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Period III Unit Exam A600-1450 Regional & Trans-regional Interactions

Questions 1 through 3 refer to the images below

1. These two images from a book known as “Labors of the Months” from the early 1400s show scenes of the daily lives of the upper and lower classes on a “manor” in Europe. A modern historian would find this source useful because it demonstrates:

A. Cultural rituals during the Islamic Abbasid CaliphateB. Political structures of the Mongol “Yuan” Dynasty.C. Social structures of feudalism in Western European Christendom.D. Economic trading networks between merchants across Eurasia

2. The scene depicted in the FIRST image is best understood in the historical context of which development during the period from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.?

A. Technological innovations which increased agricultural production.B. The expansion of trade increased elite demand for foreign luxury goods like Asian silk textilesC. A weakening of patriarchal social structures during the reign of the pastoralist MongolsD. Declining population and trade caused by the ravages of the bubonic plague

3. The dominant form of labor organization depicted in the SECOND image was:A. Free Peasant agricultureB. Nomadic PastoralismC. Coerced Slave LaborD. City based Craft and Guilds


In this excerpt from Travels in Mali, Ibn Battuta (1307-1377 CE), a Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler, describes his impressions of Muslims in Mali.

“Their women are of surpassing beauty, and are shown more respect than the men. These people are Muslims, punctilious in observing the hours of prayer, studying the books of law, and memorizing the Koran. Yet their women show no bashfulness before men and do not veil themselves, though they are assiduous in attending prayers. Any man who wishes to marry any of them may do so, but they do not travel with their husbands, and, even if one desired to do so, her family would not allow her to go. The women have their "friends" and "companions" amongst the men outside their own families.” Ibn Battuta

J.F.P. Hopkins and N. Levtzion, eds. and trans., Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).

4. The views in this document are best seen as evidence of which of the following?A. Muslim clerics used expanded trade routes to spread their religious beliefs.B. Increased travel within Afro-Eurasia led to greater intercultural conflict. C. West African societal structure was more influenced by Christianity than by IslamD. Muslim diasporic communities incorporated their own cultural traditions with indigenous cultures.

5. The syncretism described by Ibn Battuta in this passage most strongly resembles which of the following?A. Muslim society during the early CaliphatesB. Latin American Catholicism in the 18th century C. The Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine EmpireD. China during the Cultural Revolution.


6. Which of the following factors was the MOST influential on the Mongol’s ability to create the empire shown above?

A. The weakness of central Asian empires at the end of the 13th century.B. China’s lack of regional influence due to conflicts with Japan and Korea.C. Mongol nomadic culture and merit-based military leadership.D. Alliances between Mongol khans and European feudal lords.

7. Based on the map above, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The Mongol empire was unified under one Khanate by the end of the 13th centuryB. Europe and India were invaded by, but never integrated into, the Mongol khanates.C. Constantinople came under the direct rule of the “Golden Horde” in 1294 CE.D. The Khanate of the Great Khan included both China and Japan.

8. In both the Ilkhanate, Golden Horde, and Chagatai Khanates, Mongol rulers:A. Converted to Islam over several decades after their conquest.B. Supported traditional Mongol animism over established religions.C. Persecuted Hindu majorities due to their polytheistic beliefs.D. Preferred the public practice of Buddhism over Christianity.


Chinghis (Ghenghis) Khan's letter of invitation to Ch'ang ch'un, a Daoist Chinese Monk

Heaven has abandoned China owing to its haughtiness and extravagant luxury. But I, living in the northern wilderness, have not inordinate passions. I hate luxury and exercise moderation. I have only one coat and one food. I eat the same food and am dressed in the same tatters as my humble herdsmen. I consider the people my children, and take an interest in talented men as if they were my brothers. We always agree in our principles, and we are always united by mutual affection. At military exercises I am always in the front, and in time of battle am never behind. In the space of seven years I have succeeded in accomplishing a great work, and uniting the whole world in one empire. I have not myself distinguished qualities.

9. Which of the following key characteristics of his ability to rule and conquer is found in Genghis Khan’s above letter?

A. Openness to adopt and embrace new cultures.B. Tolerance towards more established religious institutions.

C. Conservation of important resources due to a frugal lifestyle.

D. Promotion of leaders on the basis of individual skill.

10. Which of the following is MOST LIKELY Genghis Khan’s reason for writing the above letter?A. To convince Daoist monasteries to embrace traditional Mongol shamanist beliefs.B. To scare Chinese leaders into surrendering before any actual conflict with the Mongols..C. To lay out several justifications and reasons for his right to rule China.D. To dissuade the Chinese from attempting any invasions of Mongol territory.

Questions 11 through 13 refer to the map below

11. This map is best understood in the context of which of the following period 3 key concepts?A. The growth of urban areas that was caused by the expansion of trade routes.B. The decline of urban areas following invasions and falling agricultural productivityC. Technological and cultural transfers that were caused by the expansion of trade routes.D. The diffusion of crops and epidemic diseases caused by the expansion of trade routes.


12. The “progress of the Black Death” shown on this map could be used as evidence to support which of the following claims?

A. The Middle East was the site of the first outbreak of the disease because of the CrusadesB. Eastern Europe had the first outbreak and the disease spread to Western EuropeC. Starting in East Asia, the Black Death spread via the silk routes to the west.D. African deaths were not as numerous as those in Eurasia

13. Which is the BEST description of the effects of the Black Death on Europe?A. One-third of the population died, creating economic and social problems for feudal kingdoms.B. Physicians rapidly developed a cure for the disease, launching a medical revolution.C. Seeking help, Europeans voluntarily joined the Mongol Empire which became stronger.D. Fearful of the outside world, Europe lost interest in all trade and exploration opportunities.

Questions 14 through 16 refer to the bullet points below

“First and foremost, then, the city of Hangzhou is so great that it hath an hundred miles around. There were also in this city twelve guilds of the different crafts, and that each guild had 12,000 houses in the occupation of its workmen. Each of these houses contains at least 12 men, whilst some contain 20 and some 40, - not that these are all masters, but inclusive of the journeymen who work under the masters. And yet all these craftsmen had full occupation, for many other cities of the kingdom are supplied from this city.

The number and wealth of the merchants, and the amount of goods that passed through their hands, were so enormous that no man could form a just estimate thereof. And I should have told you with regard to those masters of the different crafts who are at the head of such houses as I have mentioned, that neither they nor their wives ever touch a piece of work with their own hands, but live as nicely and delicately as if they were kings and queens. Moreover it was an ordinance laid down by the Emperor that every man should follow his father's business and no other, no matter if he possessed 100,000 bezants [note: a Byzantine coin, often used as a standard coinage].” –

Marco Polo, The Glories of Hangzhou, c. 1300. Marco Polo had spent 17 years in China when China was under the leadership of Kublai Khan

14. Marco Polo’s description of the wealth of Hangzhou’s merchants is best understood in the context of which of the following trends of the 600-1450 period?

A. Increasing demand for foreign luxury goods in Afro-Eurasia.B. The spread of Buddhism and other Chinese customs to Japan and Korea.C. The increase of agricultural production to the spread of new crops and technologies across trade routes.D. The diversification of labor organization emerging with more complex economies.

15. Which of the following would be a valid comparison between the economy of China, following Polo’s description, and the economy of Western Europe at the same time?

A. In comparison to Western Europe, China’s economy was more agriculturally based.B. In comparison to Western Europe, China’s economy experienced more urban growth.C. In comparison to Western Europe, China’s leaders intervened less in economic matters.D. In comparison to Western Europe, China had a smaller population contributing to its economy.

16. Which of the following major changes in Afro-Eurasian technologies resulted from the activity described in Marco Polo’s account?

A. The spread of the horse collar agricultural technique to Western Europe.B. The diffusion of gunpowder technologies across the Mongol Empire.C. The diffusion of sugar cultivation from South Asia to the Middle East.D. The mixing of Bantu and Arabic languages on the Swahili coast.


PLAN OF THE TANG DYNASTY CAPITAL CITY OF CHANG’AN, NORTH-CENTRAL CHINA, EIGHTH CENTURY C.E.

17. Based on the map and your knowledge of world history, which of the following likely encouraged the development of cities such as Chang’an?

A. The growth, in volume and extent, of overland trade and commerceB. Improvements in maritime technology, such as the compass and lateen sailC. The spread of Buddhism into East AsiaD. Long-distance migrations of central Asian peoples

18. The variety of temples shown on the map of Chang’an was most likely the result of which of the following broader processes from 600 to 1450 C.E.?

A. Conquests by nomadic Central Asian groupsB. Diffusion of cultural traditions along the Silk RoadsC. Religious conflict resulting from the An Lushan rebellionD. Neo-Confucian influence on the Tang government

19. The integration of natural bodies of water and waterways in the plans for the palace most likely shows the influence of which of the following?

A. Daoism B. Confucianism C. Zoroastrianism D. Buddhism


Sculptures from the Tang Dynasty, China c. 600- c.950 CE

20. Both sculptures above BEST reflect what key aspect of the Tang Dynasty’s rule over China?A. The reinforcement of traditional Confucian values on Chinese society.B. The revision of the Civil Service exam for entry into government service.C. The re-establishment of interregional trade along central Asia routes.D. The rearming of Chinese armies with advanced armor and weapons.

21. The statue of the seated figure could BEST be used to support which of the following historical claims?A. The Tang Dynasty was immune to the effects of Islam’s rapid rise and expansion across Eurasia and

North Africa.B. Christianity made a strong impression on Central Asian societies during the Post-Classical time period.C. Interactions with Indian traders in South East Asia led to Hindu values diffusing into Chinese culture.D. Buddhism remained an important religion in East Asia, even after being largely abandoned in its area of

origin.

22. The statues of the man and camel are MOST related to which of the following Tang actions?A. The construction of a new capital at Chang’anB. Increased interference in political struggles on the Korean peninsula.C. Emperor Taizong’s establishment of a new legal code.D. Military campaigns that expanded China’s western borders.


23. The shrinking size of the Song Dynasty over time can BEST be attributed to what factor?A. Pressure from nomadic groups along China’s northern borderB. An increase in the spread of epidemic diseases over the Silk Road.C. The emergence of a powerful state in Tibet.D. The unification of Korea under the Goryeo Kingdom.

24. Compared to the previous Tang dynasty, the Song were:A. Larger in size but more focused on Daoist values.B. Smaller in size but more advanced in terms of military technology.C. Equal in size but more active in maritime trade.D. Unable to be compared in terms of size, but more populous.


QUESTIONS 25-27 REFER TO THE IMAGE AND TIMELINE ABOVE.

25. The monk working in the scriptorium in the image above demonstrates:A. how Chinese inventions transformed EuropeB. Europe’s superior technology compared to contemporary ChinaC. the importance of monasteries in preserving knowledge during the “Dark Ages”D. the extreme poverty endured by European monks

26. How was the work of monks shown above transformed by Chinese technology during this period?A. Printing technology made the copying of manuscripts by hand obsolete.B. Monks used gunpowder-based weapons against Muslim armies in the Crusades.C. The compass encouraged monasteries to send monks on voyages of exploration.D. Demand for new books led to thousands more monks copying manuscripts.


27. How did the spread of Chinese technologies shown above transform Europe?A. Easier access to knowledge and technology stimulated fresh thinking during the Renaissance.B. Gunpowder-based weapons strengthened the grip of Europe’s feudal nobility on power.C. New technology helped Europe defeat the Muslims and reconquer the Holy Land.D. Printing technology caused many monasteries to close.

28. According to the map above, the spread of Islam into Southeast Asia during this time can best be explained by merchant voyages along which of the following trade routes?

A. The Silk RoadsB. The Mediterranean Sea C. The Trans-Saharan D. The Indian Ocean

29. Which of the following represents the best summary of the similarities between the spread of both Islam and Buddhism during this time period?

A. Both religions spread only within the regions in which they started.B. Only people living in major urban centers converted to the new religions.C. Interregional travelers were important agents responsible for cultural diffusion.D. Hinduism and Christianity were displaced by the emergence of these religions.


30. This map would BEST provide a historian with information that could prove:A. environmental factors contributed to and limited human settlements.B. hunter-forager cultures universally rejected the spread of an agricultural way of life.C. state-building by imperial governments relied on large public works projects.D. economic trade within regions was limited by barriers such as large rivers.

31. Which of the following statements is MOST connected to the migration of the Bantu throughout Africa?A. The development of a Bantu Empire that conquered much of Africa.B. The use of camels to transport goods throughout Africa.C. The influence of merging Bantu language with other native languages.D. The gold-salt trade that evolved in West Africa.


32. Which of the following statements could be supported by the evidence found in this map?A. Powerful monsoon winds prevented Indian sailors from reaching East Africa.B. Indonesian sailors dominated the Indian Ocean trade.C. Trade contributed to the growth of coastal cities with shipping ports.D. Cotton textiles from India were heavily in demand around the Indian Ocean basin.

33. Which of the following political states would have had the LEAST ability to control trade in the Indian Ocean during the time period shown on the map?A. Yuan Dynasty China C. Western European KingdomsB. Islamic Caliphates D. Great Zimbabwe


The Chester Beatty Library

34. Although the painting above refers to religious figures, its design includes no attempt to capture their images. The best reason for this emphasis on geometric designs rather than images is that:

A. Religious doctrine forbade artistic representations to prevent the worship of images as idols. B. Artists of the time period were much more skilled at drawing geometric designs than human figures. C. Human forms were considered to be shameful; only spiritual values should be captured in art. D. The geometric figures are actually language symbols, and the painting tells a story.

35. The painting reflects the religious doctrines of:A. Hinduism B. Buddhism C. Daoism D. Islam


Medieval manuscript, Timbuktu, c. 1300.

36. Which of the following Islamic traditions encouraged the development of Timbuktu? A. The hajj, the annual pilgrimage to Mecca B. Zakat, the tradition of giving alms to the poor C. The shahadah, or profession of faith

D. Salat, praying five times a day facing Mecca.

37. The trade and cultural links with the Islamic world, on which Timbuktu's growth depended, could not have been forged without:

A. horses B. camels C. the lateen sail D. wagons capable of traversing the desert

38. Which ruler's sponsorship brought both trade and scholarship to Timbuktu? A. Sundiata, the “Lion King” B. Ibn Battuta C. Sunni Ali D. Mansa Musa

Questions 39 through 41 refer to the excerpt below

“Great stir and bustle prevails at Constantinople in consequence of the conflux of many merchants, who come there, both by land and by sea, from all parts of the world for purposes of trade, including merchants from Babylon and from Mesopotamia, from Media and Persia, from Egypt and Palestine, as well as from Russia, Hungary, Patzinakia, Budia, Lombardy and Spain. In this respect the city is equaled only by Baghdad, the metropolis of the Mahometans [Muslims]. At Constantinople is the place of worship called St. Sophia and the metropolitan seat of the Pope of the Greeks, who are at variance with the Pope of Rome.”

Jewish Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, Spain, Book of Travels, ca 1170 C.E.

39. Benjamin of Tudela’s description of Constantinople is best understood in the context of which of the following historical developments of the period between 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.?

A. The decline in urban areas following the collapse of collapse of classical empires.B. The establishing of Jewish merchant diasporic communities along the Silk RoadC. The ongoing conflict between Christian and Islamic empires in the Middle East.D. The growth in cross-cultural exchanges resulting from the intensification of trade networks.

"Salt comes from the north, gold from the south, and silver from the country of the white men, but the word of God and the treasures of wisdom are to be found only in Timbuktu.”

West African Proverb. Mintz, S., & McNeil, S. (2016). Digital History.


40. The economic activities referenced in the source most directly contributed to which of the following in Eurasia during this time period?

A. A decrease in the publication of travel narratives by inter-regional travelers.B. Decreased spending on the construction of religious centers.C. Diffusion of cultural, literary, and artistic traditions along trade routes.D. The development of new methods of taxation and tributary systems.

41. A historian could BEST use this source to provide evidence for which of the following cultural events between 600 C.E to 1450 C.E.?

A. The origins and spread of the Islamic faithB. The schism between Catholics and Orthodox ChristiansC. The reasons for the start of the CrusadesD. The influence of Buddhism along the Silk Roads

Questions 42 through 44 refer to the diagram below

42. The dominant form of labor organization shown in this example of a Medieval Manor was:A. Free Peasant agricultureB. Nomadic PastoralismC. Coerced Slave LaborD. City based Craft and Guilds

43. The layout of the manor most directly caused which of the following human environmental developments during the period between 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.?A. The fluctuation of global temperatures known as the “Medieval Warming Period”.B. A growth in agricultural productivity which gave rise to an increasing population.C. Spread of crops such as cotton, sugar, and citrus fruits between Eurasian regions.D. The diffusion and spread of the disease pathogens such as the Bubonic Plague.


44. Which of the following would have caused the serfs on this manor to revolt during the time period shown on this diagram?A. Invasions by foreign enemies such as the Scandinavian Vikings.B. Intensified contacts with the Middle East as a result of the Crusades.C. Coercive taxation and tributes demanded by the state on agricultural productionD. The diffusion and spread of the disease pathogens such as the Bubonic Plague.

Questions 45 through 48 refer to the passage below

“…One positive, undisputed result of the Crusades was a greatly expanded knowledge of geography gained by the West. With the coming of such vast hordes of invaders from all points of Europe, the veil of the ‘mysterious East’ had been lifted for good…The Arab builders learned much about military masonry from the Crusaders who had brought this knowledge from Normandy and Italy…Then, when the great cathedrals of Europe began to rise in a somewhat later period, their builders installed windows of stained glass made with a technique which had originated with the ancient Phoenicians of Syria and passed along by Syrian Arabs to Europeans…During that two-century struggle between East and West, it is plain now that each side made major contributions to the culture of the other.” Aramco World, Legacy of the Crusades, May 1956

45. The events described in this secondary source are best understood in the context of conflict between which of the following cultures?

A. Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic ChristiansB. Christian Kingdoms vs. the Islamic CaliphatesC. Pastoralist Mongols vs. the Tang DynastyD. The Byzantine Empire vs. the Ottoman Empire

46. From the point of view of this secondary source, the Crusades should be viewed asA. A disaster for Europeans who were forced to abandon their old cultural traditions.B. A time of sadness for world history that drove a permanent wedge between monotheistic religions.C. A glorious victory by Middle Eastern peoples over imperialistic EuropeansD. A mutually beneficial cultural diffusion of knowledge and trade between cultures.

47. Based on this secondary source, what is the best conclusion about cultural diffusion (borrowing) into Europe after 1000 C.E.?

A. Europeans borrowed ideas from other civilizations and improved as a result of cultural diffusion.B. The Crusades were so damaging to relations between religions that cultural diffusion stopped.C. Aside from isolated examples such as Marco Polo, Europeans weren’t interested in new ideas.D. Europeans were far more advanced than Asia, causing China to borrow extensively from them.

48. The patterns of cultural diffusion described in this secondary source are most SIMILAR to which of the following events between 600 to 1450 C.E.?

A. Ways that the Byzantine Empire continued the cultural traditions of the old Roman Empire.B. The imposition of Islam following conquests by Muslim armies after MuhammadC. Sharing of technological innovations between warring Mongol and East Asian peoples.D. Economic trade between East Africa and Asia in the Indian Ocean trade network.


BLAST FROM THE PAST: UNIT I & II

49. The inclusion of pudding spice from India is a consequence of which of the following?(A) The use of monsoon winds to travel the Indian Ocean.(B) The spread of Bantu languages across North Africa.(C) The development of interregional trade on the Silk Roads.(D) The creation of massive design projects using coerced labor.

50. Which of the following best explains why this recipe was NOT POSSIBLE in the time period 8000 BCE – 600 BCE.?(A) Neolithic political figures often used religion to justify their political authority.(B) Neolithic civilizations developed law codes that were applied unequally to different civilizations.(C) Neolithic civilizations unified territories that had not previously been politically unified.(D) Neolithic civilizations were unable to create policies to control diverse groups of people.

51. All of the following were sites of early agriculture EXCEPT(A) Amazon Basin (B) Huang He Valley(C) Indus Valley (D) Tigris & Euphrates Valley

Ingredients for “Roman Salted Cod”

Ingredient Origin

1 lb Cod … England

500ml White Wine … Greece

2 tbsp Olive Oil … Greece

Salt and Pepper … North Africa

Spice … Arabia

1 pinch pudding spice … India


52. Which of the following about the spread of agriculture is supported by the map above?(A) The global spread of agriculture reduced hunting and gathering peoples to a small minority of humankind. (B) Agriculture originated in Africa and slowly spread outward to outlying core areas.(C) India received agricultural influences from the Middle East, and China.(D) Agriculture only arose where there was a scarcity of wild game

53. Zoroaster’s teachings about the deity of a religion illustrate a shift in thinking to: (A) animalistic religions to mythical beings. (B) individual people holding more responsibility in regards to their beliefs. (C) priests being the only people privy to holy writings. (D) inner demons being the reason for unethical behavior in people’s daily lives.

54. The basic principles of Zoroastrianism influenced the beginnings of which major religion? (A) Judaism (B) Buddhism (C) Christianity (D) Islam

55. The Persian Empire, led by Cyrus the Great, ruled in accordance with the Zoroastrian law of asha. as a result of practicing the law of asha:

(A) Cyrus the Great led a military campaign into Egypt in thename of Ahura Mazda. (B) each citizen of the Persian Empire was required to convert one other person to Zoroastrianism. (C) the Jews were permitted to leave their exile in Babylon and return to Jerusalem. (D) no other religion was allowed in the Persian Empire other than Zoroastrianism.

His [Zoroaster’s] teaching has been preserved in seventeen hymns, the Gathas, Yasna ...28- 34 and 43-53. Zoroaster was a practicing priest...and these hymns were meditations on the liturgy (Yasna) cast into rather esoteric mantic poetry. They are, therefore, extremely difficult to translate and interpret, so that accounts of them differ considerably. Fundamental is the prophet’s conviction that he had seen God, the Wise Lord,Ahura Mazda, in a vision. He believed that he personally had been set apart for his mission from the beginning, a conviction which resulted in a stress on personal responsibility in religion. There are, he taught, two opposing forces, the Bounteous Spirit of Mazda and the destructive power of Angra Mainyu who created respectively life and non-life. Each persons eternal fate would be determined by the choice (s)he made between them. ...Central to Zoroaster’s belief in Ahura Mazda are the Amesha Spentas , a system of seven spirits which in later tradition at least were opposed to seven evil spirits. He therefore saw a cosmic divide between the forces of good and evil ...

Bowker. J. (ed). 2000, Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, London, p. 659

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