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Mr. Horender’s GLOBAL STUDIES I

REVIEW

2016-2017

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I. CIVILIZATIONS & EMPIRES

Ancient River Valley Civilizations

Egypt – Nile North Africa

Pyramids – afterlife & tech.

Hieroglyphics

Papyrus Irrigation Pharaohs

ruled – dynasties

Polytheistic

Mesopotamia –Tigris &

Euphrates

Middle East

“Fertile Crescent”

Cuneiform Code of

Hammurabi – legal system

Ziggurats Polytheisti

c The Epic of

Gilgamesh

India – Indus & Ganges

Subcontinent of India

(Harappa)

Planned Cities – set up like grids

Sanskrit Sewage

systems & running water

Caste System – rigid social class system

Hinduism & Buddhism

Dynasties – Tang, Song,

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China – Yellow & Yangtze

Asia

Han Golden Ages

– technological, cultural achievements

Chinese Script

Bronze Casting

Silk Production – Silk Road

II. RELIGIONS, PHILOSOPHIES, & BELIEF SYSTEMS

Hinduism & Buddhism

HINDUISM

INDIA

One god, Vishnu, who comes in many forms

Dharma – one’s duties in life

Karma – how well one carries out their dharma

Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul; based on one’s karma

Moksha – escaping the cycle of reincarnation

Ahimsa – nonviolence

Recognize the Caste System

The Vedas – holy scripture

BUDDHISM

INDIA

Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha or Enlightened One

Spread widely to

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China Dharma, karma,

reincarnation The Eightfold

Path Nirvana NO recognizing of

the Caste System

The Tripitka – holy scripture

MONOtheistic Religions

ISLAM

ARABIA/MIDDLE EAST

Muslims –those who practice Islam

Mosque – house of worship

Five Pillars Jihad – struggle in

the name of Allah Sharia – laws

governing everyday life

Muhammad – prophet

Qur’an/Koran – holy scripture

Sacred Cities: Jerusalem, Mecca

JUDAISM

Jews – those who practice Judaism

Temple – house of worship

Ten

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PALESTINE/MIDDLE EAST

Commandments Jesus of

Nazareth was a prophet, but mortal

Jerusalem – holy city

Torah – holy scripture

“Scapegoat” throughout history (exs. Spanish Inquisition, Holocaust)

CHRISTIANITY

PALESTINE/MIDDLE EAST

Church – house of worship

Ten Commandments

Jesus of Nazareth was a prophet and divine (son of God)

Jerusalem – holy city

Bible – holy scripture

Pope – head of the Christian faith

Most popular religion globally

Asian Philosophies

CONFUCIANISM

CHINA

Confucius – founder

Five Relationships – roles and relationships in society

Filial piety – respect for one’s elders

Rulers must be kind & virtuous

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Primary philosophical belief in China and throughout SE Asia

The Analects – collection of writings

TAOISM

CHINA

Lao Tzu – founder The Way Balance &

harmony with nature and the universe – Yin and Yang

Yin – Earth, dark, female, night

Yang – Heaven, light, male, day

SHINTO

JAPAN

Nature Worship – God (Kami) of Wind (kazi)

The Way of the Gods

Kami – gods/deities

Comparable to Animism (Africa)

III. NONPOLITICAL REVOLUTIONS/TURNING POINTS

NEOLITHIC BEFORE Man hunted &

AFTER Man grows crops

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gathered Nomadic –

moved with the animals and according to seasons

Limited population

Stone tools

& domesticates (tames) animals

Permanent Settlements

Civilizations develop (India, Egypt, China, Mesopotamia)

Population explodes

Metal tools Job

specialization Traditional

Economic System

SCIENTIFIC BEFORE Information was

provided primarily by the Church & the government

Geocentric Universe

AFTER Age of Reason Scientific

Method Heliocentric

Universe – Copernicus

Galileo – telescope

Sir Isaac Newton

COMMERCIAL BEFORE Initiated, in part,

by the Crusades Cultural

Diffusion Barter Trade Black Death –

led to a workers deficit in Europe

AFTER Started in the rich

Italian city-states (exs. Venice, Florence)

Insurance Bills of

Exchange Joint

Partnerships Banks Currency – coins Guilds &

Capitalism

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AGE of EXPLORATION BEFORE Trade was

primarily conducted over the Mediterranean & over land.

The demand for goods increased between Europe and Asia.

The expansion of the Ottoman Empire disrupts trade

Technology leads to Age of Exploration

AFTER Portuguese

sailors led the way in Europe:

Dias, Da Gama Europe wanted a

quicker route to the Spice Islands.

Christopher Columbus (1492) initiates the Columbian Exchange

Ferdinand Magellan – first to circumnavigate the globe

Inventions: astrolabe, compass, caravel

Triangular Trade

Imperialism – expansion for raw materials; mercantilism

RENAISSANCE BEFORE Monarchs and

divine rulers reigned without question

Arts (paintings, sculpture, literature) was based entirely on religion and gov’t

Europe suffered through the Dark Ages

The Church dominated everyday life

AFTER Humanism – the

arts were based on human beauty and the physical world

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo, Rafeal, Donatello

“Rebirth” – Europe emerged from the Dark Ages

REFORMATION BEFORE AFTER

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Martin Luther 95 Theses –

corruption, selling of indulgences

Luther excommunicated

The Church loses power

Luther – Lutheranism

John Calvin – predestination

The Church begins the Counter-Reformation

Johannes Gutenberg – the printing press helps spread Luther’s ideas

ENLIGHTENMENT BEFORE Monarchs and

divine rulers reigned without question

Nobles possessed all the power and money

Peasants were taxed heavily and could not vote

AFTER Philosophers

began to question authority:

John Locke – natural/human rights

Voltaire – free speech

Baron de Montesquieu – separation of powers

Jean-Jacques Rousseau – social contract

Constitutions Suffrage Revolutions:

American, French, Haitian

Governments adopt legislative bodies (exs. Congress, Parliament, Diet)

IV. EMPIRES & GOLDEN AGES

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Classical Civilizations

ANCIENT GREECE

GREEK PENINSULA

Long, jagged coastline – depended on the Mediterranean Sea

Birthplace of Democracy

Age of Pericles Architecture:

column, pillar Arts: theatre,

trilogies, comedies, tragedies

Homer – The Iliad & the Odyssey

Olympic Games Coined money Polytheistic –

Zeus

ROMAN EMPIRE

ITALIAN PENINSULA & SURROUNDING MEDITERRANEAN

Emperors - Julius Caesar, Augustus Caesar, Marcus Aurelius

Paved Roads – military & trade

“bread & circuses”

Coliseum Architecture:

dome, aqueducts Law of the

Twelve Tables – law code; innocence presumed

Pax Romana Nero –

persecuted Christians

Christianity

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adopted as official religion

Fall – too large to defend borders from invaders

Golden Ages

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

Eastern Roman Empire after Rome falls

Preserved Greco-Roman culture

Emperor Diocletian

Byzantine influences extended into Russia; Byzantine missionaries spread Orthodox Christianity in Russia

Cyrillic alphabet Emperor

Justinian – Justinian’s Code

HELLENISTIC WORLD

GREEK PENINSULA TO INDUS VALLEY

Alexander the Great

Greek, Egyptian, Persian culture

Influenced the culture of both Roman and Byzantine Empires

PERSIAN EMPIRE

IRAN/MIDDLE EAST

Advanced military techniques

Improved farming techniques

Golden Ages: Cyrus the Great, Darius I, Xerxes I

Strong Islamic influences

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ISLAMIC EMPIRE

MIDDLE EAST

Originated in Arabian Peninsula and spread to Northern Africa, India, Sicily, and Spain

Abbassid Dynasty – Golden Age

Glass production, algebra, anesthesia and surgery

Literature – Arabian Nights

CHINESE EMPIRE

ASIA

Han Dynasty – Golden Age

Trade with Rome – Silk Road

Paper (wood pulp) production

Gun powder

MONGOL EMPIRE

ASIA

Golden Horde Genghis Khan &

Kublai Khan – brutal military tactics

Cavalry – invention of the stirrup

Conquered the Chinese

Largest “landed” empire in history

Mongolia Diversity

MAURYAN EMPIRE Chandragupta

Maurya Gupta Dynasty

– Golden Age Concept of zero,

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INDIAdecimal system, plastic surgery, Arabic numerals

Strong Hindu & Islamic influences

Stupas Literature –

Aladdin and his Magic Lamp

WEST AFRICAN TRADING KINGDOMS

MALI, GHANA, SONGHAI

Controlled and prospered from Trans-Saharan Trade

Camel caravans Gold & Salt Strong Islamic

influences Taxes on goods M ali – Mansa

Musa was a Muslim who had lots of Money and made a famous hajj to Mecca

Timbuktu – famous trading center in Mali

Mali developed iron weapons

MESOAMERICAN TRIBES(MAYA, AZTEC, INCA)

CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICAS

Maya – modern Mexico

Pictograms – writing

Planned city-states

Disappeared Aztec – Yucatan

Peninsula Complex

calendar, pyramids, human sacrifice

Spanish conquistador –

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Hernan Cortez Inca – modern

Peru Terrace

farming Suspension

bridges & intricate road network

Complex trade network

Spanish conquistador – Francisco Pizarro

The Spanish brought: disease (smallpox), guns, horses, armor

Spanish establish: plantations, encomienda

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

CURRENT TURKEY

Constantinople Strong Islamic

influences Suleiman the

Magnificent Balkan Region Link between

Europeand the Middle East