Citation: Chapter 20. Christopher F Curtis. Insect vectors of human diseases. Pages 339-351. In: GJ Persley. Biotechnology and Integrated Pest Management. Biotechnology in Agriculture No. 15, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon UK OX10 8DE, 475 pages.

Keywords: refractoriness to malaria, the current status of malaria Plasmodium, examples of Anopheles refractory to human malaria parasites, possible methods of introducing malaria refractoriness into Anopheles populations, introduction of refractoriness into populations, hitch-hiking with insecticide resistance, meiotic drive or transposable elements, cytoplasmic incompatibility due to Wolbachia, progeny from matings between an insect strain with uninfected cytoplasm and a strain infected with maternally inherited Wolbachia, bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility producing negative heterosis, unidirectional incompatibility, negative heterosis due to bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility producing frequency-dependent selection for chromosomal genes even if they cause reduced fitness, driving other cytoplasmic particles with Wolbachia,