wednesday 12-03-2014 on your desk: ch 7 vocab, notes from last class warm-up: crash course: “sleep...
TRANSCRIPT
Wednesday 12-03-2014
• On your desk: ch 7 vocab, notes from last class
• • Warm-up: Crash course: “sleep and dreams”• https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMHus-0wFSo
•
Movie: A Beautiful Mind• You need a sheet of paper. Name and movie
title.
• Take notes as you watch • Track what happens to John Nash’s
psychological processes.• How is he at the beginning?• How does he change?• What treatments are attempted?• How does it work out in the end?
• What is consciousness?
• State of awareness, can be at various states • or levels
• Consciousness also can be altered… by what?• Sleep and dreams• Hypnosis• Meditation• Drugs
Sleep
• What is it?• Characterized by unresponsiveness to
environment and usually limited physical mobility.
Why do we sleep?
• Several theories..
• To “re-energize” or charge up.• To conserve energy, a sort of mini-hibernation• Adaptive process from evolving to keep out of
harm’s way at night.• To clear our minds of useless information• Perchance to dream…
Stages of sleep• Stage I: slowing pulse, even breathing, irregular brain waves• 10 minutes “just drifting off”• Stage II: eyes rolling side to side, brain waves shift to high
amplitude, low frequency • 30 minutes• Stage III: large amplitude delta waves• Stage IV: deepest sleep of all, difficult to awaken• Large delta waves, sleep walking, talking may happen with no
memory. • Stage V: REM sleep (rapid eye-, movement), active sleep:
twitching body, irregular pulse and breath, hormones fluctuate• Brain waves similar to person awake• 15-45 minutes, then cycle back to stage IV. • Each cycle is around 90 minutes
Sleep Disorders
• 1. Insomnia• Prolonged, abnormal inability to sleep• Causes: stress, drugs, depression
• 2. Sleep Apnea• Frequent interruptions in breathing while asleep• Causes: physical blockage of airway (tonsils,
obesity, infections, etc)
• 3. Narcolepsy- permanent feeling of sleepiness, often with unusual sleep patterns
• Often have “sleep attacks” with random periods of REM sleep.
• 4. Nightmares – frightening dreams during REM• Night Terrors- during stage IV sleep with
physical effects (pulse,sweats,etc)—no memory
Dreams…
• Mostly about mundane activities• We only remember the more “interesting,
sexier, exciting ones”• Dream interpretation…• 1. dreams have hidden meanings (Freud,
Inuit culture, etc)• 2. dreams have no meanings (N. Kleitman)
What is a dream?
http://vimeo.com/1559454
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Hypnosis
Hypnos: Greek god of sleep
http
://idd
iokrysto
.blo
g.e
xcite.it
A social interaction in which one person
(the hypnotist) suggests to another
(the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously
occur.
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Aspects of Hypnosis
1. Posthypnotic Suggestion: Suggestion carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized.
2. Posthypnotic Amnesia: Supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis.
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Facts and Falsehood
Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the subject’s openness to
suggestion.
Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes, to some extent.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
No.
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Facts and Falsehood
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?Yes. Self-suggestion
can heal too.
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?Yes. Lamaze can
do that too.
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
No.
Biofeedback
• Technique when a person learns to control their own physiological processes.
• Uses: tension headaches, blood pressure
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Meditation
• 1. transcendental- focus on use of mantras• 2. mindfulness – focus on present• 3. breath- focus on breath
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Drugs and Psychology
• Psychology: • study of mental and behavioral processes
• Drugs effect both.
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Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (effects
consciousness).
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Influences on Drug UseThe use of drugs is based on biological,
psychological, and social-cultural influences.
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Dependence & Addiction
Continued use of a psychoactive drug
produces tolerance. With repeated
exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater
quantities to get the desired effect.
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Withdrawal & Dependence
1. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal.
2. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).
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Misconceptions about Addiction
1. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.
2. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.
3. Addiction is no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors.
Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse
consequences (physical & psychological).
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Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups.
1. Depressants 2. Stimulants3. Hallucinoge
ns
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Depressants
Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They
include:1. Alcohol 2. Barbiturat
es3. Opiates
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Alcohol
1. Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.
Drinking and Driving
Daniel H
omm
er, NIA
AA
, NIH
, HH
S
Ray N
g/ Tim
e & L
ife Pictures/ G
etty Images
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Barbiturates
2. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some examples.
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Depressants
3. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive.
http://opioids.com/tim
eline
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Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
1. Caffeine2. Nicotine3. Cocaine4. Ecstasy5. Amphetamines6. Methamphetami
nes
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Caffeine & Nicotine
Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic
functions to provide energy.
http://ww
w.tech-res-intl.com
http
://office
.micro
soft.co
m/clip
art
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Amphetamines
Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and
associated energy and mood changes, with devastating effects.
National Pictures/ Topham
/ The Im
age Works
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Ecstasy
Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamp
hetamine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild
hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can
damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a
permanent deflation of mood and impairment of
memory.
Greg S
mith/ A
P P
hotos
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Cocaine
Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked.
Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.
http://ww
w.ohsinc.com
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Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs
that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the
absence of sensory input.
Ronald K
. Siegel
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Hallucinogens
1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is also known as acid.
2. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
http
://static.h
ow
stuffw
orks.co
m
Hemp Plant
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Influences on Drug Use
The graph below shows the percentage of US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine from the
70s to the late 90s.