Weed Anatomy

Hansjoerg KraehmerBayer CropScience AG,Industriepark Höchst, H87265926 Frankfurt am MainGermany

Peter BaurClariantIndustrial & Consumer SpecialtiesIndustriepark Höchst65926 Frankfurt am MainGermany

Weed Anatomy

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataKraehmer, Hansjoerg, author. Weed anatomy / Hansjoerg Kraehmer, Bayer Crop Science, Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Peter Baur, Head of Competence Center Crop Protection, Global Application Development, Clariant Industrial & Consumer Specialities, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-65986-1 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-118-50334-8 (epub) – ISBN 978-1-118-50343-0 (epdf) 1. Weeds–Anatomy. I. Baur, Peter, 1965– author. II. Title. SB611.K73 2013 632’.5–dc23 2012040912

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Cover image: Capitate glandular trichomes of Solanum nigrum L. (blue); SEM, computer-enhanced colours (see figure 7.1 for more details).Cover design by Meaden Creative

Set in 10.5/13 pt Classical Garamond BT by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited

1 2013

ContentsCONTENTS

Section ICells and Tissues 1

Introduction  3Chapter 1  Tissues  5Chapter 2  Parenchyma  8Chapter 3  Collenchyma  10Chapter 4  Sclerenchyma, a Typical Contributor to 

Weediness  12

Section IIMeristematic, Secretory, Storage and Boundary Structures 17

Chapter 5  Meristems  19Chapter 6 Secretory Structures  24Chapter 7 External Secretory Structures  26Chapter 8 Internal Secretory Structures  30Chapter 9 Stored Compounds  35Chapter 10 Epidermis  37Chapter 11 Stomata  40Chapter 12 Non-glandular Trichomes and Papillae  42

Section IIIVascular Elements and Pith 47

Chapter 13 Vascular Bundles  49Chapter 14 Xylem  52Chapter 15 Pits  58Chapter 16 Phloem  60Chapter 17 Pith  64

Section IVStem, Root and Growth 67

Chapter 18 Stem  69Chapter 19 Dicot Stem – Cortex  71Chapter 20 Dicot Stem – Patterns of Vascular Tissues  74Chapter 21 Vascular Bundles and Leaf Traces in Dicots  78Chapter 22 Monocot Stem  82Chapter 23 Horsetail and Bracken Stem  88Chapter 24 Root Morphology  92

Chapter 25 Root Histology  97Chapter 26 Root Tip  99Chapter 27 Xylem Patterns  102Chapter 28 Endodermis and Pericycle  109Chapter 29 Rhizodermis, Exodermis and Cortex  114Chapter 30 Root Genetics  116Chapter 31 Primary and Secondary Growth  117Chapter 32 Anomalous Secondary Growth  126

Section VComplex Tissues and Organs 129

Chapter 33 Leaf  131Chapter 34 Flower  142Chapter 35 Androecium  154Chapter 36 Gynoecium  159Chapter 37 Genetics of Flower Formation  169Chapter 38 Fruit  170Chapter 39 Carpels, Pericarp and Various Fruit 

Forms  173Chapter 40 Genetics of Fruit Development  184Chapter 41 Seed  185Chapter 42 Genetics of Seed Development  190Chapter 43 Secondary Reproduction 

Characteristics  191Chapter 44 Flower Modifications in Weeds  192Chapter 45 Seedling and Embryo  196

Section VIVegetative Propagation 203

Chapter 46 Vegetative Weed Reproduction  205Chapter 47 Rhizomes  206Chapter 48 Tubers and Corms  211Chapter 49 Stolons and Runners  217Chapter 50 Roots with Adventitious Buds  219Chapter 51 Bulbs  222

Section VIIWeediness 225

Chapter 52 Indicators of Weediness  227

v

vi Contents

Section VIIIShort Monographs 233

Chapter 53 Introduction to Monographs  235Chapter 54 Weed Anatomy Monographs  237Monograph 1:  Abutilon theophrasti Medicus  237Monograph 2:  Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. and 

Alopecurus japonicus Steudel  241Monograph 3:  Amaranthus retroflexus L. and 

Amarantus palmeri S. Wats.  248Monograph 4:  Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.  259Monograph 5:  Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv.  266Monograph 6:  Avena fatua L. and Avena sterilis L.  268Monograph 7:  Bidens pilosa L. and 

Bidens tripartita L.  272Monograph 8:  Bromus secalinus L., Bromus sterilis L. 

and Bromus tectorum L.  276Monograph 9:  Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. and 

Convolvulus arvensis L.  279Monograph 10:  Chenopodium album L.  282Monograph 11:  Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.  293Monograph 12:  Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. and 

Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.  298Monograph 13:  Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.  304Monograph 14:  Cyperus esculentus L., Cyperus iria L., 

Cyperus rotundus L. and Cyperus serotinus Rottb.  311

Monograph 15:  Digitaria sanguinalis L.  325Monograph 16:  Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link and 

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.  333Monograph 17:  Eleusine indica (L.) Link  342Monograph 18:  Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski  348Monograph 19:  Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Löve, Fallopia

japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene, Fallopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Ronse Decraene and Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) Holub  357

Monograph 20:  Galium aparine L.  370Monograph 21:  Impatiens glandulifera Royle  375Monograph 22:  Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lolium

perenne L. and Lolium rigidum Gaudin  386

Monograph 23:  Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill and Myosotis palustris (L.) Nath.  394

Monograph 24:  Paspalum dilatatum Poir.  400Monograph 25:  Phalaris minor Retz. and Phalaris

paradoxa L.  410Monograph 26:  Poa annua L.  416Monograph 27:  Polygonum amphibium L., Polygonum

aviculare L. and Polygonum lapathifolium L.  422

Monograph 28:  Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. Clayton  429

Monograph 29:  Setaria faberi Herrm., Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. and Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.  434

Monograph 30:  Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.  441Monograph 31:  Urochloa platyphylla (Munroe ex C. 

Wright) R. D. Webster  450Monograph 32:  Xanthium strumarium L. and Xanthium

spinosum L.  454

Section IXMethods for the Preparation of Sections 463

Chapter 55 Tissue Preparation and Staining Procedures  465

References 472Index 482