: 1. Desire for foreign products that Crusaders brought back and Marco Polo described

2. Search for new trade routes; all water route to the East 3. Navigational skills & instruments- maps, compass

4. Desire of European kings to gain wealth, power

• Leaders: – Portugal: Prince Henry, Diaz, DaGama– Spain: Columbus, Magellan, Pizarro, Cortes

Results: 1. Colonization of “New World”2. Mercantilism

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The Encounter BetweenEurope and the Americas

Pre-Columbian

civilizations in

the Americas

+European:

exploration

conquest

colonization

=The encounter between the European and American cultures

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Encounter: Pre-Columbian Civilizations in the Americas

• Mayans in Mexico and Guatemala:Advanced civilization- temples, palaces, math,

calendar, writing system

• Aztecs in MexicoAdvanced civilization-cities, palaces, writing,empire

• Incas in Andes Mountains -PeruAdvanced civilization- built cities, irrigationsystems; empire connected by trails; recordkeeping system

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Results of the Encounter

Columbian Exchange-cultural diffusionto Europe - food (corn,beans, tomatoes, tobacco), gold & silverto Americas - animals, technology,diseases

Transatlantic Slave Trade-triangular tradeWhat: Due to the deaths of Native Americas (overwork in

mines and plantations) more workers needed.

1- Slaves were captured in west Africa and shipped to the Americas (the Middle Passage)

2 - Sugar, tobacco, raw materials sent to Europe3 - Guns and manufactured goods sent to Africa This led to the death of many African captives.

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Colonialism

• Colonial government - Kings sent viceroys to administer the colonies

• Colonial social system - rigid classes peninsulares - born in Spain, power& wealth, ruling

creoles - descendants of peninsul.born in Latin Am.mestizos and mulattos - mixed bloodNative Americans and Africans - worked on

plantations and in mines

• Encomienda system - feudal grant of land and power over the workers on it--given to nobility

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Commercial RevolutionRise of Mercantilism

• What: wealth is based on accumulation of gold and silver

• Colonies provide the mother country with raw materials, gold, and silver

• Favorable balance of trade - mother country exports more than she imports

• King’s power and wealth are used to support development of industries in France, Spain, etc.

• Capitalism - entrepreneurs invest money for profit

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Absolutism to Revolution1600-1830s

Absolutism

Louis XIV

Peter the Great

Sulieman

Akbar

+New Ideas

Scientific Rev.

Enlightenment

=

Revolution in France & Am.

Evolution of Constitutional Monarchy-GB

Independence movements in Latin America

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Absolutism

• Reasons for the rise of absolute monarchs1. Decline of feudalism and the power of the nobles2. Decline in power of the Catholic Church3. Support of middle class merchants4. Claimed Divine Right- monarch got his power from

God; he was God’s deputy on earth

• Monarchs used their wealth to build armies and navies to protect their colonial empires.

• Hobbes said absolute monarchs were necessary to maintain order

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Absolute Monarchs

Louis XIV - France1. “I am the state.”2. Palace at Versailles3. Colbert - mercantilism

Philip II - Spain1. Spanish Armada lost to England2. Defender of Catholicism

Czar Peter the Great - Russia1. Westernization 2. Windows to the West3. Orthodox Church under his control

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Absolute Monarchs

Sultan Sulieman the Magnificent - Ottoman EmpireEncouraged the arts

Akbar the Great - Mughal Empire in IndiaBuilt roads; encouraged the arts-Golden Age

Other rulers at this timeTokugawa shoguns - Japan Checked power of feudal lords(daimyo) Isolated JapanMing dynasty - China Expanded trade- sent Zheng He and navy to Indian O. later isolation and ethnocentrismQing (Manchu) Dynasty

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Enlightenment - Age of Reason

Based on Ideas from the Scientific Revolution– Scientific Method - truth based on questioning,

observation, and experimentation rather than the Bible and ancient thinkers• Copernicus, Galileo, Newton

Enlightenment writers (the philosophers) believed the laws of nature and reason could explain human society and government

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Enlightenment Writers

John Locke - Two Treatises on Government1. Men are born with natural rights of life, liberty, and property. 2. Men create governments to protect these rights.3. If a government fails to protect their rights, they have the right to revolt or change the government.

Rousseau - The Social Contract1. “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.”2. Believed government should express the general will of the people.

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Enlightenment Writers

Montesquieu- The Spirit of the Laws1. Separation of Powers - 3 branches of government

Voltaire1. “I do not agree with what you are saying but I will defend your right to save it.” – freedom of speech

Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations Economist who proposed laissez faire capitalism - government should not be involved in the economy; let nature take its course

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Evolution of Constitutional Monarchy in England

Magna Carta (1215) – King cannot tax without consent of Great Council; trial by peers

Model Parliament – Representatives of middle class had a voice in the government (Parliament)

Puritan Revolution (1642-1649) – Puritans in Parliament defeated absolute monarch (Stuarts), led by Cromwell

Glorious Revolution 1688 – William and Mary agree to limited monarchy and sign the Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights of 1689 – Established a limited or constitutional monarchy; Parliament in control

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French Revolution of 1789

Causes1. Political - abuses of the Old Regime--absolute monarchs

had bankrupted the country with costly wars and lavish living at Palace of Versailles.

2. Economic - unfair system of taxation--First and Second Estates (Clergy and Nobility) paid little taxes even though they owed much land and collected taxes.

3. Social - rigid class system--Third Estate supported the other two estates; the bourgeoisie (middle class) resented the privileges of the nobility.

4. Intellectual - ideas of the enlightenment (Locke) and the American Revolution (Dec. of Independence)

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Stages of the French Revolution1. Old Regime - Absolute Monarch Louis XVI2. Rule of Moderates - Third Estate declares Estates-General becomes National Assembly--issues the Declaration of Rights of Man and adopts a new constitution limiting power of the king3. Rule of the Radicals - Robespierre & Committee of Public Safety--Reign of Terror - to protect France from foreign invasions and to eliminate internal opposition. French Republic established -”Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”- spread of democratic ideas4. Strong leader - Emperor Napoleon I--Impact - Code Napoleon, nationalism; after defeat Congress of Vienna restored balance of power

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Latin American Independence Movements (1810-1830s)

Causes:1. Ideas from the American and French revolutions2. Ideas of Enlightenment writers3. After Spain & Portugal finished fighting Napoleon,

they tried to reestablish control of their empiresLeaders:

Simon Bolivar, San Martin, Father HidalgoResults:1. Independence for Mexico, Haiti, and other Latin

American countries2. Caudillos (strong political bosses) gained control in

several countries

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Industrial Revolution

What? • Change from the domestic system to the factory

system– Domestic system - work done by hand in

home– Factory system - work done by machines

(assembly line) in factories

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Why Did Industrial Revolution Start in England?

• Natural resources - coal, iron ore• Workers available due to the Agricultural

Revolution (inventions of machines, etc.) so fewer farmers were needed on the farms

• Capital/$ to build factories• Markets – domestic and colonies• Inventions - steam engine, spinning jenny• Transportation - rivers and canals to connect

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Results of Industrial Revolution

Positive:• Mass production of goods led to cheaper

prices so people could have more• Factory owners, bankers grow in number,

wealth, and power• Urbanization - cities grew with libraries etc.• Leads to imperialism and increased power

for mother country

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Results of Industrial Revolution

Negative (problems):

• Poor working conditions - long hours, unsafe factory conditions, low pay, child labor

• Poor living conditions for workers in the cities (slums)

• Pollution - water, streets, air

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Solutions /Reponses

• Adam Smith: laissez faire capitalism - government should do nothing to solve

• Parliament passed laws regarding safety in the mines, factories, minimum wages, hours

• Unions organized workers and demanded minimum wages, hours (use strikes)

• Karl Marx: Communist Manifesto, workers of the world unite; communism: everyone is equal

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New Imperialism

Chart:

• What, Who, When, Why, Where, Results

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Nationalism

• Unites Germany and Italy

• Divides Austrian Empire and Ottoman Empire

• Leads to conflict - World War I

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World War I (1914-1919)

MAIN causes• Militarism- Germany & France Large armies: British

large navy

• Alliances - Triple Alliance: Austria, Germany, Italy Triple Entente: England, France, Russia

• Imperialism - competition for colonies in Africa and for control in the Balkans

• Nationalism - France wanted revenge on Germany for defeat in Franco- Prussian War. Subject nationalities want independence

Immediate cause: assassination of Austrian archduke by a Serb

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World War I – War and Peace

• War• Trench warfare, poison gas, flame throwers• U.S. enters and Russia drops out in 1917• President Wilson of U.S. 14 points

– Freedom of seas, self-determination, end of trade barriers, League of Nations

– Treaty of Versailles - Germany treated harshly-- responsible for war (war guilt) and must pay reparations; Germany demilitarized, loses colonies and land

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Russian Revolution of 1917

• Causes:– Absolute monarch - Czar Nicholas II--weak– Nobles-wealthy, land; poor peasants want land– Losses in World War I – Lenin and Bolsheviks have communist ideas of Marx;

promise “Peace, land, bread”

• Results:– Lenin and Bolsheviks win and take Russia out of World

War I, set up Communist party; Stalin gets power after death of Lenin; Communist dictator, 5 year Plans, purge opposition, USSR

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Rise of Dictators

Hitler in Germany• Leader/dictator of Nazi

party - appointed chancellor, promises to tear up Versailles Treaty and blames German problems on Jews (anti-Semitism)

• Jews discriminated against, sent to ghettos & concentration camps-- Holocaust (genocide)

• Starts World War II

Stalin in USSR• Communist dictator -

state planned, owned, controlled economy

• 5 year plans--rapid industrialization, collectivized farms

• Eliminated any opposition--Ukrainian kulaks (forced famine)

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World War II (1939-1945)

Causes:Failure of appeasement

• Axis aggression– Germany in Europe - Poland, France, invades USSR, Battle of

Britain

– Japan in Asia - against China and Pacific

– Italy - Ethiopia in North Africa

Results: Defeat of Germany and division; Japan bombed and

occupied; now both are friends of U.S.

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Aftermath of World War II

• Decline of France and Britain

• Emergence of Two Superpowers

• Establishment of United Nations

• Beginning of Cold War

• Beginning of Nuclear Age

The Cold War

• Origins

• Definition

• Characteristics

• Focal Point

• Key Conflicts

Independence Movements

India• Leader: Mahatma Gandhi

used nonviolence, self-sufficiency, and civil disobedience to win Indian independence from Great Britain - Salt March

• Partition of India into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan - violence

Africa• Kenya- Kenyatta and Mau

Maus fight against British and win independence

• Nkrumah - followed Gandhi’s example and boycotted Br. Products; won independence in 1957 for the Gold Coast (name changed to Ghana)

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Global Regions Since 1945

• Europe 1945-1991 1991 – Present

• Asia East Asia and the Pacific Rim Southeast Asia South Asia Middle East

Global Regions Since 1945

Sub – Saharan Africa - Political Boundaries Established by Colonial Powers

- Ethnic Conflicts - Overpopulation

- AIDS Crisis

Global Regions Since 1945

• Latin America

- Unequal Distribution of Wealth - Authoritarian Governments - Role of the Catholic Church

- Special Case of Cuba - Recent Movement Towards Democracy