Week 3 Introduction

Week 3 Seminar Chapter 7 &18Week 3 Seminar Chapter 7 &18Measurement Systems and Their EquivalentsMeasurement Systems and Their EquivalentsandandAntimicrobials/Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals Antifungals/Antivirals

Week 3 Seminar Chapter 7 &18Week 3 Seminar Chapter 7 &18Measurement Systems and Their EquivalentsMeasurement Systems and Their EquivalentsandandAntimicrobials/Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals Antifungals/Antivirals

2

Assignment Hints

Show your work, so I can give partial credit

Don’t forget about the Math Center if you need help

3

Three Basic Units of Measurement

Volume – liter (L)

Weight – gram (g, gm)

Length – meter (m)

4

Sliding Mnemonic Conversions

Kilo hecto deka METER(m) deci centi milli * * micro(µ)

LITER(L) GRAM(g)

10-3 10-2 10-1 <<base>> 101 102 103 * * 106

EX: .0045kg<= 4.5g => 4,500mg = 4,500,000mcg (µ)

EX: .075km <= 75m =>7500cm =75,000mm

Liter is the metric unit of volume

=1,000,000microliters 1 Liter (L.) = 1,000 milliliters

= 100 centiliters=10 deciliters=0.1 dekaliter=0.01 hectoliter=0.001 kiloliter

6

Volume Measurement

1 mL = 1cc **VERY IMPORTANT**1 teaspoonful=5mL or 5cc’s **1 tablespoon=3 tsp = 15mL or 15cc’s1 L = 32 ounces (approx)1L = 1000 mL=1000cc1L = 1qt (approx)

7

Volume Conversion Factors

______ cc = 4 L (larger unit)1000 x 4 = 40004000cc = 4 LRule: 1000 cc = 1 L

_____ L = 200 mL (smaller unit)200 ÷ 1000 = 0.20.2 L = 200 mLRule: 1000 mL= 1 L

_____ cc = 560 mL (same)560 cc = 560 mLRule: 1 mL = 1 cc

8

Remember 1cc=1mlAlternate way______ cc = 4 L 1L = 1000mL (page

135) 4L x 1000cc/1L 4L x 1000cc 1L L cross out leaving cc 4 x 1000cc = 4000cc

_____ L = 200 mL Again 1L = 1000mL 200mL x 1L/1000mL 200mL x 1L 1000mL mL cross out leaving L 200/1000= 0.2L

9

Volume Mneumonic Method 4L=____cc K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ 1cc=1mL Start @ liter (base),

move 3 decimal points to the right to reach ml’s

4L=4000ml=4000cc

200ml=____L K h d <MLG> d c

m * * µ

Start @ milli, move 3 decimal spaces to the left to reach L’s

200ml=0.2L

Volume Conversion Factors

______ cc = 8.01 L (larger unit)

Who can solve this?

_____ L = 300 mL (smaller unit)

Who can solve this?

11

Volume Conversion Factors

______ cc = 8.01 L (larger unit)

8.01 x 1000 = 8010 8010 mL = 8.01 L

_____ L = 300 mL (smaller unit)

300 ÷ 1000 = 0.3 300 mL = 0.3 L

12

Volume Alternate WayRemember cc same as mL

______ cc = 8.01 L 1L = 1000cc 8.01L x 1000cc/1L L cross each other out 8.01 x 1000cc =

8010cc

_____ L = 300 mL 1L = 1000mL 300mL x 1L/1000mL The mL cross out

Leaving L 300/1000= 0.3L

13

Volume Mneumonic Method 8.01L =___cc K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ Cc=mL Start @ liter (base) move

three spaces to the right for ml (=cc’s)

8.01L becomes 8010mL or 8010cc

300mL=____L K h d <MLG> d c m *

* µ

Start @ milli, and to get to Liter (base) move three spaces to the left

300mL=0.3L

Metric Measure of Weight Gram =1,000,000micrograms

1 gram= 1000 mg= 100 centigrams

= 10 decigrams= 0.1 dekagram= 0.01 hectogram= 0.001 kilogram

15

Most Commonly Used

Milligram Gram Kilogram 1000mg (mg)=1 gram (g) *** 1000gms (g) = 1 kilogram (kg. or

kilo)

16

Weight Measurement

1 kg = 2.2 pounds ***1 kg = 1000 g1 mg = 0.001g1 mg = 1000 mcg or µg

17

Weight Conversion FactorsAlternate Way

_____ mg = 8 g(larger unit)8 X 1000 = 8000 mg8000 mg = 8 g

Rule: 1000 mg = 1 g

_____ mg = 635 mcg (smaller unit)635 ÷ 1000 = 0.635 mg0.635 mg = 635 mcg

Rule: 1 mg = 1000 mcg or µg

18

WeightAlternate Way

_____ mg = 8 g

Remember 1g = 1000mg Page 136

8g x 1000mg/1g or8g x 1000mg

1gg cross each other out8 x 1000= 8000mg

_____ mg = 635 mcg 1mg =1000mcg Page

136 635mcg x 1mg/1000mcg

or635mcg x 1mg 1000mcg mcg cross each other

out 635/1000= 0.635mcg

19

WeightMneumonic Method 8g=____mg K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ Start @ gram (base) and

move 3 units to the right to get milligrams

8g to the right becomes 8000mg

635mcg(µ)=____mg

K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ

Start @ mcg(µ) and move 3 units to the left to reach milligrams

635mcg to the left becomes 0.635mg

WHO CAN SOLVE THIS?

_____ mcg = 0.3 mg (larger unit)

21

Answer

0.3mg = mcg Remember 1mg = 1000mcg (page 136) 0.3mg x 1000mcg 1mg mg cross each other out leaving mcg 0.3 x 1000 = 300mcg >>OR<< K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ Start @ mg, move three to the right for mcg’s 0.3mg = 300mcg

22

Household System **Important**

Volume 1 cup (c) = 8 oz 1 pint (pt) = 2 c = 16 oz 1 quart (qt) = 2 pt = 4 c =32 oz 1 gallon (gal)= 4 qt= 8 pt = 16c = 128oz

Weight or mass 1 pound = 16 oz

Length 1 foot = 12 in 1 yard = 3ft 36in

23

Units

Measured according to strength and desired effect heparin insulin penicillin G vitamins A,D,E

24

Review

Remember 1kg=2.2lbs How much will a 160lb person weigh

in kilograms?

25

Answer

160lbs x 1kg = 72.7kg 2.2lbsThe pounds cancel each other leaving

kg.

26

Review

One teaspoon is how many mls?

27

Answer

5mls

28

Review

One gram = x milligrams One liter = x milliliters One Meter = x millimeters

29

Answer

One gram = 1000milligrams One Liter = 1000 milliliters One meter= 1000 millimeters

30

Questions

31

ANTIBIOTICSANTIBIOTICS

32

Drug ClassesDrug ClassesDrug ClassesDrug Classes

Chapter 18

33

Antibiotic is anti + Greek bios, life so against life.

Produced from natural substances including molds and bacteria.

Inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms.

There are families of antibiotics all similar to the original chemical, with various prosperities that make them useful for treating different types of infections.

When choosing an Antibiotic

34

Want maximum effect with minimal harm to patient.

Match bug to drug, if possible What is the organism, what drugs is it

sensitive to, and the host factors at the site. Also health status of the patient including immune status.

Antibiotic Resistance

35

The main reason for the development of drug-resistant microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics.

The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug resistance develops.

Improper prescribing by health care workers and patients not finishing the course of therapy contribute.

No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Penicillin's

36

First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s Remain the most effective and least toxic of

available antimicrobials. Changes in the chemical structure of the

penicillins over the years have increased their usefulness and effectiveness in controlling disease.

Most generic names for penicillins end in–cillin while many trade names have pen in their names Example:penicillin V-generic, Pen-VEE-K-

trade

How Penicillin's are Classified

37

Narrow-spectrum First generation

Narrow-spectrum antistaphylococcal Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains

Broad-Spectrum Second generation Effective against a broader spectrum

Extended-spectrum Third generation Wider antimicrobial action than second

Side Effects of Penicillins

38

Nausea and Vomiting; as with all antibiotics Allergic reactions-rashes and hives Tend to precipitate more severe allergic

reactions than other medications Patients should report diarrhea, sore mouth and

tongue, hives and or itching may be due to allergy.

A patient allergic to one should be considered allergic to all

Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.

Tetracyclines (suffix “cycline”)

39

First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline Short Acting : Tetracycline Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can

decrease effectiveness Harmful if used after the expiration date. Side effects

Sun sensitivity Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8

yrs. Broad spectrum can cause super-infection

Macrolide Antibiotics

“ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak), Clarithromycin (Biaxin), ErythromycinUseful in treating atypical infections (ex: chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical pneumonia, Lymes disease)Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic *** Similar spectrum of activity as penicillins, with added atypical coverage SE’s: GI symptoms, headaches

Other Abx

Floroquinolones (Cipro, Levaquin) Vancomycin: Toxic drug reserved for

treating serious infections (MRSA, C. dif) in patients allergic to penicillin

Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs) Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)

Antibacterials slow growth of bacteria while body builds its own defenses

Primarily treat urinary tract infections, in combination therapy for otitis media

Take oral sulfonamides with full glass of water on empty stomach

Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)

May cause photosensitivity reactionsUrine should be acidic for optimum

effectivenessTake medications for urinary tract infections

for 2 weeks to prevent development of more resistant infections

Topical preparations available in ocular forms, lotions, powders, ointments

Common Sulfonamides(Sulfa Drugs)

Common Sulfonamides(Sulfa Drugs)

GantrisinGantanolAzulfidineTriple SulfaBactrimSeptraSulamydSilvadene cream

Viral Infections Viral Infections

Viruses—strands of genetic material wrapped in protein

Cannot sustain themselves independently; must rely on host

Difficult to suppress viral reproduction; host’s body cells would be harmed also

Drugs to treat Viral InfectionsDrugs to treat Viral Infections

Drugs decrease symptoms, do not cureResistance to antiviral drugs major problemDrug classifications:

non-HIV infection medications HIV infection medications

Common Non- HIV Antiviral DrugsCommon Non- HIV Antiviral Drugs

Symmetrel and Flumadine—Influenza A

acyclovir (Zovirax)—herpes simplex, genital herpes, varicella zoster infections

ganciclovir— cytomegalovirus

HIV AntiviralsHIV Antivirals

No cure for HIVDramatic advances in drug therapyHealth preserved, life prolongedMultiple drug interactions and side effectsHigh cost, toxicityDrug cocktail used; patient must adhere

closely to prescribed dosage schedulesNew drugs prescribed should be agents the

patient has never taken

Week 3 Assignment & Discussion Board

Download the worksheetfrom Doc Sharing. (Week 3 Assignment.doc)

Complete the assignment in a Word document and submit through the Dropbox.

Please put header with your name, class time Ex Janet Smith

HS140-8pm Unit3assignment.doc

Discussion Board

Do not forget the discussion question for the week about Mrs. Smith calls the doctor’s office wanting a

prescription for antibiotics. In your response address the following

Physician Concerns Patient Concerns Review CDC Guideline

Questions

51