Class Reg. NoName

END OF YEAR EXAMINATION 2016SECONDARY 3 NORMAL ACADEMIC

COMBINED HUMANITIES (HISTORY ELECTIVE)

2120/03 10 OCTOBER 20161 HOUR 40 MINUTES

Set by: Mdm Wee Shen Sze & Mr Clarence NgVetted by: Mr Henry KwekApproved by: Mr Henry Kwek Parent’s signature : ___________

This document consists of 6 printed pages.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name, class and register number on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.You may use an HB pencil for any rough working.Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.

Section AAnswer all parts of Question 1.

Section BAnswer one Question.Write all answers on the writing paper provided.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

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Section A: Source-Based Case Study (30 marks)

Question 1 is compulsory for all candidates.

Study the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions.

You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources.

1(a) Study Source A.What does the source tell you about the impact of collectivisation on the Kulaks? Explain your answer. [5]

1 (b) Study Source B.Why did the Soviet government publish this painting? Explain your answer. [5]

1 (c) Study Source C.Was the composer of the song a supporter or opponent of Stalin’s collectivisation programme? Explain your answer.

[6]

1 (d) Study Sources D & E.How far does Source D support Source E? Explain your answer. [7]

1 (e) Study Source F.How reliable is Source F in showing that the collectivisation programme was not beneficial to USSR? Explain your answer. [7]

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Did Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme benefit USSR?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Read this carefully. It may help you to answer some of the questions.

As part of the Five Year Plan to develop Soviet Union rapidly, Stalin introduced Collectivisation in 1928. It was a process to merge the small individual farms into large collective farms so that farms could run more efficiently with mechanization. This would free up farm workers to work in industrial centres. The Kulaks or rich peasants resisted Collectivisation strongly by killing their own animals or burning their grain to prevent them from being taken over by the state. Stalin introduced Dekulakisation to deal with their political repression. They were executed, sent them to slave labour camps (gulags) or exiled into Siberia.

Collectivisation brought about mixed results because the development of the Soviet agricultural sector was severely hampered. However Stalin continued to view the policy as a great success.

Study the following sources to analyze if the German economy really improved under Nazi rule.

Source A An online educational account on the impact of collectivisation on the Kulaks

When Stalin imposed collectivization, he seized all the privately owned farmlands and livestock from traditional village farmers. Among those farmers, were a class of people called Kulaks who were formerly wealthy farmers. He declared them as "enemies of the people." They were left homeless without a single possession as everything was taken from them. Some researchers estimate that ten million persons were thrown out of their homes, put on railroad box cars and sent to "special settlements" in the wilderness of Siberia. Men and older boys, along with childless women and unmarried girls, also became slave-workers in Soviet-run mines and big industrial projects.

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Source B A Soviet painting of peasants celebrating on a collectivised farm from 1937

Source C An extract from a popular Russian song in the 1930s

Stalin stands on a coffinGnawing meat from a cat’s bones

Well, Soviet cows are such disgusting creatures.How the collective farm had become prosperous?

There used to be thirty-three farmsand now there are five.

We fulfilled the Five-Year PlanAnd are eating well.

We ate all the horsesand now are chasing the dogs.

O Stalin, O Stalin,You seized everythingAll in the Soviet cause.

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Source D An extract from a letter of a health inspector in Russia, describing what he saw at collective farms in March 1932

Borodin has earned 650 work-days, has a wife and 5 children ranging from one-and-a-half to nine years of age. His wife was ill and 3 children were as pale as wax with swollen faces. One of his children was lying ill on the earthen floor covered with rags. Borodin himself sits on a bench and continuously smokes cigarettes made of repulsively pungent stench. In tears he asked: "Give us at least 1 kilo of potatoes, give us at least 1 liter of milk, after all, I worked all summer and even now I work without stopping. Their home is filthy, the area around the homes is polluted by human waste, by diarrhea.

Source E An account by a British Historian on the effects of collectivisation

Stalin, despite strong resistance from the peasants and the misery and high cost in human life claimed that collectivisation was a success; for after the great famines caused at the time… no more famine came to haunt the Russian people. The collective farms, despite their inefficiencies did grow more food than the privately owned holdings had done. Collectivisation also meant the introduction of machines into countryside. Now 2 million previously backward peasants learned how to drive a tractor. New methods of farming are taught by agricultural experts. The countryside was transformed.

Source F Figures on food livestock based on Soviet statistics, 1928 – 1932 published in a British History textbook

The number of livestock in the USSR (in millions)Year Horses Cattle Pigs Sheeps and Goats1928 33 70 26 1461932 15 34 9 42

The amount of food sold in towns and cities (in kilograms)Year Bread Potatoes Butter Meat and Lard1928 250.4 141.1 24.8 1.351932 214.6 125.0 11.2 0.7

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Section B: Structured-Essay Questions (20 marks)Answer One question - both part (a) and (b).

2 This question is on Hitler’s Rise to Power and Hitler’s rule in Germany.

(a) Describe the persecution of the Jews during Hitler’s rule. [8]

(b) Explain how each of the following contributed to Hitler’s rise to power.

(i) Severe economic conditions in Germany during the 1930s(ii) Hitler’s charismatic leadership [12]

3 This question is on the outbreak of World War II in Europe and the Defeat of Germany during World War II in Europe.

(a) Describe the weaknesses of the League of Nations leading to World War II.

[8]

(b) Explain how each of the following contributed to Germany’s defeat during World War II.

(i) USA direct involvement in World War II(ii) Germany’s weaknesses and miscalculations [12]

END OF PAPER

AcknowledgementsSource A Taken from http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/stalin.htm Source B Taken from https://artoftherussias.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/plastov.jpgSource C Taken from http://asia.rbth.com/arts/2013/09/20/protest_songs_in_russia_a_sign_of_democratic_society_29999.htmlSource D Taken from https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/aa2feign.html

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Source E Taken from GCSE Modern World History, Ben WalsSource F Taken from Statistics on collectivization, Stalin and Krushchev: The USSR, 1924-1964 by Michael Lynch

SKSS 3NA EOY EXAMINATION 2016 (MARKING SCHEME)

(a) Study Source A.What does the Source tell you about the impact of collectivisation on the Kulaks? Explain your answer. [5]

L1 Answer based on provenance / LiftingSource A tells me that the impact of collectivisation on the Kulaks is from an online educational site.

1

L2 Answer addressing inference (unsupported)Award 2m for 1 inferenceAward 3m for 2 inferences

Source A tells me that collectivisation brought harm / danger to the Kulaks. (2m) It also tells me that collectivisation brought suffering to the Kulaks. (3m)

2-3

L3 Answer addressing inference (supported)Award 4m for 1 inference Award 5m for 2 inferences

Source A tells me that collectivisation brought suffering to the Kulaks. This can be seen from “When Stalin imposed collectivization, he seized all the privately owned farmlands and livestock from traditional village farmers. They were left homeless without a single possession as everything was taken from them. This meant that they lost all their wealth and they had to live with less compared to the past.

Source A tells me that collectivisation brought harm / danger to the Kulaks. This can be seen from “Some researchers estimate that ten million persons were thrown out of their homes, put on railroad box cars and sent to "special settlements" in the wilderness of Siberia. This meant that they were sent to places faraway from home and they were unsure whether they could survive.

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(b) Study Source BWhy did the Soviet government publish this painting? Explain your answer. [5]

L1 Answer based on provenanceThe Soviet government published this to show the Peasants celebrating on a collectivised farm from 1937

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L2 Answer based on content / context (supported )Award 2m for context (unsupported)Award 3m for content (supported)The Soviet government published this to show that the Collectivisation was successful. (2m) This can be seen from the picture that showed people celebrating/partying and feasting as if to celebrate a good harvest from the collectivised farm.

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L3 Answer based on message Award 4m for messageThe Soviet government published this to convince the Soviets that the collectivisation programme is successful as it helps to improve the lives of the peasant. This can be seen from the picture that showed people celebrating/partying and feasting as if to celebrate a good harvest from the collectivised farm

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L4 Answer based on purpose Award 5m for purposeThe Soviet government published this to convince the Soviets that the collectivisation programme is successful as it helps to improve the lives of the peasant so that they will continue to support the Collectivisation programme. This can be seen from the picture that showed people celebrating/partying and feasting as if to celebrate a good harvest from the collectivised farm

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(c) Study Sources C.Was the composer of the song a supporter or opponent of Stalin’s collectivisation programme? Explain your answer. [6]

L1 Answer based on provenanceThe composer was a supporter/ opponent as it is an extract from a popular Russian song in the 1930s. 1

L2 Answer based on contentAward 2m for answer that show misinterpretation / partial interpretation (unsupported)Award 3m for answer that show misinterpretation / partial interpretation (unsupported)

The composer was a supporter of Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme as he/she thinks that it has benefitted USSR / the people in Soviet Union. (2m)This can be seen from “How the collective farm had become prosperous? We fulfilled the Five-Year Plan. And are eating well. (3m)

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L3 Answer based on contentAward 3m for answer that showed correct interpretation (unsupported)Award 4m for answer that showed correct interpretation (supported)

The composer was an opponent of Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme as he/she thinks that it did not benefit USSR / the people in Soviet Union. (3m) He /she questions that whether the Collectivisation really improve the lives of the people and USSR. This can be seen from “How the collective farm had become prosperous?” He/she also suggests that people had so little to eat that they have to eat their animals as seen in “We ate all the horses and now are chasing the dogs.” He felt that the Collectivisation was perhaps a wrong move as it had taken everything from the peasants as see from “O commune, O commune, You seized everything. All in the Soviet cause.” (4m)

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L4 Answer based on tone / purpose Award 5m for answer that addresses the message with tone

Award 6m for answer that addresses the message with purposeThe composer was an opponent of Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme as he/she thinks that it did not benefit USSR / the people in Soviet Union. (3m) He /she spoke in a sarcastic tone to question that whether the Collectivisation really improve the lives of the people and USSR. This can be seen from “How the collective farm had become prosperous?” There was also irony when he says “We fulfilled the Five-Year Plan. And are eating well. We ate all the horses and now are chasing the dogs.” How can the people be eating well when they have to resort to eating their own animals. He/she is suggesting that people were so desperate that they had to eat their animals. He felt that the Collectivisation was perhaps a wrong move as it had taken everything from the peasants as see from “O commune, O commune, You seized everything. All in the Soviet cause.”(5m)

He/she wants to mock the Soviet government that the Collectivisation was a failure so that they might consider removing the Programme. He/ She might want to convince the Soviets that the Collectivisation was a failure so that they would not continue to support the Collectivisation Program. This can be seen from “How the collective farm had become prosperous?” There was also irony when he says “We fulfilled the Five-Year Plan. And are eating well. We ate all the horses and now are chasing the dogs.” How can the people be eating well when they have to resort to eating their own animals. He/she is suggesting that people were so desperate that they had to eat their animals. He felt that the Collectivisation was perhaps a wrong move as it had taken everything from the peasants as see from “O commune, O commune, You seized everything. All in the Soviet cause.” (6m)

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(d) Study Source D & E.How far does Source D support Source E? Explain your answer.

[7]

L1 Comparing Provenance

E.g. Sources D and E support each other as they talk about Stalin’s Collectivisation Program.Sources D does not support E does as Source D is from Soviet perspective while Source E is from a British perspective.

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L2 Support OR Does Not SupportAward 2m for Support OR Does Not Support, weak match Award 2m for Support OR Does Not Support, without evidence Award 3m for Support OR Does Not Support, with evidence

SUPPORTSource D and E support each other as they mention that the Stalin’s Collectivisation brought misery to the people’s lives. Source D showed that Borodin’s family lived in misery as the Collectivisation did not improve his life. He was not to provide for his family needs – his wife and child were ill even though he was working continuously in the collective farms. This can be seen in “Borodin has earned 650 work-days His wife was ill on the oven. 3 children were as pale as wax with swollen faces. One of his children was lying ill on the earthen floor covered with rags. In tears he asked: "Give us at least 1 kilo of potatoes, give us at least 1 liter of milk, after all, I worked all summer and even now I work without stopping. Their home is filthy, the area around the homes is polluted by human waste, by diarrhea caused by these substitutes. This can also be seen from Source E “the misery and high cost in human life” brought by collectivisation.

OR

DOES NOT SUPPORTSource D does not support Source E as Source D showed that collectivisation did not improve the lives of Soviets while Source E showed that collectivisation improved their lives. This can be seen from “: "Give us at least 1 kilo of potatoes, give us at least 1 liter of milk, after all, I worked all summer and even now I work without stopping. Their home is filthy, the area around the homes is polluted by human waste, by diarrhea caused by these substitutes.” This means that despite working for many hours, he was still not able to feed his family properly or improve his living condition at home. On the other hand, Source E said “The collective farms, despite their inefficiencies did grow more food than the privately owned holdings had done. Collectivisation also meant the introduction of machines into countryside. Now 2 million previously backward peasants learned how to drive a tractor. New methods of farming are taught by agricultural experts. The countryside was transformed.” This means that the Soviets had more food and the living condition has improved as a result of mechanisation.

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L3 Support AND Does Not SupportAward 4m, for similarity AND difference, unsupported Award 5m, for similarity AND difference, supported

BOTH ASPECTS OF L2

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L4 Disagree in Tone or Purpose

Sources D does not support Source E in tone. Source D is critical of Stalin’s collectivisation while Source E is supportive of Stalin’s collectivisation. This is evident from Source D, ““Borodin has earned 650 work-days His wife was ill on the oven. 3 children were as pale as wax with swollen faces. One of his children was lying ill on the

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earthen floor covered with rags. In tears he asked: "Give us at least 1 kilo of potatoes, give us at least 1 liter of milk, after all, I worked all summer and even now I work without stopping. Their home is filthy, the area around the homes is polluted by human waste, by diarrhea caused by these substitutes. This suggests that the the author is not sure that collectivsation has improved the lives of Soviets / is beneficial to USSR as despite the long working hours, the Soviets still did not have enough food for themselves and their living conditions have not improved. This is evident from Source E, ““The collective farms, despite their inefficiencies did grow more food than the privately owned holdings had done. Collectivisation also meant the introduction of machines into countryside. Now 2 million previously backward peasants learned how to drive a tractor. New methods of farming are taught by agricultural experts. The countryside was transformed.” This means that the author thinks that collectivisation has improved the lives of people / is beneficial to USSR Soviets had more food and the living condition has improved as a result of mechanisation.

L4 Disagree in Purpose

Sources D and E disagree in purpose. Source D was a letter of a health inspector in Russia, describing what he saw at collective farms in March 1932. As a health inspector, he wrote this to Stalin probably to convince Stalin that collectivisation might not be implemented properly so that more could be done to ensure a more effective implementation. However the purpose of Source E was published by a British Historian who aimed to educate the world that despite its earlier failure, collectivisation was more effective in its later stage of implementation so that the world will have a more objective view of the impact of collectivisation. (To be supported by evidence as seen in L3)

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(e) Study Source F.How reliable is Source F in showing that the collectivisation programme was not beneficial to USSR?

[7]

L1 Answer based on provenanceE.g. Source F is reliable / not reliable as it is published in a British History textbook

1

L2 Answer based on context or typicality

Eg. Source Fi may not be reliable as it is only one view of from a British, it does not consider the view of others on the collectvisation programme.

2

L3 Reliable OR/AND Not Reliable, based on contentAward 3m, for reliable or not reliable in content Award 4m, for reliable AND not reliable in content, supported

Eg. Source F is reliable in showing that the collectivisation was not beneficial to USSR as the claim is supported by statistics as seen from the data that the production of livestock in the USSR decrease from 1928 to 1932. For example the cattle dropped from 70 millions to 34 millions. The amount of food sold in towns and cities also reduced. For example in 1928, 250.4 kg of bread was 250.4 kilograms, while in 1932, it was reduced to 214.5 kilograms

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L4 Answer based on provenance, explained but no purpose

Source F is not reliable in showing that the collectivsation was not beneficial to USSR as it was written in a British text-book. As the author of a book is a British, he might not have the expert knowledge of the situation in Soviet Union and his data might not be accurate.

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L5 Answer based on Cross Reference, Award 5m for valid one-sided CRAward 6m for valid two-sided CR

Source Source F is reliable in showing that the collectivisation was not beneficial to USSR as the claim is supported by statistics as seen from the data that the production of livestock in the USSR decrease from 1928 to 1932. For example the cattle dropped from 70 millions to 34 millions. The amount of food sold in towns and cities also reduced. For example in 1928, 250.4 kg of bread was 250.4 kilograms, while in 1932, it was reduced to 214.5 kilograms

Moreover, Source F is reliable as it is supported by Source C which shows that collectivisation was not beneficial to USSR This is evident as the composer spoke in a sarcastic tone to question that whether the Collectivisation really improve the lives of the people and USSR. This can be seen from “How the collective farm had become prosperous?” There was also irony when he says “We fulfilled the Five-Year Plan. And are eating well. We ate all the horses and now are chasing the dogs.” How can the people be eating well when they have to resort to eating their own animals. He/she is suggesting that people were so desperate that they had to eat their animals. He felt that the Collectivisation was perhaps a wrong move as it had taken everything from the peasants as see from “O commune, O commune, You seized everything. All in the Soviet cause.” As Source C supports Source F, Source F shows that collectivisation was not beneficial to USSR.

However, Source F is unreliable as it is contradicted by Source E as Source E shows that collectivisation was beneficial to USSR which is totally opposite of what Source F says.

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L6 Not reliable / Reliable, based on explained provenance & purpose

Eg. Source F might be reliable in showing that collectivisation was not beneficial to USSR as it hoped to educate the students in Britain that collectivisation was ineffective in the early stage of implementation so that they will understand that short-term effects of collectivisation need not conclude that collectivisation is a total failure as they need to consider the long-term effects of the collectivsation program. This can be seen from the data that the production of livestock in the USSR decrease from 1928 to 1932. This shows the impact of collectivisation during the 4th year o implementation. For example the cattle dropped from 70 millions to 34 millions. The amount of food sold in towns and cities also reduced. For example in 1928, 250.4 kg of bread was 250.4 kilograms, while in 1932, it was reduced to 214.5 kilograms

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Section B Structured Essay Question (20m)

Sample Answers

2(a) Describe the persecution of the Jews during Hitler’s rule. [8]

L1 Describe Jews during Hitler’s rule

The Jews were badly persecuted during Hitler’s rule.

1-2

L2 Describe the persecution of Jews during Hitler’s rule – one way Jews were persecuted

Once Hitler came to power, the Jews suffered terribly as Hitler made anti-Semitism his core belief. Hitler used propaganda to portray the Jews as sly and evil people out to cheat the Germans. Hitler encouraged the SA and SS to bully and mistreat the Jews. He also embarked on attempts to deprive Jews of their rights and then remove them completely. Hitler first called for a national boycott of Jewish businesses to destroy them financially, outlawed Jews from all public transport and took away their businesses and property. In 1935, Hitler passed the Nuremburg Laws that effectively excluded Jews from German society and disallowed Jews from being German citizens.

OROne example of the persecution of Jews was the Night of the Broken Glass in 1938 when a Jewish youth shot dead a Nazi Diplomat and this was used by Hitler to launch a terror campaign against Jews in Germany and Austria. Nazis looted and destroyed thousands of Jewish shops. Home and Jewish religious places were burned. More than 20,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps.

ORAnother example was the Holocaust during World War II which was a plan to kill all Jews in Europe. By 1942, the Nazis had built six death camps in Poland to expedite the mass killing of Jews. Millions of Jews in Europe were sent to ghettos or concentration camps, waiting their turn to be sent to death camps. Many were gassed to death or sent to forced labour camps and tortured. By the end of World War II, as estimated one-third of the world’s Jewish population was dead.

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L3 Describe two ways Jews were persecuted 6-8

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2(b) Explain how each of the following contributed to Hitler’s rise to power.

(i) Severe economic conditions in Germany during the 1930s(ii) Hitler’s charismatic leadership

[12m]

L1 Describe the given factor / topic without focus on the question

Eg. Hitler rose to power in the 1930s during Germany as he was a great and charismatic leader and the Weimar government was very weak.

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L2 Describe factor(s)Award 3-4 m for the description of 1 factorAward 5-6 m for the description of 2 factors

The severe economic conditions in Germany during the 1930s were the Great Depression. The Great Depression of the 1930s started because of the Wall Street Crash in the USA in 1929 caused many American companies to withdraw their loans and investments from Germany. The sudden loss of these funds resulted in many German businesses going bankrupt, causing massive unemployment in Germany and this caused the Weimar Government to lose support from the German people. The German people began to trust extreme politicians like the Nazis and Communists who seemed more able to solve their severe economic problems. Hitler used propaganda to discredit the Communists among the rich businessmen and German landowners. Hitler portrayed the Nazi Party as the only party who could provide order and prevent the Communists from taking over Germany and causing disorder.

OR

Hitler was a charismatic person and speaker who had the ability to captivate the German public for hours. He promised the people that he would make Germany great again and could solve their problems such as creating jobs to solve massive unemployment, which was what the German people wanted. After becoming the leader of the Nazi Party, Hitler came up with the 25 Points Programme in Feb 1920, where he outlined his ideas and aims for Germany. He promised that he would make Germany great again by abolishing the Treaty of Versailles which humiliated Germany, conquer more land to provide living space to Germans and purify the German race by getting rid of the Jews whom he blamed for many of Germany’s problems.

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L3 Explain one factorAward 7-8m for weak explanation of 1 factorAward 9-10m for strong explanation of 1 factor

The severe economic conditions in Germany during the 1930s were the Great Depression. The Great Depression of the 1930s started because of the Wall Street Crash in the USA in 1929 caused many American companies to withdraw their loans and investments from Germany. The sudden loss of these funds resulted in many German businesses going bankrupt, causing massive unemployment in Germany and this caused the Weimar Government to lose support from the German people. The German people began to trust extreme politicians like the Nazis and Communists who seemed more able to solve their severe economic problems. Hitler used propaganda to discredit the Communists among the rich businessmen and German landowners. Hitler portrayed the Nazi Party as the only party who could provide order and prevent the Communists from taking over Germany and causing disorder. As a result

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of the Great Depression , many rich Germans supported the Nazis financially against the Communists and this helped Hitler fund a sizable army (the SA) and his propaganda campaigns. The loss of support for the Weimar Government allowed Hitler to gain more support for the Nazis, while at the same time discrediting the Communists . The Nazi Party increased in popularity as their elections results improved greatly. Thus, the negative impact of the Great Depression enabled Hitler and the Nazis to rise to power .

OR

Hitler was a charismatic person and speaker who had the ability to captivate the German public for hours. He promised the people that he would make Germany great again and could solve their problems such as creating jobs to solve massive unemployment, which was what the German people wanted. After becoming the leader of the Nazi Party, Hitler came up with the 25 Points Programme in Feb 1920, where he outlined his ideas and aims for Germany. He promised that he would make Germany great again by abolishing the Treaty of Versailles which humiliated Germany, conquer more land to provide living space to Germans and purify the German race by getting rid of the Jews whom he blamed for many of Germany’s problems. Due to his dominating and charismatic personality, Hitler was able to make people listen to him and his ideas and win support from the Germans. It increased the popularity of the Nazi Party, which eventually enabled Hitler to rise to power. Hitler’s ideas appealed to most Germans people who hated the Treaty of Versailles and wanted to make Germany strong again. Thus, this gained Hitler and the Nazis more support from the Germans, which eventually enabled them to come to power

L4 Explain both factors 11-12

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3(a) Describe the weakness of the League of Nations before WWII. [8]

L1 Describe WWII or League of Nations

WWII broke out in 1939. The League of Nations was weak.

1-2

L2 Describe the weakness of the League of Nations

The first failure of the League of Nations was its failure in getting nations to disarm. The League was set up based on collective security where countries will work together to ensure international peace and security. One way was to persuade member countries to disarm to reduce the risk of war. However, member countries could not agree on the level of disarmament. Due to the disagreements, Germany left the conference in 1933 and also withdrew from the League.

OR

Another failure was the League’s inability to resolve the Abyssinian Crisis in 1935. Italy, under Mussolini attacked Abyssinia who appealed to the League for help. The League imposed limited sanctions on Italy which proved ineffective.Britain and France also allowed Italian supplies to be shipped through the Suez Canal although they could have blocked Italy. Italy conquered Abyssinia in 1936 which was a clear violation of the League’s covenant. Mussolini and Hitler signed a treaty friendship, establishing the Rome-Berlin Axis which eventually led to WWII.

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L3 Describe two areas of weakness

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2(b) Explain how each of the following contributed to Germany’s defeat during World War II.

(i) USA direct involvement in World War II(ii) Germany’s weaknesses and miscalculations

[12m]

L1 Describe the given factor / topic without focus on the question

Eg.. Germany fought WWII and was eventually defeated.

1-2

L2 Describe factor(s)Award 3-4 m for the description of 1 factorAward 5-6 m for the description of 2 factors

USA’s direct involvement in WWII contributed to the defeat of Germany. The USA formally entered World War II with the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on 7th December 1941. This meant direct involvement (contribution of soldiers, weapons, equipment and collaboration with the Allies in military strategies) USA contributed vast resources and weapons production as they were the world’s most powerful economy. USA sent large numbers of American military personnel to aid Allied military campaigns and, this enhanced fighting capacity of Allies. The USA helped in the planning and execution of Allied military strategies. The USA achieved control of the air and sea, preventing resources from reaching Germany. The USA’s best known tactical success ‘Operation Overlord’ (D-Day landings on the coast of Normandy, France which led to Germany’s defeat)

ORGermany’s weaknesses and miscalculations led to its defeat during WWII. Hitler’s refusal to delegate power or listen to advice of his generals caused confusion and inefficiency among the German troops. Hitler also made crucial mistakes such as Battle of Britain and invasion of the Soviet Union. There was inappropriate use of resources and military funds. Germany also used ineffective tactics. e.g. battleships and cruisers rather than U-boats. The lack of essential equipment like trucks, infantry vehicles and suitable clothing for the Soviet winter contributed to its defeat in the Soviet Union. There was a lack of labour force for armament production. There was also disunity among military leaders. Germany also engaged in a war on two fronts, with USA and the USSR, spreading his army too thin.

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L3 Explain one factorAward 7-8m for weak explanation of 1 factorAward 9-10m for strong explanation of 1 factor

USA’s direct involvement in WWII contributed to the defeat of Germany. The USA formally entered World War II with the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on 7th December 1941. This meant direct involvement (contribution of soldiers, weapons, equipment and collaboration with the Allies in military strategies) USA contributed vast resources and weapons production as they were the world’s most powerful economy. USA sent large numbers of American military personnel to aid Allied military campaigns and, this enhanced fighting capacity of Allies. The USA helped in the planning and execution of Allied military strategies. The USA achieved control of the air and sea, preventing resources from reaching Germany. The USA’s best known tactical success ‘Operation Overlord’ (D-Day landings on the coast of Normandy, France which led to Germany’s defeat)

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USA’s direct involvement in the war due to its decision to end its isolationist policy provided important moral support for the Allies.Moreover, the USA provided much needed military and economic resources to the Allies, and this helped the Allies gain military superiority over Germany and win many crucial battles like the D-Day landings. Thus, the direct involvement of the USA eventually contributed to the superiority of the allies and led to the defeat of Germany.

ORGermany’s weaknesses and miscalculations led to its defeat during WWII. Hitler’s refusal to delegate power or listen to advice of his generals caused confusion and inefficiency among the German troops. Hitler also made crucial mistakes such as Battle of Britain and invasion of the Soviet Union . There was inappropriate use of resources and military funds. Germany also used ineffective tactics. e.g. battleships and cruisers rather than U-boats. The lack of essential equipment like trucks, infantry vehicles and suitable clothing for the Soviet winter contributed to its defeat in the Soviet Union. There was a lack of labour force for armament production. There was also disunity among military leaders. Germany also engaged in a war on two fronts, with USA and the USSR, spreading his army too thin.Germany’s weaknesses and miscalculations contributed greatly to its defeat in WWII. The ineffective command structure led to Germany suffering many setbacks like the long-drawn wars against Britain and Russia. When the USA and Soviet Union entered the war, the resources and military funds of the Allies surpassed Germany. Furthermore, Germany did not use its limited funds and resources well and this further disadvantaged them compared to the allies, eventually leading to their defeat in WWII.

L4 Explains both factors