week date class assignment 1 august 30 introduction to...

BSC 1409 Human Structure and Function

Fall 2011 – Course Chapter Objectives

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Week Date Class Assignment

1 August 30 Introduction to Course and Syllabus Review

1 September 1 Chapter 2—Chemistry Comes to Life

Learning Objectives

Describe the parts of an atom.

Define an element and determine its atomic weight and atomic number.

Explain how an isotope differs from an atom and give examples of the harmful and beneficial aspects of radiation.

Define a compound.

Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonds in terms of strength and the interaction of electrons.

Explain how polarity relates to hydrogen bonds.

Describe the unique characteristics of water that make it valuable to biological systems.

Describe what happens when an acid or a base is added to water.

Define pH, explain the range of the pH scale and tell which values indicate acid and which values indicate base.

Describe the structure of a polymer including its formation through dehydration synthesis and its breakdown through

hydrolysis.

Give the structure, biological purpose, and examples of a carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid.

Explain the purpose of enzymes and how they function.

Describe ATP as the energy currency of the cell.

Learning Objectives—Food Safety

Differentiate between the categories of pathogens that may cause foodborne illness.

Explain the typical symptoms that occur in the GI tract as a result of foodborne illness.

Explain why the number of reported cases of foodborne illness is so much lower that the actual number of cases.

Describe some of the most commonly implicated pathogens to cause foodborne illness and explain the symptoms they cause.

Describe the ways that food can become contaminated before it reaches the table.

Explain ways that food contamination can be reduced.

Describe the agencies that regulate food safety.

Differentiate between the three categories of biological agents that could be used in terrorist attacks.

Differentiate between the appropriate shelf life of various types of animal products.

Explain four good practices to keep food safe at home.



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2 September 6 Chapter 3—The Cell

Learning Objectives

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Explain why surface area-to-volume ratios dictate cell size.

Label a plasma membrane and describe the function of each component.

Explain the functions of the plasma membrane including its role in exocytosis and endocytosis.

Compare movement of materials across the plasma membrane by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active

transport.

Explain the differences between hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions and predict the movement of water in or out

of a cell in each case.

Describe the function and structural features of each of the following organelles: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi

complex, lysosomes and mitochondria.

Compare the structure and function of the three fibers that make up the cytoskeleton.

Explain in general terms how the food we eat is converted into cellular energy as ATP.

Describe ATP as the energy currency of the cell.

Describe the four phases of cellular respiration indicating the reactants and products of each phase.

Explain how the electron transport chain generates such a large quantity of ATP.

Differentiate between fermentation in plants and in animals.

Compare cellular respiration to fermentation as methods to harvest energy for cellular use.

2 September 8 Chapter 4—Body Organization and Homeostasis

Learning Objectives

Define a tissue, organ, and organ system and give examples of each.

Describe epithelial tissue and compare the different types in terms of structure and function.

Explain how the structure of the different types of connective tissue relates to its function.

Differentiate between connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue.

Compare the different types of muscle tissue in terms of structure, location, and control.

Describe the function of nerve tissue, the structure of a neuron, and role of neuroglia.

Compare the structure of the three types of junctions between



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cells.

Identify the major body cavities and the organs and systems they house.

List the four types of membranes, their location and function.

Relate the structure of the skin to its ability to carry out its various functions.

Describe the functions of the epidermis and dermis.

Explain the factors that affect skin color.

Describe the structure and function of nails and hair.

Compare the types of glands found in the skin, their products and location.

Give examples of how the integumentary system functions with other organ systems.

Define homeostasis and explain its importance to life.

Describe and give an example of a negative feedback system.

3 September 13 Test I over Chapter 2, Chapter 3, and Chapter 4

3 September 15 Chapter 19—Chromosomes and Cell Division

Learning Objectives

Describe the human life cycle.

Draw, label, and explain the structure of a chromosome.

Explain the cell cycle including interphase, cell division, and cytokinesis.

List the events of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase as completed in mitosis.

List the events that occur in meiosis I and meiosis II.

Diagram and explain how haploid cells result from meiosis.

Explain crossing over and how it results in genetic variation.

Describe when chromosomes can be shuffled to ensure genetic variability through independent assortment.

Compare and contrast the events and products of meiosis and mitosis. Explain the importance of each process.

Describe how nondisjunction results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting cells.

Explain how each of the following conditions arise and describe the characteristics of someone with the condition:

Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome,

Jacob syndrome, and triple X syndrome.

Stem Cells – A Repair Kit for the Body Learning Objectives

Define stem cells and explain how they are different from other cells.

Contrast the terms unipotent, multipotent, totipotent, and pluripotent.

Describe possible therapeutic uses of stem cells.



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Differentiate between embryonic and adult stem cells.

List the various sources of stem cells.

Explain how somatic cell nuclear transplant is used in cloning.

Differentiate between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.

Discuss the ethical and political controversy surrounding embryonic stem cell research.

4 September 20 Chapter 20—Genetics and Human Inheritance

Learning Objectives

Draw, label and explain the structure of a chromosome.

Define and give an example of the terms: homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, genotype and phenotype.

Explain the laws of segregation and independent assortment and describe why they are important to genetic variability.

Predict the phenotypic and genotypic ratios for offspring of a genetic cross using a Punnett square.

Interpret a pedigree and identify a carrier.

Explain the relationship between the dominant and recessive alleles in cases of complete dominance, codominance, and

incomplete dominance. Use a Punnett square to show the

inheritance patters in each case.

Define and give an example of pleiotropy, multiple alleles, and polygenic inheritance.

Explain what it means for genes to be linked. Demonstrate the inheritance pattern of X-linked genes.

Describe how a gene might be sex-influenced.

Explain how chromosome deletions and duplications affect the production of proteins.

Identify the inheritance patterns and describe common genetic disorders in humans.

Describe the procedures used in amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling and explain the pros and cons of each

procedure.

4 September 22 Chapter 21—DNA and Biotechnology

Learning Objectives

Describe and draw the structure of a DNA molecule.

Explain why complementary base pairing ensures reliable replication of the genetic code from DNA to DNA and from

DNA to mRNA.

Describe the mechanism of DNA replication.

Compare DNA and RNA in structure and function.

List the three forms of RNA and their functions in protein synthesis.



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Describe the details of protein synthesis including transcription and translation.

Differentiate between chromosomal and point mutations.

Describe the various types of point mutations and their relative impact on protein synthesis.

Explain the mechanisms used to control gene activity.

Define genetic engineering and give examples of how it has been used in various fields.

Describe the steps involved in making recombinant DNA.

Explain gene therapy and some potential uses for it.

Describe a DNA fingerprint.

Describe the purpose and value of the Human Genome Project.

5 September 27 Chapter 21—DNA and Biotechnology

Cancer Learning Objectives

Differentiate between benign and malignant tumors.

Describe how the normal mechanisms of cell self-destruction (apoptosis) are altered in cancerous cells.

Explain the cancer stem cell hypothesis.

Explain how cancerous cells are able to spread throughout the body.

Describe the body’s immune responses to abnormal cells.

Describe common causes of cancer including viruses, chemicals and radiation.

List lifestyle habits that reduce the risk of cancer.

Describe methods used to screen for and diagnose cancer.

Differentiate between surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy as methods to treat cancer.

5 September 29 Chapter 5—The Skeletal System

Learning Objectives

List the functions of bone.

Compare the structure of compact and spongy bone.

Label a diagram of bone structure.

Describe the structure of an osteon.

Describe the development of bone beginning with the formation of cartilage in the embryo.

Explain the process of bone growth and how it is controlled.

Explain how a bone fracture or break is healed.

Compare the function of osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Explain what is meant by the continual remodeling of bone.

List the components of the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.



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Describe the structure of the vertebral column.

List the components of the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Compare the three types of joints in terms of structure and motion.

Explain the difference between a ligament and a tendon.

Describe the structure of a synovial joint.

Describe the cause of the following conditions: sprain, bursitis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

6 October 4 Test II over Chapter 19, Chapter 20, and Chapter 21

6 October 6 Chapter 6—The Muscular System

Learning Objectives

State the functions of the muscular system.

Describe the three kinds of muscles.

List the four traits that all muscle types have in common.

Describe the attachment of muscle to bone and how that leads to movement.

Explain the use of antagonistic muscles.

Describe the banded appearance of striated muscles using the terms myofibril, myofilaments, actin, and myosin.

Explain muscle contraction at the molecular level.

Explain why ATP is essential to muscle contraction and relaxation.

Describe the role of the tropomyosin-troponin complex in muscle contraction.

Draw a neuromuscular junction and explain the role of acetylcholine in muscle contraction and the release of calcium

ions.

Differentiate between a muscle twitch, a stronger contraction resulting from wave summation, tetanus, and fatigue.

List the sources of ATP for muscle contraction and describe in detail where and how the ATP is generated.

Compare and contrast slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles including where they are located in the body and when they

are utilized in different physical activities.

Describe the best way to build muscle endurance and the requirements for building larger muscle mass.

7 October 11 Chapter 7—Neurons: The Matter of the Mind

Learning Objectives

Identify the two main divisions of the nervous system.

Differentiate between a neuron and neuroglial cells in structure and function.

Describe the three major categories of neurons.

Label a generalized neuron.



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Explain the role of the myelin sheath.

Describe how a nerve cell maintains a resting potential using the sodium-potassium pump and what changes occur in the

membrane upon nerve stimulation.

Explain how a nerve impulse is a bioelectrical signal including how ions move across the membrane.

Describe an action potential as a wave of activity along an axon.

Draw and label a synapse showing the movement of neurotransmitters.

Differentiate between excitatory and inhibitory synapses.

Describe the specific role of common neurotransmitters in the maintenance of a stable mental condition and in disease

situations.

7 October 13 Chapter 8—The Nervous System

Learning Objectives

Describe the functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

List the components of both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

List the structures that provide protection for the central nervous system.

Explain why meningitis is so very serious.

Explain the functions of cerebrospinal fluid.

Describe the role of the blood brain barrier.

Describe the structure of the cerebrum.

List the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex.

Explain the location and functions of the primary sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex.

Compare and contrast the left and right hemispheres.

List the functions of the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Describe the functions of the cerebellum.

Describe the function of the medulla oblongata

Describe how the limbic system is involved in emotions and memory.

Describe two functions of the reticular activating system.

List the functions of the spinal cord and relate its structure to efficiently performing these functions.

Describe the reflex arc that occurs when you have stepped on something sharp.

Describe the function of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous



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systems.

Describe the role of the sympathetic nervous system in an emergency.

Differentiate between most common headaches and migraine headaches both in terms of cause and severity.

Describe what causes a stroke and what determines the resulting damage.

Explain what causes a coma.

Explain why, based on the structure and function of the spinal cord, an injury results in the lack of function below the injury.

Drugs and The Mind Learning Objectives

Differentiate between tolerance, cross-tolerance and physical dependence.

Describe the mechanisms of action of psychoactive drugs.

List examples of each class of drugs discussed in this chapter.

Explain why different individuals may experience different levels of intoxication having had the same amount of alcohol.

List the effects of alcohol on the various body systems, nutrition, cancer and fetal development.

Explain the effects of THC.

Describe the long-term effects of marijuana on the body.

Describe how stimulants act on the CNS.

Give the effects of stimulants, including amphetamines, on the body.

Describe the danger of hallucinogenic drugs.

Explain the effects of sedatives on the CNS.

Explain the medicinal uses of opiates and why they cause problems with abuse.

8 October 18 Test III over Chapter 5, Chapter 6, and Chapter 7

8 October 20 Chapter 9—Sensory Systems

Learning Objectives

List the sensory receptors and the stimuli they respond to.

Differentiate between the general senses and the special senses.

Describe the mechanism of touch and the two types of receptors that are involved.

Explain how we perceive body position.

Describe how pain receptors work.

Describe the parts of the eye and explain the function of each part in the perception of sight.

Explain how we visualize an object using both eyes.

Describe common visual impairments.



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Explain the chemical reactions in the rods and cones that cause neural impulses to reach the brain.

Label the parts of the ear and describe the role of each part in hearing.

Describe how pitch and loudness are perceived.

Differentiate between the two types of hearing loss.

Explain how we perceive and maintain balance.

Describe how odor is perceived by the chemoreceptors in the nasal cavity.

Explain how taste is perceived and identify the five primary tastes.

9 October 25 Chapter 10—The Endocrine System

Learning Objectives

Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands.

Describe the action of lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones.

Explain and give an example of hormone regulation by negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of the anterior pituitary gland.

List the effect of each of the following anterior pituitary hormones including problems with oversecretion and

undersecretion: growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL),

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic

hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and

luteinizing hormone (LH).

Define and give examples of tropic hormones.

Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the manufacture of hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland.

Explain the effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT).

Describe the effect of thyroid hormone (TH) including oversecretion and undersecretion.

Explain the regulation of blood calcium by calcitonin (CT) and parathyroid hormone (PTH).

List the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and explain each hormone’s effect and the results of oversecretion and

undersecretion of each hormone.

Describe the effects of the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla.

Compare the effects of the two pancreatic hormones, glucagon and insulin, and describe the various forms of

diabetes.

Describe the effect of the thymus gland on the health of our



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immune system.

Relate the production of melatonin to seasonal affective disorder.

Describe their role of locally acting hormones and provide an example of a locally acting hormone.

9 October 27 Chapter 11—Blood

Learning Objectives

List the functions of blood.

Describe the composition of plasma and the function of plasma proteins.

List the three main formed elements of blood and indicate the type of cell from which they are derived.

Describe the origin and role of platelets.

Differentiate between the types of white blood cells both in their structure and function.

Describe the function of red blood cells.

Give the life cycle of a red blood cell.

Describe the causes of blood cells disorders such as anemia and leukemia.

Explain how antibodies and antigens determine blood type.

Diagram the transfusion relations among blood types.

List the sequence of steps leading to a blood clot.

Describe various problems associated with abnormal clotting.

10 November 1 Test IV over Chapter 8, Chapter 9, and Chapter 10

10 November 3 Chapter 12—The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Learning Objectives

Name, in order, the types of vessels that carry blood as it flows from the heart through the body and back to the heart.

Define pulse and explain how to find the pulse.

Explain how vasoconstriction and vasodilation regulate blood flow in arteries.

List the mechanisms responsible for the exchange of materials across the capillary wall.

Compare the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries and explain how these structures facilitate the function of each

type of vessel.

Explain how blood is returned to the heart against the force of gravity.

Describe the structure of the heart as a double pump.

Describe the structure and function of the heart valves.

Name each major vessel and chamber of the heart as blood flows from the left ventricle to the left atrium.

Describe the cardiac cycle.



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Describe control of the heartbeat.

List three factors that determine blood pressure.

Define hypertension and describe why it is life threatening.

Describe how atherosclerosis develops and why it is dangerous.

Explain the relationship between coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and heart attack.

List the functions of the lymphatic system and specifically of the lymph nodes.

Compare the structure of lymphatic capillaries with vessels found in the circulatory system.

11 November 8 Chapter 13—Body Defense Mechanisms

Learning Objectives

List the body’s three lines of defense against foreign organisms, cells, or molecules.

Describe the body’s nonspecific physical and chemical surface barriers.

Describe each of the defensive cells and their function.

Explain how interferons and the complement system function in the body’s defense mechanism.

Give the order of events in an inflammatory response.

Define a fever and explain its role in our immune response.

Define antigen and MHC markers and explain their role in cell identity.

Describe the role of various cells involved in the immune response.

List the steps in our immune response.

Compare an antibody-mediated immune response with a cell-mediated immune response.

Explain immunological memory and its role in immunity.

Describe what happens in an autoimmune disorder and give an example.

Explain what happens when there is an allergic response.

Explain what causes organ rejection after transplants.

Infectious Disease Learning Objectives

Define the terms infectious disease, pathogen and virulence.

List the variety of organisms that cause disease and the related disease.

Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections.

Describe antibiotic resistance and its implications for society.

Describe the structure of a typical virus and the steps in viral replication.



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List diseases caused by protozoans and how they are spread.

Describe how fungi cause their damage to cells.

Describe how parasitic worms cause disease.

Explain the mechanism used by prions to destroy neural tissue.

Define emerging and reemerging disease and describe the factors that affect their spread.

Give examples of biological organisms and their products that may be used as biological weapons.

11 November 10 Chapter 14—The Respiratory System

Learning Objectives

Explain the functions of the respiratory system.

Define external respiration, gas transport, and internal respiration.

Identify and describe the functions of each of the organs of the respiratory system.

Explain how to perform the Heimlich maneuver and why it works.

Explain how food and drink are prevented from entering the lungs.

Describe the structure of the alveoli and how their structure facilitates gas exchange.

Explain how inhalation and exhalation are accomplished

Define tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity and total lung

capacity.

Explain how oxygen is carried in the blood and the factors that affect its release to the cells.

Explain how carbon dioxide is carried in the blood and the role of the bicarbonate ion in buffering.

Describe control of breathing.

Identify various disorders of the respiratory system including their symptoms and treatment.

Explain how smoking relates to respiratory disease.

12 November 15 Test V over Chapter 11, Chapter 12, and Chapter 13

12 November 17 Chapter 15—The Digestive System

Learning Objectives

Describe the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus.

Explain the function of each organ and accessory organ of the digestive system.

Describe the role of the teeth, tongue and salivary glands in the preparation of food for swallowing.

Explain the structure of a tooth and the factors affecting tooth



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decay and gum disease.

Describe swallowing and the role of the palate and epiglottis.

Describe peristalsis as a mechanism for moving food through the digestive system.

Explain how the structure of the stomach lining protects it from high levels of acidity.

Describe the chemical breakdown of different types of foods (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) as they pass through the

digestive tract.

Contrast the chemical and mechanical breakdown of food in the stomach.

Describe the digestive activities of the small intestine including the secretion of intestinal and pancreatic enzymes

and bile.

Describe the structure of the villi and how they function in the absorption of food molecules.

Explain the function of the liver as it regulates blood sugar levels.

Describe the role of bacteria in the large intestine.

Compare neural and hormonal control of digestion.

Nutrition and Weight Control Learning Objectives

Describe how food is used by the body.

State the function of fats, carbohydrates and proteins in the diet, the recommended daily calorie intake from each and the

calories gained per gram of each.

Describe any health risks associated with the consumption of various foods.

Differentiate between the different types of cholesterol and their effects on the body.

Explain the glycemic load and how it can be used to increase the amount of complex carbohydrates in the diet.

Explain the value of dietary fiber and give examples of good sources of fiber.

Explain the importance of essential amino acids and how to ensure they are in the diet in the correct proportions.

Differentiate between minerals and vitamins and explain their role in cellular functioning.

Explain how the body uses energy and what happens to excess food calories.

Define Body Mass Index (BMI) and explain how it can be used to identify a desirable weight.

List the dietary guidelines for Americans to promote health and explain how you might apply them to your own life.

Describe the characteristics of successful weight-loss



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programs.

Describe obesity, anorexia nervosa and bulimia; explain how they are serious health risks.

13 November 22 Chapter 16—The Urinary System

Learning Objectives

List the organs and systems that eliminate waste.

Identify and explain the function of each of the organs of the urinary system.

Describe the structure of the kidney.

Trace, in detail, the flow of filtrate through the nephron.

Describe the processes of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

Explain the role of the kidney in the maintenance of pH balance, water retention, red blood cell production, and

activation of vitamin D.

Describe hormonal regulation of kidney function and name the hormones that are involved.

Differentiate between acute and chronic renal failure and describe the various types of dialysis available to patients in

renal failure.

Describe the process of a kidney transplant and the problems that can occur.

Explain the voluntary and involuntary components of urination and the causes of urinary incontinence.

Identify various urinary tract infections and common causes.

14 November 29 Test VI over Chapter 14, Chapter 15, and Chapter 16

14 December 1 Chapter 17—Reproductive Systems

Learning Objectives

Name and describe the function of each organ of the male and female reproductive systems.

Describe sperm development and the formation of semen.

Explain the role of testosterone in the male reproductive process and how it is regulated.

Describe the sequence of events in the development of the follicle and release of the egg.

Explain the hormonal control of the female reproductive cycle.

Describe the uterine cycle and the hormones that control it.

Explain the coordination and interplay of the ovarian and uterine cycles.

Define menopause and explain the resulting physiological effects.

Explain the transfer of sperm to the female



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Describe erectile dysfunction and explain the treatments for this condition.

Explain the cause and severity of health problems with the female reproductive system.

Name the stages involved in the human sexual response and the physiological changes that accompany them.

Name each method of birth control presented in the chapter,

explain how it works, why it prevents pregnancy and its

relative effectiveness.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS Learning Objectives

Describe the long-lasting effects of STDs.

Differentiate between the treatments and/or cures for STDs caused by bacteria and those caused by viruses.

Explain how STDs are transmitted and what tissue types are most vulnerable.

Describe the symptoms of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes and genital warts.

Describe the three stages of syphilis.

Diagram and label the structure of HIV and explain how it infects a cell and infuses its RNA into the host cell.

List the most common means of HIV transmission.

Describe the progression of an HIV infection and its diagnosis as AIDS.

Explain the relationship between the decline in helper T-cells and the rise in viral load.

Describe current therapies for AIDS and explain why these methods are effective.

Identify safe and risky behaviors regarding the transmission of STDs.

15 December 6 Chapter 18—Development throughout Life

Learning Objectives

Differentiate between prenatal and postnatal periods of development.

List the three periods of prenatal development and explain the main events of each.

Describe the process of fertilization including how the sperm enters the egg and the prevention of polyspermy.

Explain how identical, conjoined and fraternal twins are produced.

Describe the formation of the morula and blastocyst.

Explain the process of implantation and define an ectopic pregnancy.

List the extraembryonic membranes and describe their role in



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development.

Describe the formation of the placenta.

Describe the development of the neural tube and problems that can arise in the development of the central nervous

system.

Explain what controls the development of sex organs and when it happens in development.

Describe fetal circulation and how it differs from postnatal circulation; include the special structures and explain what

organs are being bypassed and why that can happen in the

fetus.

List the stages of labor and describe the birthing process.

Explain control over milk production and letdown.

Describe postnatal growth and development and the factors that influence aging and high quality of life through old age.

Autism Spectrum Learning Objectives

Differentiate between the different varieties of autism spectrum disorders.

Describe the typical symptoms of each type of ASD.

Explain the characteristics of ASDs and which sorts of functions may be impaired in an autistic individual.

Compare and contrast the major categories of ASDs

Explain how and when autism is typically diagnosed.

Discuss possible causes for autism.

Describe the sorts of treatments and therapies used for those with ASDs.

Explain the factors that influence the prognosis for an individual with autism.

Explain why there is a fear that vaccines are linked to ASDs.

Describe the potential dangers of vaccines that contain thimerosal.

Is there strong scientific evidence to demonstrate a causal link between vaccines and autism? Explain.

15 December 8 Minute Presentations

16 December 13 Final Exam over Chapter 17 and Chapter 18

week date class assignment 1 august 30 introduction to...

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