week 9 march 29

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R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, SacramentoR. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, Sacramento

Week 9Week 9March 29March 29

• GraphicsGraphics• Graphics BuilderGraphics Builder

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Sales RevenueSales Revenue

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Bar ChartBar Chart

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Pie ChartPie ChartPie ChartPie Chart

Note. Slices are ordered large to small, counterclockwiseNote. Slices are ordered large to small, counterclockwise

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Man-Machine Interface StudiesMan-Machine Interface Studies

• Color improves Color improves

– Performance in recallPerformance in recall

– Performance in a search and locate taskPerformance in a search and locate task

– Performance in a retention taskPerformance in a retention task

– Comprehension of instructional materialsComprehension of instructional materials

– Performance in a decision judgmentPerformance in a decision judgment

– Ability to extract information (Ability to extract information (very quicklyvery quickly))

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Man-Machine Interface StudiesMan-Machine Interface Studies

• Display Format: Graphic versus tabular Display Format: Graphic versus tabular

– Graphical display is more conducive to information Graphical display is more conducive to information recall than tabular display when the task required recall than tabular display when the task required memory for temporal and set-integrative patternsmemory for temporal and set-integrative patterns

– Recall of simple facts (e.g., point values, simple Recall of simple facts (e.g., point values, simple comparisons) was indifferent to variations in comparisons) was indifferent to variations in presentation formatpresentation format

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Color and Decision-Maker ProductivityColor and Decision-Maker Productivity

• ““If the subject’s task is to identify some feature of a target, If the subject’s task is to identify some feature of a target, colors can be identified more accurately than sizes, colors can be identified more accurately than sizes, brightness, familiar geometric shapes, and other shape or brightness, familiar geometric shapes, and other shape or form parameters, but colors are identified with less form parameters, but colors are identified with less accuracy than alphanumeric symbols.”accuracy than alphanumeric symbols.”

Christ, 1975Christ, 1975

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• ““...the relative effectiveness of color is dependent upon the ...the relative effectiveness of color is dependent upon the task of the subject. Color coding appears to be most task of the subject. Color coding appears to be most effective when the position of the target(s) is unknown. effective when the position of the target(s) is unknown. This is particularly evident in tasks involving search over This is particularly evident in tasks involving search over cluttered display fields. Other tasks such as target cluttered display fields. Other tasks such as target identification tend not be beneficially influenced by color identification tend not be beneficially influenced by color coding.”coding.”

Barker and Krebs, 1977Barker and Krebs, 1977

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• ““If graphics and color are to produce positive results they If graphics and color are to produce positive results they must be used with considerable care. There are apparently must be used with considerable care. There are apparently important interactions between the use of graphic/color important interactions between the use of graphic/color and attributes of both the decision maker and decision task. and attributes of both the decision maker and decision task. Effective use will require more than just converting our Effective use will require more than just converting our old tabular presentations to graphics.”old tabular presentations to graphics.”

Ives, 1982Ives, 1982

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Human Information ProcessingHuman Information Processing

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““...the human information processing system can handle ...the human information processing system can handle considerably more inputs if those inputs are received on multiple considerably more inputs if those inputs are received on multiple channels.”channels.” Ives, 1982Ives, 1982

• ColorColor• Relative PositionRelative Position• BrightnessBrightness• MovementMovement• ShapeShape

Information Information capacity of a single capacity of a single channel is channel is approximately approximately seven, the number seven, the number of distinguishable of distinguishable levels (differences)levels (differences)

Five Visual Input ChannelsFive Visual Input Channels

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Boeing 777 “Glass Flight Deck”Boeing 777 “Glass Flight Deck”

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R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, SacramentoR. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, SacramentoBoeing 727-200 “Steam Gauges,” circa 1970Boeing 727-200 “Steam Gauges,” circa 1970

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R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, SacramentoR. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS Area • California State University, SacramentoBoeing 777 Glass Flight Deck

LCD displays

Analog images

Fuel system

Engines

The different images can be displayed on each display

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Boeing 777 Glass Flight Deck

Fuel system

Engines

Tanks

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Tokyo (NRT)Tokyo (NRT) San Francisco (SFO)San Francisco (SFO)

5,117 miles (9-10 hours)5,117 miles (9-10 hours)

• Flight path transmitted and programmed into aircraft’s computer Flight path transmitted and programmed into aircraft’s computer from San Francisco before the aircraft leaves Tokyo from San Francisco before the aircraft leaves Tokyo

• San Francisco maintenance base continuously monitors the San Francisco maintenance base continuously monitors the aircraft’s computer while in flightaircraft’s computer while in flight

• The aircraft’s computer is capable of flying the aircraft (during its The aircraft’s computer is capable of flying the aircraft (during its cruise) from origin to destination with human assistancecruise) from origin to destination with human assistance

• The aircraft’s computer is capable of landing the aircraftThe aircraft’s computer is capable of landing the aircraft

Factoid Factoid

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GraphsGraphs

• Convey information about summarized data, particularly Convey information about summarized data, particularly to identify trend and proportionto identify trend and proportion

• TypesTypes

– Pie chartPie chart

• Proportion of a relative frequency to the wholeProportion of a relative frequency to the whole

– Bar graph (vertical and horizontal)Bar graph (vertical and horizontal)

• Frequency or relative frequencyFrequency or relative frequency

– Line graphLine graph

• TrendTrend

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Independent and Dependent VariablesIndependent and Dependent Variables

• Pie charts and bar graphsPie charts and bar graphs

– Categorical variable assigned to the independent Categorical variable assigned to the independent variablevariable

– Quantitative units assigned to the dependent variableQuantitative units assigned to the dependent variable

• Line graphsLine graphs

– Independent variable assigned to the horizontal or Independent variable assigned to the horizontal or xx axis axis

• Must of at least ordinal scaleMust of at least ordinal scale

– Dependent variable is a measurement of at least Dependent variable is a measurement of at least interval scaleinterval scale

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Independent and dependent variables?Independent and dependent variables?

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Independent and dependent variables?Independent and dependent variables?

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A Few Simple Steps for Creating a GraphA Few Simple Steps for Creating a Graph

• Build the initial SQL command in SQL*PlusBuild the initial SQL command in SQL*Plus

• In Graphics Builder In Graphics Builder

– Build the data modelBuild the data model

– Build the graphBuild the graph

• Select the graph typeSelect the graph type

• Assign the independent and dependent to the Assign the independent and dependent to the categories and values, respectivelycategories and values, respectively

• Format the various components of graph as neededFormat the various components of graph as needed

• Save and run the graphSave and run the graph

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Create the Data ModelCreate the Data Model

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Select the Graph Type and SubtypeSelect the Graph Type and Subtype

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Assign the Independent VariableAssign the Independent Variable

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Assign the Dependent VariableAssign the Dependent Variable

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Initial GraphInitial GraphField size too small

week 9 march 29

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