Social Studies GA MILESTONES Study Guide: 4th Grade

The Declaration of Independence protects your natural rights: the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness “We the people” means EVERYONE in the United States

Branches of GovernmentExecutive Branch (President)

enforces the laws

Legislative Branch (Congress) make the laws

Judicial Branch (Judges) interprets the laws

How a bill becomes a law Congress comes up with an idea for a bill Congress votes – if it is approved, it goes to the President The President can sign it, or veto it If the President vetoes it, Congress can overturn the veto with a 2/3 vote

Checks and Balances The President can veto a Congress bill/law

o Congress can overturn veto with 2/3 vote The President can nominate new judges

o Congress must approve the judges The Judicial branch can say a law from Congress is unconstitutional (bad)

Smallest to largest forms of government to largest local (Atlanta) - keep streets looking good, provides police and firemen, public schools and libraries, public transportation

state (Georgia) – issues driver’s licenses, run elections, set up local governments

federal (United States) - protection from other countries; prints money, collects income tax

Constitution Freedom of Expression means you can do what you want to do; but if you

do things illegal, or bad, there will be consequences (jail, etc). The Articles of Confederation were written before the Constitution – it

changed b/c it gave the states too much power, and made the federal government weak

A republic is a government in which citizens elect leaders (like in the U.S.) Compromise – both sides give up something to come to an agreement Ratify - means to accept it Amendment – means to change it We live in a democracy – people have the power to make decisions

Bill of Rights (pg 334 - 335)Amendment 1 -You can worship who/what you want; freedom of speech; freedom of expressionAmendment 2 - Right to own guns (when you are 18 years old Amendment 3 - You don’t have to keep soldiers in your house if you don’t want toAmendment 4 - The police need a warrant (reason) to search your homeAmendment 5 - You don’t have to tell on yourself Amendment 6 - You have a right to a speedy trial (so you don’t sit in jail for years waiting for a trial - to go to court)Amendment 7 - If you go to trial, and the problem is worth more than $20, you have a right to a jury (where people say if you are guilty/not guilty; and NOT the judge)Amendment 8 - You have the right to bail if you go to jail (pay to get out of jail until you go to court)Amendment 9 - You have rights other than those in the Constitution Amendment 10 - Any powers not given to the federal government belong to the state

EconomicsOpportunity cost - what you have to give up to get something else (no snack for a week so you can buy a toy with your saved up $$$)Scarcity - means there is not enough for everyonePrice incentives - when things are on sale…people shop!!! Specialization - each region can grow different things

Georgia is known for cotton and peaches Florida is known for its

________________________________________???Voluntary exchange - tradingTechnological advancement

negative - cotton gin increased a need for more slaves positive - computer increased the ability for a world community

Having a personal budget will allow you to responsibly buy the things you want and need

Example of personal budget I was paid $500 this week 10% goes to charity/tithing 10% goes to me for WHATEVER I WANT 10% goes to short term savings (buy a PS3/XBOX 360; emergencies) 10% goes to long term savings (buy a car) 60% goes to bills, food, gas, etc…

Physical and Man-Made Features in the U.S. – YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO LOCATE THESE AREAS ON A MAP!!!

Physical means natural like canyons and lakes, etc. Man made is NY City, Boston, etc.

Atlantic Coastal Plains (right side of the United States)

Great Plains (middle of the United States

Continental Divide (divides the United States in half – goes through Canada, United States, and Mexico)

The Great Basin (The ‘Big Bowl’ in the left part of the United States)

Death Valley (desert in California)

Gulf of Mexico (large body of water that touches Mexico, Texas, Florida, and many other states)

St. Lawrence River (river runs through New York)

Native Americans Inuit - Arctic (Canada area) Kwakiutl - Northwest (California area) Nez Perce - Plateau (by bottom of California Hopi - Southwest (by bottom of California Pawnee - Plains (by bottom of California) Seminoles - Southeastern (Florida area)

The Great Lakes (lakes that surround Michigan and many other states as well as Canada)

Native Americans use their environment to obtain food, clothing, and shelter if you lived closer to the ocean, you would eat fish, etc if you lived in the forest, you would utilize wood for shelter, clothes, and

tools you hunt animals specific to your region for food and clothing

European Exploration Obstacles - food, water, sailing, mutiny, Indians, money, etc John Cabot - Sailed for England - discovered the NW Passage Vasco Nunez Balboa - Sailed for Spain - discovered a land route to Pacific

Ocean through South America Juan Ponce de Leon - Sailed for Spain - He discovered Florida - looked for

the Fountain of Youth Christopher Columbus - Sailed for Spain - discovered America Jacques Cartier - Sailed for France - discovered Canada Henry Hudson - Dutch sailor - discovered the Hudson Bay

New NationThe Bill of Rights puts limits on government, and more power for its citizensThe War of 1812

The only time the White House was burned down Fought against the British Why?? - U.S. wanted to stay neutral during the fight between France and

Britain…buuuuutttttt….the British navy kidnapped over 5,000 American navy men and made them fight for Britain. The U.S. went to war with Britain because of this. No one won. They both decided to give up after years of fighting.

British Colonial America New England colonies - not a lot of farming; more business Mid-Atlantic colonies - some farming; some business Southern colonies - most farming large landowners - had the best life; owned slaves farmers - worked hard; grew their own food artisans - had specialty like making forks and spoons women - had very little respect; could not vote, etc. slaves - had no respect; white people “owned” them indentured servants - you make a deal to be someone’s servant for 7

years - they pay your traveling cost from one country to another Native Americans - obviously, not good - the colonist took their land

American Revolution French and Indian War - the French did not want the Indians trading with

the colonists. War broke out. Britain helped the colonists win. After the war, the colonists wanted the British soldiers to go home, but

they wouldn’t. King George III imposed taxed on goods (The Stamp Act; The Tea Act) to help pay for the war

NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION - the colonists were upset b/c the King was making them pay taxes no matter what!!!

Boston Massacre - colonists in Boston were shot and killed while they were protesting the Stamp Act (taxes on paper goods), etc.

Boston Tea Party - the Sons of Liberty dressed up as Indians and threw tea overboard ships b/c of the Tea Act (taxes on tea)

Declaration of Independence - Thomas Jefferson - means to have freedom from England (Britain)

Battle of Lexington and Concord - first battle of the American Revolution Battle of Yorktown - last battle of the American Revolution Benjamin Franklin - convinced France to help us George Washington - first President - great General Benedict Arnold - betrayed his country Patrick Henry - made an angry speech against the Stamp Act John Adams - colonial lawyer for the British during for the Boston

Massacre -he was able to get the jury to say not guilty!!!

Westward Expansion Lewis and Clark with Sacagawea (she was their interpreter) Louisiana Purchase - U.S. bought a lot of land from Napoleon (France). He

needed the money to fight the British. This purchase doubled the size of America!! WOW!!!

Acquisition of Texas - Fought a war with Mexico for freedom (Mexico had owned the area we now call Texas)

Oregon Trail - 2,000 miles long

California Gold Rush - increased merchants, business, trading, and especially mining in the United StatesSteamboat - people could travel by water faster/cheaper -boatsSteam Locomotive - people could travel by train faster/cheaperTelegraph - the first communication device - like a phone, but it sends electric signals over wires - different taps in the signals mean different letters (MORSE CODE)

Science GA Milestones Study Guide: 4th Grade

Measurements length – how long something is (pencil) area – how much room is in something (classroom) volume – how much liquid is in a container (soda bottle) weight – how heavy something is (people)

Solar System the sun is a star the earth revolves around the sun stars are classified by size, color, and patterns

star colors – blue, white, and yellow to orange and red the color tells us its temperature (blue is the hottest; red is the

coolest) othe brighter a star is, the closer it is

telescopes are used to see far away in the sky the gravitational pull pulls stars quickly, and the planets slowly a comet is a ball of frozen rock asteroids are bits of rock and metal a constellation is a pattern of stars the Earth is slightly titled and rotates on an imaginary axis (why we have

SEASONS)o the reason we have seasons (spring, summer, fall, winter): due to

the Earth’s tilt, parts of the Earth is closer and farther away to the Sun

it takes the Earth one day to spin completely around it takes the moon one month to spin around the Earth it takes the Earth one year to rotate around the Sun

Phases of the Moon

Order of the Planets

The Water Cycle

Different types of clouds

Weather thermometer – measures temperature (hot/cold) rain gauge – measures how much it rained barometer – measures the pressure in the air wind vane – measures the direction of the wind anemometer – measures the wind speed weather - weather that is daily (what you see each day) climate - weather over a period of time (what you see each season) water boils at 212’ F or 100’ C clouds are formed from evaporation

Ecosystem environment – all the living and nonliving things around you (the park) ecosystem – all living and nonliving things in an area (pond in the park) population – groups of living things in an ecosystem habitat – meets the needs of a living thing community – all the populations in an ecosystem producers – living things that can make its own food consumers – living things that can’t make its own food decomposers – living things that feed on the waste of plants and animals herbivore – only eats plants carnivore – only eats meat omnivore – eats both plants and meat predator hunts prey if there are too many living things of one species, and not enough of its

prey, the prey could die out (this means if there are not enough gazelles for the lions to eat, the lions could die because there is NO FOOD)

bears hibernate – sleep for a long time camouflage – to blend in with your background

Food chain (continuous movement of energy in the ecosystem

Mirrors, lenses, prisms transparent – all light can pass through it (glass) translucent – some light can pass through it (plastic) opaque – almost no light can pass through it (wood) reflection – light bouncing off an object refraction – light bending convex lens – lens that is thicker in the middle than the edges concave lens – lens that is thicker at the edges than the middle prism – light changes direction as it enters a prism

Sound sound is vibration in the air pitch – how high or low sound is frequency – number of vibrations sound makes the more air available, the higher the pitch (think filling water in a glass;

the more water, the lower the sound is)

Simple Machines a simple machine has only a few parts

****The fulcrum is the triangle part of a lever (see picture above) the more force you use, the faster the speed the gravitational force of an object is always down the size and weight of an object effects it speed (the heavier something is

it will be slow to start, fast to finish) when something of greater weight interacts with something of lesser

weight, the thing the weighs the least will change is direction (force) – For example, if you walk into me, I will stop, but you will fall over

Math GA Milestones Study Guide: 4th Grade

Using symbols for unknown numbers x 8 = ? = 7 7 x 8 = 56

Bar Graph (use to compare things against other things)

Pictographs – (use when adding pictures to show data)

Line Graph – (use to compare something over a period of time)

Classifying Triangles by their ANGLES acute triangle - less than 90’

right triangle - 90’ (usually has a square in it)

obtuse triangle - over 90’

Classify Triangles by their SIDES

Triangle ABC - equilateral - all sides are equal Triangle RST - scalene - no sides are equalTriangle XYZ - isosceles - two sides are equal

parallel lines - two lines that run side by side ==========

perpendicular lines - two lines that intersect making a cross

intersecting lines - two lines that intersect making an X

Quadrilaterals

Faces - flat piecesEdges - lines;Vertices – corners***LABEL THE CUBE BELOW***

-unfolded cube

Coordinate System - a basketball player DRIBBLES (left to right) first and then (up and down) SHOOTS

Using a protractor - if the angle is bigger than 90’, use the bigger numbers to tell the measurement of the angle.

Half of a rotation is 180’ (1/2 a circle) A full rotation is 360’ (a full circle) a 90’ rotation is ¼ - it takes 4(90’) to make one circle

Weight - how heavy something is 16 ounces (oz) = 1 pound (lb)

o 3lbs = 48 ozo 33 oz = 2 lbs 1 oz

2,000 lbs = 1 ton (T)o 7,000lbs = 3 ½ To 8 T = 16,000 lbs

1,000 grams (g) = 1 kilogram (kg)o 5,500 g = 5 ½ kgo 6 kg = 6,000 g

Place Value

Three ways to describe a numberstandard form: 7, 526word form: seven thousand, five-hundred, twenty-sixexpanded form: 7000 + 500 + 20 + 6

Rounding/estimating numbers If the digit after the one being rounded is less than 5 (0, 1, 2, 3 or 4), we

round down. If the digit after the one being rounded is 5 or more (5, 6, 7, 8, or 9), we

round up.o round to the nearest thousand: 5,633 = 6,000o round to the nearest hundred: 4,311 = 4,300o round to the nearest ten: 7,344 = 7,340

Multiplication steps for: 628 x 7"7 times 8 is 56." Write 6, carry 5."7 times 2 is 14, plus 5 is 19." Write 9, carry 1."7 times 6 is 42, plus 1 is 43." Write 43

Division steps for: 1,798/5 Begin, "5 goes into 17 three (3) times (15) with 2 left over." Write 3 over the 7 (not over the 1), and write the remainder 2 next to the

9. Continue: "5 goes into 29 five (5) times (25) with 4 left over. Write 5 over the 9, and write the remainder 4 next to the 8. Finally, "5 goes into 48 nine (9) times (45) with 3 left over." Write 9 over the 8. The final remainder is 3.

***KNOW THESE

Decimals line up your decimals when adding/subtraction

Move the decimal over in the final answer when multiplying/dividing

Fractions equivalent fractions : they equal the same

o 1/2 (multiply the top AND bottom by any number - I chose 3)= 3/6 o 2/3 (multiply the top AND bottom by any number - I chose 4)= 8/12

Mixed Numbers

Improper Fractions

= 1 4/5

Adding and subtracting fractions

Properties of MathCommutative Property

Associative Property

Distributive Property

Practice Problems1) There are 366 dimples on a golf ball. How many dimples are on 27 golf balls?

2) The company took 59 employees to a management conference across the country. Each round trip plane ticket cost $799. What was the total amount needed to take the employees to the conference?

3) 654/3 4) 344/9 5) 722/4

Round to the nearest thousand

3,554_________________6,999 ______________ 3,422 ________________

Round to the nearest hundred

8,234 _________________5,606 ________________9,999 _______________

Round to the nearest hundredths

45.89 _______________ 377.987______________340.32 _________________

Identify the # of: faces_________; edges ____________; vertices ____________

Greater than (>), less than (<), or equal (=)

4/8 ______ 3/6 54.45 ________ 45.54 788.55 ________ 99.999

2/3 ______ 7/8 centimeter ____inches feet ______yards

Convert8 tons = ___________lbs 15,000lbs = _________T 36 in = _________ ft

6ft = ________in 48hrs = _______ dys 120 min = ________hrs

Language Arts GA Milestones Study Guide: 4th Grade

subject/predicate - every sentence must have this to be a complete sentencesubject – who or what the sentence is aboutpredicate - what the subject is doingExample: Mary (subject) is riding her bike to the park (predicate).

parts of speechnoun (person, place, thing) - teacher, school, penciladjective (describes a noun) - red, cool, awesome, cleanverb (action) - kicked, running, jump, sliding adverb (describes a verb - usually ends with -ly) - quickly, softly, quietly

ending marks of a sentencedeclarative (.) - stating something - I have a red shirt on. imperative (.) - giving a command - “Do your homework”, Mom said. interrogative (?) - ask a question - Do we have school today? exclamatory (!) - to show emotion - YES! We don’t have school today!

rules for capitalizing at the beginning of sentences names of people, names of places (Atlanta Elementary) names of titles (Because of Winn Dixie) the letter “I” when referring to yourself the first word in a quote (“The GA MILESTONES is next week”) titles of people (President Obama) days of the week (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday) months (January, February, March) holidays (Christmas, Thanksgiving) religions (Christianity, Buddhism) languages (English, Spanish) states (Georgia, Florida) countries (United States of America, Mexico) the words Mom and Dad are capitalized when you are using them as their

nameo I told Mom I will be home later.o I told my mom I will be home later. (Do you see the difference?)

subject/verb agreementsingular

The student sings. (He or she sings) The bird does migrate south during winter. (It does)

plural Your children sing. (They sing) Those birds do migrate south during winter. (They do)

comma use in a sentence when pausing in a sentence

o I would come over, but I am grounded. separates a list of items

o I have a pencil, pen, and eraser. when using quotations

o Chaz asked, “Can I ride the bike?” after introductory words

o Well, I finally finished my homework. show relation between a word and a noun (apposition)

o My teacher, Mr. Rheault, is a great dancer!

sentence fragments - a sentence that is not complete There tomorrow. (fragment) I will be there tomorrow. (complete sentence)

identifying words from other languages HINT: if it is food from another country, then it is a word from another country

tacos, spaghetti, etc…

homophones - SOUND the same, spelled differently to, two, too

simple sentence - normal complete sentence Gary likes to play football in the morning.

compound subject simple sentence Gary and Todd like to play football in the morning.

compound predicate simple sentence Gary likes to play football and soccer in the morning.

complex sentence - normal sentence plus part of a sentence The teacher returned the homework after she noticed a mistake.

dependent clause - uses words such as since, because, although, that, when I had to go home right after school because Grandma was visiting from

out of town!

genres/purpose of writing fiction – made up storynon-fiction - true/realpersuasive - to convince someoneinformation - to give someone true information about a topicentertain - to make someone laugh, etc…at your story

inferences/foreshadow - to say what will happen next based on clues from the story

fiction story elementscharacter - person in the storysetting - where the story takes placeclimax - the most exciting part of the storytheme - the lesson throughout the story (Three Little Pigs: work hard)plot – what the story is aboutdialogue – when characters speak in a story or play

non-fiction elements paragraphs - usually has 4 - 6 sentencestopic sentences - what the paragraph is about supporting details - help you to identify the main ideamain idea - what the story is about (think of an umbrella - the umbrella is your main idea and ALL the supporting details can fit under the umbrellaconcluding sentences - it is the last sentence in a paragraphing summing it up

Main Idea: There are many fun things to do at the beach

Details: play in the sand, swim, sunbathe

cause and effect - something happens because of anther The dog ran through the house. It knocked over the lamp.

summarize - to retell the whole story in your own wordsparaphrase - to retell part of the story with the exact words from the story

fact (true) - The GA Milestones starts next week. opinion - (your thoughts) - I think the GA Milestones is easy.

idioms - figurative language A leopard can’t change its spots. (means a person cannot change)

playful languagepuns - I wondered why the baseball was getting bigger; then it hit me. jokes - humorous sentencespalindromes - reading the same way forward as you can backwards

prefix - comes before the root word to make a new word Prefix Meaning Exampleanti- against anticlimaxauto- self autopilotcircum- around circumventde- away from devaluedis- not disappearen- put into encloseex- former extract, ex-presidentextra- more than extracurricularin- into insertnon- without nonentitypre- before pretest un- not unfinished

suffix - comes after the root word to make a new wordSuffix Meaning Example-acy state or quality privacy-al act or process of refusal-ance state or quality of maintenance-dom place or state of being freedom, kingdom-er, -or one who trainer, protector-ism doctrine, belief communism-ist one who chemist-ity, -ty quality of veracity-ment condition of argument-ness state of being heaviness-ship position held fellowship-sion, -tion state of being concession, transition

parts of a booktitle page – front of the book where the title is placedthesaurus - book to find synonyms glossary - at the end of story in the back of the book to help you define words in the story (mini-dictionary)index- at the beginning of the story to tell you the different chapter in the booktable of contents – at the beginning of the book and tells what the chapters of the book

antonym (opposite) - up/downsynonym (same) - ship/boat

sensory details smell, sight, touch, hear, see, taste

Additional GA Milestones vocabulary (these words are found in the GA Milestones questions)

best - number 1 main - number 1 same - like something else different - not like something else author - who wrote the story title - what the story is called means - what something is chronological order - order by date explain - to tell more about something phrase - part of a sentence purpose - why we do something realistic fiction - false story that could happen fantasy - story that usually involves fairies of mystical creatures historical fiction - false story that has real facts science fiction - story that usually takes place on another planet or

involves cool futuristic science possibilities mystery - a story with a problem to solve adventure - an exciting story folktale - story that is passed through generations of different cultures compare - telling about 2 or more things that are alike contrast - telling about 2 or more things that are different graphic organizer - picture to help you understand the story probably - about 90% something will happen illustration - picture narrator - someone who tells the story major - character who is in the story most of the time minor - character who is in the story just a little bit tone - the language in the story (happy, sad, mean, etc…) poem - story the rhymes (most of the time) poet - writes a poem alliteration - most of the beginning consonants are the same (Laughing

lamas laughed loudly.) assonance -most of the vowel sounds are the same (I park the car in the

Harvard yard.) simile - comparing using the words LIKE or AS (She is as pretty as the sky.) metaphor - direct comparison - (It’s a jungle in here!!!) pattern - something you see over and over (5, 10, 15, 20, 25) moral - the lesson