Chapter 4. Joseph Bergerard. 1972. Environmental and physiological control of sex determination and differentiation. Pages 57-74. In: Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, Carroll N. Smith (editors). Annual Review of Entomology. Volume 17, 546 pages. Palo Alto, California: Annual Reviews Inc.

Keywords: genetic determination and influence of external factors, influence of external factors on sex differentiation: action of temperature, Lepidoptera, Lymantria dispar, Phasmids and Orthoptera, Crausius morosus, Culicidae, Aedes communis, A. stimulans, A. sierrensis, A. aegypti, triploid intersexes of Drosophila melanogaster, organs derived from the genital disc (primary sexual characters), gonads, influence of parasitism, intervention of hormones during sexual differentiation, mode of action of external factors on sexual differentiation