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( 2019 - 22 August 2019)nd16th August

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Art and Culture, Society, Social and National Issues

1. Aadi Mahotsav

Joint Initiative of Ministry of Tribal Affairs &TRIFED(Tribal Cooperative Marketing DevelopmentFederation of India)

Theme: “A celebration of the spirit of Tribal Craft, Culture and Commerce”What Happens in it?

– Display & sale of tribal art & craft items, tribal medicine & healers, tribal cuisine – Display of tribal folk performance

2. Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman Awarded by: President of India Given on Independence Day To Scholars of Scholars of Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Pali, Prakrit, Classical Oriya, Classical Kannada,

Classical Telugu and Classical Malayalam Introduced in 2002 Award Constitutes:

– Certificate of honour, – a memento, – onetime cash prize of 1 Lakh

Who is Maharshi Badrayan Vyas?– Indian Philospher– Whose Almost no personal details available– Founder of Vedanta System of Phiosphy – Written Brahmasutra or Vedanta Sutra , basic text of Vedanata System of Philosphy

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3. KALIA Scheme Why in News?

– The Odisha government’s much-hyped Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income Augmentation(KALIA) scheme has gone haywire. The authorities are now facing a gigantic task of removing bogusbeneficiaries who have already availed of the benefits.

About– Stands for Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income Augmentation– Launched by Odisha

Key Features– Payment of Rs10,000 per family– Also Includes life time insurance cover of Rs2 lakh + additional personal accident coverage of same

amount– Primary Targets: Small Farmers, Cultivators & Landless Agricultural Labourers – Interest free crop loans upto Rs50,000

4. J&K Public Safety Act (PSA),1978 Why in News?

– A former IAS officer was recently detained under the J&K Public Safety Act (PSA). About the Act

– The Jammu and Kashmir PSA) which received the assent of the J&K Governor on April 8, 1978.– The Act was introduced by the government of Sheikh Abdullah as a tough law to prevent the smuggling

of timber and keep the smugglers “out of circulation”.– The law allowed the government to detain any person above the age of 16 without trial for a period of

two years.– It allows for administrative detention for up to two years in the case of persons acting in any manner

prejudicial to the security of the State, and for administrative detention up to one year where anyperson is acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order.

– Detention orders under PSA can be issued by Divisional Commissioners or District Magistrates.– Section 22 of the Act provides protection for any action taken “in good faith” under the Act.– No suit, prosecution or any other legal proceeding shall lie against any person for anything done or

intended to be done in good faith in pursuance of the provisions of this Act. Issues with the Act

– It is often referred to as a “draconian” law.– However, right from the beginning, the law was misused widely, and was repeatedly employed

against political opponents by consecutive governments until 1990.– After the emergence of militancy, the J&K government frequently invoked the PSA to crack down on

separatists.– In the aftermath of the killing of a sympathized terrorist in July 2016, hundreds of youths in the Valley

were detained under PSA, with extendable detention periods.– In August 2018, the Act was amended to allow individuals to be detained under the PSA outside the

state as well.

Polity & Governance, Social Justice, Social Devlopment

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5. Know India Programme Flagship Programme of External Affairs Ministry Engagement with Indian origin youth (between 18-30 years) to enhance their awareness about India, its

cultural heritage, art and to familiarise them with various aspects of contemporary India.Eligibility:  Minimum Qualification: graduation from a recognized University /Institute or enrolled for graduation and

ability to speak in English The applicant should not have visited India through any previous Programme of Government of India

6. Strait of Gibraltar Recent Event British Royal Marines seized the tanker in Gibraltar in July on suspicion that it was carrying oil to Syria,

a close ally of Iran, in violation of European Union sanctions. That triggered a series of events that haveheightened tensions on shipping routes via the Gulf.

Location

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7. World Trade Organisation (WTO)Why in News? U.S. President threatened to pull the U.S. out of the WTO if it fails to treat the U.S. fairly. He blamed it

for allowing too many countries to claim the status of a “developing country”.What is the Issue? In a memo to the U.S. Trade Representative, it was pointed out that nearly two-thirds of the 164 WTO

members classified themselves as developing countries and many rich economies claiming to be “growing”rather than “grown” economies.

India and China were targeted in particular for “taking advantage” of the U.S. by classifying themselvesas “developing countries” at the WTO.

The status of a developing country allows countries to seek partial exemptions from the WTO’s rules forfree and fair trade between countries.

It allows countries like China and India to impose higher tariffs on imports from other countries and alsooffer more subsidies to local producers in order to protect their domestic interests.

Developed countries find this to be unfair on their producers who are put at a relative disadvantage. Countries like China have argued that their developing country status is justified given their low per

capita income.About World Trade Organisation It operates a global system of trade rules, acts as a forum for negotiating trade agreements, it settles trade

disputes between its member countries and it supports the needs of developing countries. WTO officially commenced under the Marrakesh Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs

and Trade (GATT). It is created by Uruguay round of negotiations and established in 1995. HQ - Geneva. The trade agreements are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their

parliaments. WTO has 164 members and 22 observer governments, with Afghanistan and Liberia being the

latest to join. The members need not have to be fully independent states. Even customs territory with full autonomy in the conduct of their external commercial relations can join

with the consent of other members. eg: Hong Kong. Five principles which WTO follows are non-discrimination, reciprocity, binding and enforceable

commitments, transparency, safety values. General Council is the top day-to-day decision-making body. It has representatives from all member

governments and also meets, under different rules, as the Dispute Settlement Body. Ministerial Conference is the highest decision-making body, where members are represented by its trade

ministers, which meets every 2 years.

Indian Economy and Economic Development

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WTO is attempting to complete negotiations on the Doha Development Round. The WTO has no specific agreement dealing with the environment. But a number of WTO agreements

include provisions dealing with environmental concerns. The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures address environment related issues. The 11th biennial ministerial conference was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 2017. Dispute Settlement Body in WTO Dispute Settlement Body establishes “panels” of experts to consider a case. DSB accepts or rejects the panels’ findings. The panel’s report can only be rejected by consensus in DSB, hence its conclusions are difficult to

over turn. DSB monitors the implementation of the rulings and recommendations, and has the power to authorize

retaliation when a country does not comply with a ruling. Appeals to the panel ruling are dealt by the permanent 7 member Appellate Body broadly representing the

members. DSB has to accept or reject the appeals and again the rejection is only possible by consensus.

8. Report of the competition law review committee submitted Introduction of a ‘Green Channel’ for combination notifications to enable fast-paced regulatory approvals

for vast majority of mergers and acquisitions that may have no major concerns regarding appreciableadverse effects on competition. The aim is to move towards disclosure based regime with strict consequencesfor not providing accurate or complete information.

Combinations arising out of the insolvency resolution process under the Insolvency and BankruptcyCode will also be eligible for “Green Channel” approvals.

Introducing a dedicated bench in NCLAT for hearing appeals under the Competition Act. Introduction of express provisions to identify ‘hub and spoke’ agreements as well as agreements that do

not fit within typical horizontal or vertical anti-competitive structures to cover agreements related tobusiness structures and models synonymous with new age markets.

Additional enforcement mechanism of ‘Settlement & Commitments” in the interests of speedier resolutionof cases of anti-competitive conduct.

Enabling provisions to prescribe necessary thresholds, inter alia, deal-value threshold for merger notifications. CCI to issue guidelines on imposition of penalty to ensure more transparency and faster decision making

which will encourage compliance by businesses. Strengthening the governance structure of CCI with the introduction of a Governing Board to oversee

advocacy and quasi-legislative functions, leaving adjudicatory functions to the Whole-time Members. Merging DG’s Office with CCI as an ‘Investigation Division’ as it aids CCI in discharging an inquisitorial

rather than adversarial mandate. However, functional autonomy must be protected. Opening of CCI offices at regional level to carry out non-adjudicatory functions such as research, advocacy

etc. and interaction with State Governments and State regulators.

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9. Competition Act 2002Why in News? To enable the competition regulator to review transactions in the digital market, a 10-member committee

has suggested that a deal-value threshold be introduced.Objectives Protect interest of consumers by providing them good products & services at reasonable prices Promote healthy competition in Indian Market Prevent the interests of the smaller companies Prevent the abuse of dominant position in the market Prevent practices having adverse impact on competition in Indian markets Ensure freedom of trade in Indian Markets Regulate the operation & activities of combinations (acquistions, mergers & amalgamation)

Aspects Covered by Act Prohibition of anti competitive agreements Prohibition of abuse of dominance Regulation of combination (acquisition, mergers, and amalgamation of certain size) Establishment of the competition commission of India Power and functions of the competition commission of India

3 ways which can have adverse effect on competition Anti competitive agreement (vertical agreement, horizontal agreement) Abuse of dominant position; enjoying a dominant position will not be crime but its abuse will be a crime Elimination/reduction of competitors in the market achieved through acquisition, mergers, and amalgamation

10. Chardham Project 

Why in News? Supreme Court has cleared decks for

Chardham highway project, which willconnect four holy places of Uttarakhandthrough 900 km all-weather roads.

About connects the holy Hindu pilgrimage sites

of; Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, andYamunotri via Road Highway

Highway will be called Char DhamMahamarg(Char Dham Highway) andthe highway construction project willbe called as Char Dham MahamargVikas Par iyojana(Char DhamHighway Development Project).

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11. Inverted Yield Curve Recently “inversion of the yield curve” in the United States i.e the ten-year bond rate has fallen to the point at

which the ten-year rate is below the two-year rate – so the yield curve is inverted.About a graph showing the relationship between interest rates earned on lending money for different durations. inversion yield is when long term interest rate becomes lower than short term interest rate.

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Environment and Ecology

12. Effective post flood managementWhy in News? Almost 60 people are feared dead, buried alive under layers of mud and rocks in the Kavalappara

landslide. It is the worst tragedy in Kerala’s devastating monsoon so far this year.

Reasons of Landslides Destabilizing geological processes, coupled with extreme rainfall events and unscientific farming and

construction activities, pose a serious threat to human habitation in the highlands of Kerala. A team of scientists from the National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS) had found that land

subsidence, lateral spread, and soil piping were an immediate threat to life and property in the uplands.Measures for stabilisation measures Lateral spreading, subsidence, and crack development are quite unusual phenomena and the sites need

immediate rehabilitation. Most of the slopes were used for raising crops and farmers had blocked the natural drainage systems. Any developmental activity like construction of roads and buildings in such vulnerable areas requires

remedial measures for slope stabilization. Based on the recommendations of the NCESS, the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) has

initiated steps to establish a network of landslip monitoring stations in the highlands.

13. Polymetallic ModulesWhy in News? Ministry Of Earth Sciences Plans Rs 8000 Crore ‘Deep Ocean Mission’ To Boost India’s Sea Exploration

Capabilities. The mission proposes to explore the deep ocean similar to the space exploration started byISRO about 35 years ago.

About Aka Manganese Nodules Small potato sized lumps of minerals found in deep sea Contain Nickel, Copper, Cobalt, Lead, Cadmium, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium in various proportions found in abundance carpeting the sea floor of world oceans in deep sea

Deep Ocean Mission Under Ministry of Earth Sciences Explore Deep Ocean emulating success of ISRO Focus

– deep-sea mining, – ocean climate change advisory services, – underwater vehicles and – underwater robotics related technologies

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2 Key Projects Under It Include – desalination plant powered by tidal energy and – submersible vehicle that can explore depths of at least 6,000 metres

14. Tamil Yeoman Tamil Nadu declared it its state butterfly Scientific Name: Cirrochroa Thais Aka Tamil Maravan meaning Tamil Warrior or Canaopy Butterfly Family of brush-footed butterflies or the Nymphalid. Endemic to the biodiversity hotspot of Western Ghats foothills and moist evergreen forest

Tamil Nadu State Animal : Nilgiri Tahr State Tree: Palmyra State Flower: Gloriosa Lily State Bird: Emerald Dove State Fruit: Jackfruit

Butterflies Importance Bio indicators of an ecosystem Highly sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, sunlight, humidity & rainfall patterns Pollinators & play a crucial role in food chain Their Presence, patterns & migration assist in mapping the climatic health of region

15.Manufactured Sand (M Sand)Why in News? Tamil Nadu State government will put in place an M-sand policy that aims to promote the use of M-sand

as an alternative building material.What is M Sand? a substitute of river sand for concrete construction. produced from hard granite stone by crushing.

Positive Outcomes of M Sand an alternative for river sand. Easier availability and cheaper transportation cost. Since manufactured sand can be crushed from hard granite rocks, it can be readily available at the nearby

place, reducing the cost of transportation from far-off river sand bed. cost of construction can be controlled it can be dust free, the sizes of m-sand can be controlled easily so that it meets the required grading for

the given construction. prevents dredging of river beds to get river sand

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16. Fly AshWhy in News? – IIT Hyderabad scientists convert fly ash into waterproofing material.

How ? Treating fly ash with stearic acid, used in soaps and shampoos, modified the nature of fly ash and helped

develop materials with contrasting adhesion behaviours — high adhesions like a rose petal and lowadhesion like a lotus leaf.

What is Fly Ash? Fly ash is a fine gray powder

consisting mostly of spherical,glassy particles that are producedas a byproduct in coal-firedpower stations.

Fly ash has pozzolanic properties,meaning that it reacts with limeto form cementitious compounds.It is commonly known as asupplementary cementitiousmaterial.

contains heavy metals from coal,a large amount of PM 2.5 andblack carbon (BC).

17. LandslidesWhy in News?

Kerala has witnessed heavyrainfall during the last few weeks.Such intense rains, while notunusual in the state duringmonsoon, has broughtwidespread flood and landslidesthis year, in horrific repetition ofwhat happened last year.

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18. Office of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)Why in News? On Independence Day Prime Minister announced the creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff to

provide “effective leadership at the top level” to the three wings of the armed forces, and to help improvecoordination among them.

About Chief of Defence Staff It is a high military office that oversees and coordinates the working of the three Services, and offers

seamless tri-service views and single-point advice to the Executive (in India’s case, to the PM). On long-term it provides for defence planning and management, including manpower, equipment and

strategy, and above all, “jointsmanship” in operations. In most democracies, the CDS is seen as being above inter-Service rivalries and the immediate operational

preoccupations of the individual military chiefs. The role of the CDS becomes critical in times of conflict.

Why Need CDS? The creation of the CDS will eventually lead to the formation of tri-service theatre commands intended to

create vertical integration of the three forces. The CDS will be a single-point military adviser to the government and synergise long term planning,

procurements, training and logistics of the three Services. This is expected to save money by avoiding duplication between the Services, at a time of shrinking

capital expenditure within the defence budget. Military diplomacy is today supporting the conventional diplomacy. That can’t be done by different

Services.Present Scenario of India India has had a feeble equivalent known as the Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee (CoSC); but this is

a toothless office, given the manner in which it is structured. The seniormost among the three Service Chiefs is appointed to head the CoSC, an office that lapses with

the incumbent’s retirement. The post did not further tri-service integration, resulting in inefficiency and an expensive

duplication of assets. This system is a leftover from the colonial era, with only minor changes being carried out over the years. Apprehensions in the political class about a powerful military leader, along with inter-Services bickering,

have long worked to disincentives the upgrade of the post.Is it a new thing? The first proposal for a CDS came from the 2000 Kargil Review Committee (KRC), which called for a

reorganization of the “entire gamut of national security management and apex decision-making andstructure and interface between the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces Headquarters.

Science and Technology, Defense, Health

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The Group of Ministers Task Force that studied the KRC Report and recommendations proposed to theCabinet Committee on Security that a CDS, who would be five-star officer, be created.

In preparation for the post, the government created the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) in late 2002,which was to eventually serve as the CDS’s Secretariat.

However, over the past 17 years, this has remained yet another nebulous department within the militaryestablishment.

In 2011,Naresh Chandra Committee on defence and securitysuggested a watered-down version of theCDS proposal, in which the Chairman CoSC in the rank of a four-star officer would have a fixed tenureof two years.

He would have significantly more authority and powers than the Chairman CoSC, and would be a CDS inall but name.

Who serves the purpose as for now? It is the National Security Adviser. This has been especially so after the Defence Planning Committee was created in 2018, with NSA Ajit

Doval as its chairman, and the foreign, defence, and expenditure secretaries, and the three Service Chiefsas members.

19. Notifiable DiseasesWhy in News? A month after Union Health Minister asked the Delhi government to make malaria and dengue notifiable

diseases, the local authorities has initiated the work to notify malaria in the capital.About Notifiable Diseases A notifiable disease is any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities. The collation of information allows the authorities to monitor the disease, and provides early warning of

possible outbreaks. The World Health Organization’s International Health Regulations, 1969 require disease reporting to the

WHO in order to help with its global surveillance and advisory role. Registered medical practitioners need to notify such diseases in a proper form within three days, or notify

verbally via phone within 24 hours depending on the urgency of the situation. This means every government hospital, private hospital, laboratories, and clinics will have to report cases

of the disease to the government. The onus of notifying any disease and the implementation lies with the state government. The Centre has notified several diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, encephalitis, leprosy, meningitis, pertussis

(whooping cough), plague, tuberculosis, AIDS, hepatitis, measles, yellow fever, malaria dengue, etc.Need of Notifying Disease Making a disease legally notifiable by doctors and health professionals allows for intervention to control

the spread of highly infectious diseases. The process helps the government keep track and formulate a plan for elimination and control. In less

infectious conditions, it improves information about the burden and distribution of disease. Any failure to report a notifiable disease is a criminal offence and the state government can take necessary

actions against defaulters.

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20.Commandos for Railway Security (CORAS)Why in News? To tackle the threats to Railway passengers or establishments, a special task force having trained manpower

was required. Keeping in mind the threat from disruptive forces, induction of CORAS was planned in Railway

Protection Force. Commissioning of CORAS will address challenges to these ongoing projects as well as any challenging

situation for Railway travellers. The commandos in CORAS are well trained in reputed institutions and are capable of meeting any

precarious situation.What are they? Carved out from motivated and willing young staff of RPF/RPSF. With an average age between 30-35 years, CORAS will always be young and motivated staff. Very high physical standards to join CORAS. Commando Coys shall be deployed in Left Wing Extremism (LWE)/Insurgency/Terrorism affected

Railway areas. To develop world level capabilities of specialized responder for any situation pertaining to damage,

disturbance, disruption of train operations, attack/hostage/hijack, disaster situations in railway areas. Following the doctrine of graded response, minimum effective force shall be used for providing fool

proof security to Indian Railways and its users.

21. Breast MilkWhy in News? Neonatology Forum (NNF), Kerala proposed a breast milk bank provide solutions to all such babies who required intensive care at birth or are not able to be breastfed

immediately for various other reasons. There are many mothers who are not able to produce breast milk for various medical reasons.

What is Milk bank ? Any lactating mother can donate to the bank. The milk stored in the bank will be pasteurised and would follow the international guidelines for safety. Such milk becomes a blessing for working mothers who require joining work soon after their maternity leave. Breast Milk Bank provides a cheaper option for the needy.

Benefits of breast milk For Child Protects against allergies and eczema. It contains immunity-boosting antibodies and healthy enzymes that scientists have yet to replicate Causes less stomach upset, diarrhea, and constipation than formula. Reduces the risk of viruses, urinary tract infections, inflammatory bowel disease, gastroenteritis, ear

infections, and respiratory infections. The incidences of pneumonia, colds, and viruses are reduced among breastfed babies Makes vaccines more effective. Protects against diseases such as spinal meningitis, type 1 diabetes, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Could help prevent obesity.

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Benefits of breast milk For Mom Lowers your risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Helps you lose pregnancy weight Triggers your uterus to shrink back to prepregnancy size May lower your risk of osteoporosis Heals your body after delivery Delays menstruation Can give you some natural birth-control protection

22. Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS)Why in News? recently made the first precise measurements of an interplanetary shock using high-resolution instruments.

What is MMS? investigates how the Sun’s and Earth’s magnetic fields connect and disconnect, explosively transferring

energy from one to the other in a process that is important at the Sun, other planets, and everywhere inthe universe, known as magnetic reconnection.

Reconnection limits the performance of fusion reactors and is the final governor of geospace weather thataffects modern technological systems such as telecommunications networks, GPS navigation, and electricalpower grids.

23.Geographical Indication (GI)Definition : It is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation

that are due to that origin. In order to function as a GI, a sign must identify a product as originating in agiven place.

India : The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 (GI Act) under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade

Significance:  enables those who have the right to use the indication to prevent its use by a third party whose product

does not conform to the applicable standards an assurance of quality and distinctiveness valid for a period of 10 years & is renewable The first product to get a GI tag in India was the Darjeeling tea in 2004.

Why in News? Recent registration Palani Panchamirtham from Palani Town in Dindigul District of Tamil Nadu Tawlhlohpuan and Mizo Puanchei from the state of Mizoram and Tirur Betel leaf from Kerala

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24. Biosimilar MedicineWhy in News? Dr. Reddy’s laboratory has launched in India Versavo (bevacizumab), a biosimilar of Roche’s Avastin is

indicated for the treatment of several types of cancers.What is Bio similarity? It means that biological product is highly similar to the reference product not withstanding minor differences

in clinically-inactive components. There are no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and the reference product

in terms of the safety, purity, and potency of the product.What are Biosimilars? They are biological medicine highly similar to another already approved biological medicine (the

‘reference medicine’). They are approved according to the same standards of pharmaceutical quality, safety and efficacy that

apply to all biological medicines. Biological medicines contain active substances from a biological source, such as living cells or organisms

(human, animals and microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast) and are often produced by cutting-edgetechnology.

Difference between Biosimilars & generic Drugsidentical to the original in “highly similar,” but close enough in duplication to accomplishchemical composition the same therapeutic and clinical result.copies of synthetic drugs modeled after drugs that use living organisms as important ingredients.

25. Tuberculosis

Why in News? U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a new drug Pretomanid for treating drug-resistant

tuberculosis — multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).What is Tuberculosis? Caused by bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis Spread from person to person through air Usually affects the lungs Inmost cases, it is treatable and curable however, persons with TB can die if they do not get

proper treatment.Drug resistant Tuberculosis People with TB who do not respond to at least first-line TB drugs are said to have MDR-TB. People with TB who do not respond to at least one of three injectable second-line drugs are said to have

XDR-TB.

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26. Sericin Produced by silkworms, it is a silk protein which is known to possess anti-oxidant and other medicinal

properties. These properties depend on amino acid composition and secondary metabolites (polyphenols and

flavonoids) of sericin. They vary with source of silkworms and their availability depends on the length of sericin peptides

obtained during extraction. Uses: It could be used for protection from oxidative damage, edema, erythema, sunburn, premature

aging, wrinkling, and skin cancer.

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