SIOP LESSON PLAN FOR:

ELISE KESLER, ALLIE BLACKWELL AND CHRISTA GARRISON

Date: 11/4/13

Grade/Class/Subject: 7th Grade/Science/Cell Biology *15 student total

Unit/Theme: Cell Components and function

Standards: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.6-8.8 Distinguish among facts, reasoned judgment based on research findings, and speculation in a text.

Content objective(s): Students will be able to name and describe the parts of the cell

Language objective: Student will verbalize the structures and function of the structure of the cell. Standard 2: The student will acquire English language vocabulary and use it in relevant contexts, HI-1: reading and classifying words into conceptual categories and providing rationale for classification

Key Vocabulary: Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Organelles, Mitochondria, Endoplastic Reticulum, Golgi Bodies, Vacuoles and Vesicles, Perioxisomes & Lysosome

Supplementary Materials: paper, markers, scissors, glue, PowerPoint, Smartboard

SIOP Features:

A. Preparation: all featuresB. Scaffolding: allC. Grouping options: whole class and small groupsD. Integration of Processes: (all) Reading writing speaking listeningE. Application: allF. Assessment: oral, written, group

Lesson Sequence:

I. Anticipatory set: Jobs of a City (5 minutes)II. Overall View of Cell- Introduction (2 minutes)III. Parts of cell: Compare Contrast to City (10-15 minutes)IV. Activity with a fact sheet on each organelle (15 minutes)V. Independent practice : draw picture at home for each description of the organelle (1 minute to

explain)VI. SIOP refection- Lesson Planning (15 minutes)

Anticipatory Set

Students will be assigned an English Language Learner Description that they will act out during class. The students will also be given a card with a picture and description of a component of either a city or a cell that relates to one another. Once the cards are passed out, the students will need to find the person with the card that matches theirs.

Direct Instruction

Visual aides will be supplied as a discussion on how the parts of the cell are compared to that of the city. A PowerPoint demonstration will be given to assist in the students understanding. To increase student involvement within the class presentation questions will be asked throughout the demonstration to check for understanding.

Guided Practice

In groups the students will draw their assigned part of the cell given the handout describing the function. They will draw pictures displaying information to explain how the cell functions. Once the majority of the class has completed the activity a short informal presentation will be done by each group and students will write facts about the cell on a fact sheet given at the beginning of class.

Independent Practice

Students will complete the fact sheet with their own drawings of different components of the parts of the cell discussed in class. The students are to complete this page before the next class and turn the sheet in at the assignment folder before the bell rings.

Conclusion

Review components of cell. Ask students if there are any questions. Review assignment that is due next class.

SIOP Explanation

The SIOP component we are demonstrating is lesson delivery. These are ways we incorporated this model into our lesson plan: active engagement through anticipatory set activity, visuals through PowerPoint, student involvement in lesson by asking questions, hands-on learning through group activity to draw component of the cell, practice on own at home for additional learning, supplemental material given to ELLs in case they have questions (all fact sheets are available for students that need additional information). *Engagement 90% to100% of time, chew and chunk for every 10 minutes of input 2 min of processing time, Corners Method? Of instruction (corners with descriptions of part of the cell)

POWERPOINT:

SLIDE: Intro to cellsSLIDE: Find a partnerSLIDE: Cell Membrane: City limits

WHAT IS A CELL? The cell is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and are often called the "building blocks of life".

Cells consist of a protoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.[1]Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including most bacteria) or multicellular (including plants andanimals). While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species, humans contain about 100 trillion (1014) cells.[2]Most plant and animal cells are visible only under the microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres.[3]

The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vitalfunctions[disambiguation needed] of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.[4] Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago.[5][6][7]

The word cell comes from the Latin cella, meaning "small room".[8] It was coined by Robert Hooke in his book Micrographia (1665), in which he compared the cork cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in.[9]

The 'cell membrane' (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from theoutside environment.[1][2] The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.[3] The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivityand cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall,glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.[4][5][6]

SLIDE: Nucleus: Control Center, DNA, information, news paper (Town Hall)In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus ornuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found ineukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. Thegenes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression — the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear membrane, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole. Movement of large molecules such as proteins andRNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.

SLIDE: Organelles:

In cell biology, an organelle / ɔr ɡ ə ̍ n ɛ l /  is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and it is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer.

The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are to cells what an organis to the body (hence the name organelle, the suffix -elle being a diminutive). Organelles are identified by microscopy, and can also be purified by cell fractionation. There are many types of organelles, particularly in eukaryotic cells. While prokaryotes do not possess organelles per se, some do contain protein-based microcompartments, which are thought to act as primitive organelles. [1]

SLIDE: Mitochondria: powerhouse, makes energy (ATP), Power Plant

The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed structure found in most eukaryotic cells (the cells

that make up plants, animals, fungi, and many other forms of life).[1] Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometer (μm) in

diameter. These organellesare sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's

supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.[2] In addition to supplying cellular energy,

mitochondria are involved in other tasks such assignaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of

the cell cycle and cell growth.[3] Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial

disorders [4]  andcardiac dysfunction,[5] and may play a role in the aging process. The word mitochondrion comes from

the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. "thread", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. "granule".[6]

Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell varies widely

by organism and tissue type. Many cells have only a single mitochondrion, whereas others can contain several thousand

mitochondria.[7][8] The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments

or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix.

Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of proteins have been

identified from cardiac mitochondria,[9] whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported.[10] The mitochondrial proteome is

thought to be dynamically regulated.[11] Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion

has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.[12]

SLIDE: Endoplasmic Reticulum: rough and smooth (rough: makes energy and translation), (smooth: metabolic activities), contains Ribosomes, *Highway and City Street comparisionsThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle in the cells ofeukaryotic organisms that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tubes known as cisternae. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Endoplasmic reticulum occurs in most types of eukaryotic cell but is absent from red blood cells and spermatozoa. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The outer (cytosolic) face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes that are the sites of protein synthesis. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is especially prominent in cells such as hepatocyteswhere active protein synthesis is occurring. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and is concerned with lipid metabolism,carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification[citation needed] and is especially abundant in mammalian liver and gonad cells. The lacey membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 by Keith R. Porter, Albert Claude, and Ernest F. Fullam.[1]

SLIDE: Golgi Body: packaging and transport *Mail carrier/post office

The Golgi apparatus (/ ̍ ɡ oʊ l dʒ i ː / ), also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is

an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.[1] It was identified in 1897 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi and named

after him in 1898.[2]

Part of the cellular endomembrane system, the Golgi apparatus packages proteins inside the cell before they are sent to

their destination; it is particularly important in the processing of proteins forsecretion.

SLIDE 9: Vacuole File:A dry fracture of a Vero cell exposing the contents of a vacuole where Coxiella burnetii (the Bacteria that cause Q Fever) are busy growing - NIAID.jpg*Store Energy/ self distruct cell,

A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant andfungal cells and some protist, animal [1]  and bacterial cells.[2] Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles and are effectively just larger forms of these.[3] The organelle has no basic shape or size; its structure varies according to the needs of the cell.

The function and significance of vacuoles varies greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present, having much greater prominence in the cells of plants, fungi and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria. In general, the functions of the vacuole include:

Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell Containing waste products Containing water in plant cells Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell Maintaining an acidic internal pH Containing small molecules Exporting unwanted substances from the cell Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles. [4]

Vacuoles also play a major role in autophagy, maintaining a balance betweenbiogenesis (production) and degradation (or turnover), of many substances and cell structures in certain organisms. They also aid in the lysis and recycling of misfolded proteins that have begun to build up within the cell. Thomas Boller [5] and others proposed that the vacuole participates in the destruction of invading bacteria and Robert B Mellor proposed organ-specific forms have a role in 'housing' symbiotic bacteria. In protists, vacuoles have the additional function of storing food which has been absorbed by the organism and assisting in the digestive and waste management process for the cell.[6]

The vacuole probably evolved several times independently, even within the Viridiplantae.[7]

SLIDE: Lysosome: Digestion of substance *Decomposers/ garbage members *Hospitals?

Lysosomes (derived from the Greek words lysis, meaning "to separate", andsoma, "body") are the cell's waste disposal

system and can digest some compounds. They are used for the digestion of macromolecules fromphagocytosis (ingestion

of other dying cells or larger extracellular material, like foreign invading microbes), endocytosis (where receptor

proteins are recycled from the cell surface), and autophagy (wherein old or unneeded organelles or proteins, or microbes

that have invaded the cytoplasm are delivered to the lysosome).

Other functions include digesting bacteria (or other forms of waste) that invade a cell and helping repair damage to

the plasma membrane by serving as a membrane patch, sealing the wound. In the past, lysosomes were thought to kill

cells that are no longer wanted, such as those in the tails of tadpoles or in the web from the fingers of a 3- to 6-month-

old fetus.

SLIDE: Group ActivitySLIDE: Review: Review 3 main categories, what each structure does (what it is compared to)SLIDE: SIOP LESSON

INTERNET Cell Biology SOURCES

Objective: Students will be able to name and describe the parts of the cell

IDEAS: Bill Nye *YouTube video: 7H-Cells-Bill Nye the Science Guy

A. FROM VIDEOB. Refrigerator cell demonstrationC. House demonstration

Cell Raps: on YouTube

An Egg is a cell

Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, & Viruses Tutorial

Eukaryotes

Basic structureThe basic eukaryotic cell contains the following:

1. plasma membrane2. glycocalyx (components external to the plasma membrane)3. cytoplasm (semifluid)4. cytoskeleton - microfilaments and microtubules that suspend organelles, give shape, and allow motion

5. presence of characteristic membrane enclosed subcellular organelles

Characteristic biomembranes and organellesPlasma MembraneA lipid/protein/carbohydrate complex, providing a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems.

NucleusDouble membrane surrounding the chromosomes and the nucleolus. Pores allow specific communication with the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is a site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome.

MitochondriaSurrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds called cristae. Functions in energy production through metabolism. Contains its own DNA, and is believed to have originated as a captured bacterium.

Chloroplasts (plastids)Surrounded by a double membrane, containing stacked thylakoid membranes. Responsible for photosynthesis, the trapping of light energy for the synthesis of sugars. Contains DNA, and like mitochondria is believed to have originated as a captured bacterium.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough" appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or localization in membranes.

RibosomesProtein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis.Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids. Also contains enzymes for detoxifying chemicals including drugs and pesticides.

Golgi apparatusA series of stacked membranes. Vesicles (small membrane surrounded bags) carry materials from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature form. Vesicles then carry newly formed membrane and secreted proteins to their final destinations including secretion or membrane localization.

LysosymesA membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell, and also helps degrade materials ingested by the cell.

VacuolesMembrane surrounded "bags" that contain water and storage materials in plants.

Peroxisomes or MicrobodiesProduce and degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound that can be produced during metabolism.

Cell wallPlants have a rigid cell wall in addition to their cell membranes.

INFORMATION ABOVE FOUND: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/pev/page3.html

One or more per cell Spherical shape Denser than surrounding cytoplasm

Chromosomes- Usually in the form of chromatin- Contains genetic information- Composed of DNA- Thicken for cellular division- Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human)

Nuclear membrane- Surrounds nucleus- Composed of two layers- Numerous openings for nuclear traffic

Nucleolus- Spherical shape- Visible when cell is not dividing- Contains RNA for protein manufacture

Collective term for cytosol and organelles contained within Colloidal suspension Cytosol mainly composed of water with free-floating molecules Viscosity constantly changes

Centrioles- Paired cylindrical organelles near nucleus- Composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules- Involved in cellular division- Lie at right angles to each other

Chloroplasts- A plastid usually found in plant cells- Contain green chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place

Cytoskeleton- Composed of microtubules- Supports cell and provides shape- Aids movement of materials in and out of cells

Endoplasmic reticulum- Tubular network fused to nuclear membrane- Goes through cytoplasm onto cell membrane- Stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system- Smooth type: lacks ribosomes- Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

Golgi apparatus- Protein 'packaging plant'- A membrane structure found near nucleus- Composed of numerous layers forming a sac

Lysosome- Digestive 'plant' for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates- Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal- Vary in shape depending on process being carried out- Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

Mitochondria- Second largest organelle with unique genetic structure- Double-layered outer membrane with inner folds called cristae- Energy-producing chemical reactions take place on cristae- Controls level of water and other materials in cell- Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and forms urea

Ribosomes- Each cell contains thousands- Miniature 'protein factories'- Composes 25% of cell's mass- Stationary type: embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum- Mobile type: injects proteins directly into cytoplasm

Vacuoles- Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal- Contains water solution- Contractile vacuoles for water removal (in unicellular organisms)

Cell wall- Most commonly found in plant cells- Controls turgity- Extracellular structure surrounding plasma membrane- Primary cell wall: extremely elastic- Secondary cell wall: forms around primary cell wall after growth is complete

Plasma membrane- Outer membrane of cell that controls cellular traffic- Contains proteins (left, gray) that span through the membrane and allow passage of materials- Proteins are surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer.

Organelle Links

Cells and Organelleshttp://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lessons/cells_and_organelles.html

The Insides of Cellshttp://kauai.cudenver.edu:3010/0/nutrition.dir/organelle.html

Structures and Function of Organelleshttp://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/organelles.html

Why Are There Organelles?http://iip.ucsd.edu/Step/projects95/cellular.Organelles/WHY.HTM

Cellular Organelleshttp://iip.ucsd.edu/Step/projects95/cellular.Organelles/CELLS.HTM

Microfilaments and Microtubules--The Cytoskeletonhttp://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/cytoskel.html

Eukaryotic Cell Membrane or Plasma Membranehttp://www.bio.mtu.edu/campbell/eukaryot.htm

The Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nuclear Envelope, and everything you ever wanted to know about DNA (but were afraid to ask)http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/nucleus.html

Lysosomeshttp://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/lyso.html

The Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulumhttp://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/er.html

The Endoplasmic Reticulumhttp://lenti.med.umn.edu/~mwd/back/cell_www/chapter2/ER.html

The Golgi Bodieshttp://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/golgi.html

Centrioleshttp://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/centrio.html

Mitochondriahttp://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/mitochon.html

INFORMATION ABOVE FROM: http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Guided Practice

Cell Society Activity

Matching activity: Scramble up info below

CELL STRUCTURE LOCATION DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONCell Wall Plant, Fungi, &

Bacteria, but not animal cells

Outer layer Rigid & strong

 

Support (grow

Made of cellulose

tall) Protection allows H2O, O2,

CO2 to diffuse in & out of cell

Cell Membrane

All cells

Plant - inside cell wall

Animal - outer layer; cholesterol

Double layer of phospholipids with proteins

Selectively permeable

Support Protection Controls

movement of materials in/out of cell

Barrier between cell and its environment

Maintains homeostasis

Nucleus

All cells except prokaryotes

Large, oval May contain 1 or

more nucleoli Holds DNA 

Controls cell activities

Contains the hereditary material of the cell

Nuclear membrane

All cells except prokaryotes

Surrounds nucleus

Double membrane

Selectively permeable

Controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus

Cytoplasm

All cells

Clear, thick, jellylike material (cytosol)

Organelles found inside cell membrane

Contains the cytoskeleton fibers

Supports and protects cell organelles

Endoplasmicreticulum (ER)

All cells except prokaryotes

Network of tubes or membranes

Smooth w/o ribosomes

Rough with embedded ribosomes

Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane

Carries materials through cell

Aids in making proteins

Ribosome

All cells

Small bodies free or attached to ER

Made of rRNA & protein

Synthesizes proteins

Mitochondrion

All cells except prokaryotes

Peanut shaped  Double

membrane Outer membrane

smooth Inner membrane

folded into cristae

Breaks down sugar (glucose) molecules to release energy

Site of aerobic cellular respiration

Vacuole

    Plant cells have a single, large

vacuole

Animal cells have small vacuoles

Fluid-filled sacs Largest organelle

in plant cells

Store food, water, metabolic & toxic wastes

Store large amounts of food or sugars in plants

Lysosome

Plant - uncommonAnimal - common

Small and round with a single membrane

Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules

Digests old cell parts

Chloroplast

Plants and algae

Green, oval  containing chlorophyll (green pigment)

Double membrane with inner membrane modified into sacs called thylakoids

Stacks of thylakoids called grana & interconnected

Gel like innermost substance called stroma

Uses energy from sun to make food (glucose) for the plant

Process called photosynthesis

Release oxygen

nucleolus

All cells except prokaryotes

Found inside the cell's nucleus

May have more than one

Disappear during cell division

Make ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus All cells except prokaryotes

Stacks of Have a cis & trans fa

flattened sacs

ce Modify proteins

made by the cells

Package & export proteins

Cilia

Animal cells, Protozoans

Have a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules

Short, but numerous

 

Movement

 

Flagellum

Bacterial cells & Protozoans

Have a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules

Long, but few in number

Movement

Centrioles

Animal cells

Paired structures near the nucleus

Made of a cylinder of microtubule pairs

Separate  chromosome pairs during mitosis

Cytoskeleton

All cells

Made of microtubules 7 microfilaments

Strengthen cell & maintains the shape

Moves organelles within the cell

INFORMATION ABOVE FROM: http://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_functions.htm

Resourceshttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

http://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_functions.htm

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/pev/page3.html

When does faith turn into religion?

Faith turns into religion as is discussed in James chapter 2 when the structure or the works of faith are over emphasized and not the relationship between God and man. Since religion is the frame work of the belief system it is of importance, but is not the sole ingredient. The importance of faith comes into play the discussion of doctrine which is the foundation or cornerstone which the faith is built. An improper foundation leads to a destructive faith and faulty religion.

Is Religion just a form of faith or is it a formal practice of a faith?

Religion can be a form of faith and a formal method to practice faith but is not always the case. A person can go through the motions of religion and not result in an inward change of heart. A person who applies faith in their practice goes through a metamorphosis of their inward heart. Religion can cause false perceptions of people who look righteous on the outside, but are living a hypocritical life within. As Jesus described the hypocritical religious Pharisees as white washed tombs, so religion can be used as just an outward expression of a non-relevant inward change.

Is religion related to a denomination, church, or even an “ism”?

A religion has its basis in a central doctrine agreed by a group of individuals. Denominations are developed by people who either interpret the doctrine differently or would like to conduct the church service in a specific way that would be different to the likings of all the members. Religion is the umbrella term for denomination, church and “isms” and must be further identified to identify the context where it is being discussed.