Midterm Study Guide – Part I

Scientific Method & Graphing:

1. This microscope has a 10x ocular lens and is accessing the 40x objective to analyze a specimen. What is the total magnification for the onion cells?

2. What is a hypothesis?

a. What do you say if the data contradicts the hypothesis?

3. The information in the chart to the right was collected in the field while studying the effect of pH on the growth of the duckweed plant. Analyze and explain the data in the chart.

4. Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative data and give an example of each.

Francesco Redi performed his experiment to try and disprove the theory of spontaneous generation. He wanted to show that fly larvae did not “spawn” out of the rotten meat. The following was his experiment: Francesco Redi performed an experiment in 1668. In the experiment, he placed rotting meat in three jars. The first jar was left open. After a few days, fly larvae were found on the decaying meat inside. The mouth of the second jar was completely sealed with a cork. After a few days there were no flies or larvae found inside the jar or on the outside either. The mouth of the third jar was covered with gauze. After a few days, the decaying meat inside was free of fly larvae, but larvae were found on the gauze.

5. What was Redi’s hypothesis?

a. List the control group in this experiment.b. List the independent variable in this experimentc. Redi’s results not considered valid due to sample size and number of trials. How

could he fix this experiment so his results are valid and reliable?

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes:

6. Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells because they contain…

7. A cell has no nucleus and no mitochondria. However, the cell does have a plasma membrane, a cell wall and ribosomes. Which organism does this cell likely come from?

Cells and Organelles:

8. Which organelle is pictured to the right?

Identify each organelle labeled 1 – 5 and the function of each one.

9. The cell pictured above is probably an animal cell because…

Enzymes & Chemical Reactions:

10. How does a catalyst affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

11. Which factors can affect the activity of an enzyme?

12. Draw a graph that represents an endothermic reaction and identify if a hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis reaction is occurring.

13. Draw a graph that represents an exothermic reaction and identify if a hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis reaction is occurring.

14. In the genetic disorder Tay Sachs Disease, the enzyme responsible for breaking down fats in the brain are misshapen. Explains what effect this would have on the body.

Macromolecules:

15. Identify the molecules labeled 1 – 5.

16. Is # 1 above a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid?

17. This monomer is made of 3 parts: A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. Which macromolecule is built from this monomer? (refer to picture to the right)

18. Which group of organic compounds contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio?

19. Which group of organic macromolecules can hold the MOST energy (2x more than any other)

20. Listed below are the tests for three of the major macromolecules. Write what indicates a positive test result.

Testing Indicator Positive Test Result Macromolecule

Iodine (Lugol's Solution)

Benedict’s Solution

Biuret Solution

Sudan III Solution

Midterm Study Guide – Part 2

Osmosis:

21. What type of solution would produce the effect shown by the red blood cells in the picture to the right?

22. In an isotonic solution the solute concentration outside of the cell is:

23. People should not drink sea water. How does drinking sea water affect the cells in the body?

24. The table describes four cells and the surrounding liquid in which they are placed.

Beaker Cell and the Environment

1A cell with 50% water is placed in a solution that is 90%

water.

2A cell with 70% water is placed in a solution that is 90%

water.

3A cell with 20% water is placed in a solution that is 10%

water

4A cell with 50% water is placed in a solution that is 50%

water.

In which beaker will the water move outside the cell to the surrounding solution?

Active and Passive Transport:

25. In passive transport, particles move from __(?)__ concentration to __(?)__ concentration; whereas in active transport, particles move from __(?)__ concentration to __(?)__ concentration.

26. In active transport, what is the function of a protein pump?

27. Glucose is used by the cell to produce energy. Glucose must be brought into the cell with the help of transport proteins, but NO energy is used to do this. What method of transport is used to bring glucose into the cell?

28. Ions are charged particles. Ions must cross the cell membrane using active transport instead of passive

transport when the ions are moving from ______________ to _________________

29. The sodium-potassium pump is a specialized protein in the cell membrane that pumps __________ sodium

(Na+) ions __________ the cell and __________ potassium (K+) ions _______________ the cell.

30. When a white blood cell, known as a macrophage, encounters a virus or bacterial cell in the blood stream, it will engulf the entire foreign cell. Which type of vesicle transport does this represent?

Photosynthesis

31. The major atmospheric byproduct of photosynthesis is __________________.

32. The oxygen produced during the light dependent cycle of photosynthesis comes from ________________.

33. Chlorophyll causes plant leaves to be green because…

34. Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis?

35. Write the equation for photosynthesis?

36. What happens during photolysis (which occurs in the light cycle)?

37. The light-dependent reactions occur in the ________________ and the light-independent (dark) reactions

occur in the _______________.

38. What is the function of NADPH in photosynthesis?

Cellular Respiration

39. The most necessary reactant for the highest production of ATP per molecule of glucose is ____________.

40. What is the difference in ATP production between aerobic and anerobic respiration?

41. Write the equation for cellular respiration.

42. Write the chemical formula for glucose.

43. In eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in the ______________________, and cellular respiration occurs in

the _______________________________.

54. What happens during glycolysis?

55. What is the correct order of the stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

56. The presence of lactic acid in the cells of an animal’s muscle tissue is an indication of what?

57. The role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration is to…

58. Cell respiration occurs in what organelle in the animal cell?

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

59. Which phase of Mitosis is shown?

60. Which structure is labeled X?

61. Which structure is labeled Y?

62. How many chromosomes are shown?

63. What are the stages of the cell cycle in order?

64. During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replicate?

65. If the proteins that control the progression and speed of the cell cycle are damaged, what would you expect to happen?

66. If n=15, a diploid cell would have __________ chromosomes and a haploid cell would have _________ chromosomes?

67. In the picture to the right, what is the structure labeled A called?

68. A cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. At the end of mitosis, there will be __________

daughter cells created, each having ____________ chromosomes.

Meiosis69. _________________________________ is the process of combining an egg and a sperm cell to create

a ______________________.

70. Compare mitosis and meiosis. What type of daughter cells are created? How many division cycles does each process have?

71. If a cell with a diploid number of 12 undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will be in the daughter cells produced?

72. Figure 8-1 shows homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. Which of the following correctly describes the process being illustrated?

73. The separation of homologous chromosome pairs (tetrads) occurs during

Figure 8-1

74. Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis. How many usable gametes are produced by each?

75. Random, independent assortment of chromosomes leads to genetic variation by…

Use the karyotype to answer the next two questions: 76. What is the sex of the person that this karyotype was

created from?

77. What malfunction caused this person to have 3 chromosomes at number 21?

Genetics – Monohybrid crosses78. DD = fatal, Dd = dwarf and dd = normal height

What are the chances of having a child inherit the fatal combination of alleles with a cross between two dwarves?

79. What is the genotypic ratio resulting from a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals?

80. If B = brown fur and b = white fur, what color will the fur be for a rabbit that is Bb?