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Paper 2 revision pack
AQA GCSE R A G
Paper 2 revision pack
A: Urban issues and challenges
i) Urbanisation in a NEE (Lagos)ii) UK city (Birmingham)iii) Sustainable urban living (BedZED)
B: Changing economic world
i) Measuring development and reducing the gap (Tourism in Kenya)ii) NIC case study (India)
C: Challenge of resource management
i) Resource management ii) Food (Large scale – Spain, Small scale - Jamalpur)
Command word meanings:
Assess: Make an informed judgement.
Calculate: Work out the value of something.
Compare: Identify similarities and differences.
Describe: Set out characteristics.
Evaluate: Judge from available evidence.
Explain: Set out purposes or reasons.
Give/Identify/State: Produce an answer from recall or the source
Justify: Support a case with evidence.
To what extent: Judge the importance or success of (strategy, scheme, project).
Use evidence to support this statement: To select and present information to prove or disprove something.
Paper 2: Challenges in the human environment Section A: Urban issues and challenges A growing percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas. R A GDescribe and explain the global pattern of urban change. Describe urban trends in different parts of the world comparing HICs and LICs. Describe and explain factors affecting the rate of urbanisation – migration (push–pull theory), natural increase. Describe the emergence of megacities. Urban growth creates opportunities and challenges for cities in LICs and NEEs. R A GDescribe, explain and assess a case study of a major city in an LIC or NEE to illustrate: Describe the location and explain the importance of the city, regionally, nationally andinternationally Describe and explain the causes of growth: natural increase and migration Explain how urban growth has created opportunities: • social: access to services – health and education; access to resources – water supply, energy • economic: how urban industrial areas can be a stimulus for economic development Explain how urban growth has created challenges: • managing urban growth – slums, squatter settlements • providing clean water, sanitation systems and energy • providing access to services such as health and education • reducing unemployment and crime • managing environmental issues – waste disposal, air and water pollution, traffic congestion. Using an example describe and explain how urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor. Urban change in cities in the UK leads to a variety of social, economic and environmental opportunities and challenges. R A GDescribe the distribution of population and the major cities in the UK. Use a case study of a major city in the UK to describe and explain: • the location and importance of the city in the UK and the widerworld • the impacts of national and international migration on the growth and character of the city • how urban change has created • social and economic: cultural mix, recreation and entertainment, employment, integrated transport systems • environmental: urban greening Describe and explain and assess how urban change has created challenges: • social and economic: urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education, health and employment • environmental: dereliction, building on brownfield and greenfield sites, waste disposal • the impact of urban sprawl on the rural–urban fringe, and the growth of commuter settlements. Using an example of an urban regeneration project to describe, explain and assess : • the reasons why the area needed regeneration • the main features of the project. Urban sustainability requires management of resources and transport. R A GDescribe, explain and assess the features of sustainable urban living of: • water and energy conservation • waste recycling • creating green space. Describe and explain how urban transport strategies are used to reduce traffic congestion.
Urban Issues & ChallengesUnit 2
Location of megacities in 2014 and projected for 2030
Importance (regional, national and internationally) -
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What causes urbanisation?PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS
CASE STUDY - Major city in an LIC or NEE: Mumbai
Location –
Causes of growth –
Opportunities -SEE
Challenges - SEE
EXAMPLE: Urban planning is improving QOL: Dharavi slum, Mumbai
Location –
Improvements made – *****
How has the project been successful?
How has the project been a failure?
KEYTERMS:Urbanisation – Megacity – Migration – Squatter settlement/slum/favela – NEE-Sustainable city – Regeneration – Greenfield sites – Brownfield sites – Greenbelt - Mind Map Paper 2 –
Urban Environments
Mind Map Paper 2 – Urban Environments
What are the features of sustainable urban living?*Water and energy conservation –
* Waste recycling –
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How are urban transport strategies used to reduce traffic congestion?
EXAMPLE: Urban Regeneration project: Birmingham big city plan
Location –
Why was the regeneration needed?
What did they do to regenerate?
What was successful/unsuccessful?
CASE STUDY - Major city in the UK: Birmingham
Location –
Causes of growth/migration –
Opportunities -SEE
Challenges - SEE
Where are the UKs major cities located?
Importance (regional, national and internationally) -
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Unit 2 questions.
Urban issues and challenges - Urbanisation and NEE city challenges - Lagos
1. Suggest why there is such a low rate of urbanisation in HICs and why some show evidence of counter urbanisation (6)
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2. Explain how migration has been responsible for the growth and racial make-up of a NEE megacity. (6)
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3. To what extent do urban areas in LICs or NEEs provide social and economic opportunities for people? (6)
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4. Using a named example of a city in a LIC or NEE, to what extent are environmental challenges created by urban growth [6]_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. Outline how the quality of life for a NEE megacity can be improved. (6)
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6. Evaluate why housing the urban poor will prove to be a great challenge for the authorities in a NEE megacity (6)
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7. Evaluate the effectiveness of an urban planning strategy in helping to improve the quality of life for the urban
poor. Use an example of a city in a lower income country (LIC) or newly emerging economy (NEE). (9)
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Urban issues and challenges - UK city - Birmingham
1. Explain how the distribution of population in the UK reflects both physical and human geographical factors. (6)
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2. Explain how a UK city has been affected by migration (6)
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3. Explain how changes in a UK city have provided opportunities for the people (6)
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4. Describe how environmental changes to a UK city can improve the quality of life for the people (6)
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5. Discuss the effects of urban sprawl on people and the environment. (6)
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6. Assess the causes and consequences of social inequality in a UK city. (6)
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7. Evaluate the effectiveness of an urban transport scheme you have studied (6)
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8. Discuss how cities can be made more sustainable. (6)
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Question1. Define Urbanisation
2. Why is urbanisation high in LICs and low in HICs?
3. What is Natural Increase?
4. What is counter urbanisation? Where is this happening?
5. Give examples of push and pull factors.
6. What is a mega city?
7. How many mega cities are there today?
8. Where is Lagos Located?
9. Why is it important locally, regionally and internationally?
10. Why is Lagos growing?
11. Give a social, economic and environmental opportunities in Lagos.
12. Give a social, economic and environmental challenges in Lagos.
13. Where does the water come from in Lagos?
14. What is informal work?
15. Name a slum settlement in Lagos.
16. How has it been improved?
17. What has been the impact?
18. Where are most people living in the UK?
19. Name 10 Cities in the UK, including all capitals.
20. Where is Birmingham located?
21. Why is it important locally, regionally and internationally?
22. Why is Birmingham growing?
23. Give a social, economic and environmental opportunities in Birmingham.
24. What is urban greening?
25. What is the difference between the inner city and the CBD?
26. Give a social, economic and environmental challenges in Birmingham.
27. What is causing and solving air pollution?
28. How has waste recycling been improved?
29. Name a redeveloped area in Birmingham.
30. Why was it improved?
31. How has it been improved?
32. What is Greenbelt?
33. What are the impacts of urban sprawl?
34. State 3 ways to make an urban area more sustainable.
35. How has Birmingham reduced waste?
36. How has Birmingham created more green space?
37. How has London reduced traffic?
AQA GCSE R A GPaper 2: Challenges in the human environment Section B: The changing economic world There are global variations in economic development and quality of life. R A G
Explain that there are different ways of classifying parts of the world according to their level of economic development and quality of life.
Describe and explain the different economic and social measures of development: gross national income (GNI) per head, birth and death rates, infant mortality, life expectancy, people per doctor, literacy rates, access to safe water, Human Development Index Explain the limitations of economic and social measures.
Describe and explain the links between stages of the Demographic Transition Model and the level of development. Describe and explain the causes of uneven development: physical, economic and historical.
Describe the consequences of uneven development: disparities in wealth and health, international migration. Various strategies exist for reducing the global development gap. R A GOutline the strategies used to reduce the development gap: investment, industrial development and tourism, aid, using intermediate technology, fairtrade, debt relief, microfinance loans.
Using an example describe and explain how the growth of tourism in an LIC or NEE helps to reduce the development gap.
Some LICs and NEEs are experiencing rapid economic development which leads to significant social, environmental and cultural change. R A GUsing a case study of a LIC or NEE to: • explain the location and importance of the country, regionally and globally • describe and explain the wider political, social, cultural and environmental context within which the country is placed
• outline explain the changing industrial structure of the country, the balance between different sectors of the economy and how manufacturing industry can stimulate economic development. • outline the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in relation to industrial development. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of TNC(s) to the host country • describe the changing political and trading relationships with the wider world • describe international aid and the types of aid and explain the impacts of aid on the receiving country • describe the environmental impacts of economic development • describe the effects of economic development on quality of life for the population. Major changes in the economy of the UK have affected, and will continue to affect, employment patterns and regional growth. R A GEconomic futures in the UK: • describe and explain the causes of economic change: de-industrialisation and decline of traditional industrial base, globalisation and government policies
• describe and explain reasons for moving towards a post-industrial economy: development of information technology, service industries, finance, research, science and business parks • describe the impacts of industry on the physical environment. Using an example explain how modern industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable
• describe and explain the social and economic changes in the rural landscape in one area of population growth and one area of population decline
• describe and explain the improvements and new developments in road and rail infrastructure, port and airport capacity • explain the north–south divide. Outline strategies used in an attempt to resolve regional differences • Describe the place of the UK in the wider world. Describe and explain the links through trade, culture, transport, and electronic communication and the economic and political links looking specifically at the European Union (EU) and Commonwealth.
The Changing Economic WorldUnit 2b
Mind Map Paper 2 – Economic World
KEYTERMS:Development –SOL – QOL - Colonialism – Malaria – Refugee – Multilateral aid – Bilateral aid – De-industrialisation – Mechanisation -
What is the Brandt line and is it relvent in 2018?
How does uneven development lead to disparities in?
Wealth –
Health –
Migration -
How can each of these factors reduce the global development gap?Aid - Intermediate technology – Investment and industrial development – Fair trade – Free trade – Debt relief – Microfinance - EXAMPLE: Tourism in Kenya (include a minimum of 5 specific facts here) -
How can we measure development?
GNI –
Adult literacy –
Doctors per 1000 population –
Life expectancy –
Infant mortality –
% of the population with access to safe water -
HDI –
Which is best and why?...............................................
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Mind Map Paper 2 – Economic World
Causes of uneven development are?Physical -
Historical –
Economic -
What does a population pyramid show and how is it linked to the DTM?
Economic futures in the UK.What economic changes have occurred in the UK? THINK: Clarke-Fisher! REMEMBER: de-industrialisation, globalisation, mechanisation, IT and government policies
What are science and business parks and how do the two differ?
How is the UKs rural landscape changing socially & economically?
What is the UKs north-south divide and how can address it?
How can improvements in transport infrastructure enable the UK economy? THINK: rail, road, ports and airport.
What impacts does one industry have on the environment? How can we make this more sustainable? EXAMPLE: Car manufacturing – Nissan in Sunderland (give 5 facts)
What is the UKs place in the wider world? THINK: trade, transport, communication and culture
CASE STUDY – NEE: India
Location –
Background: Politics, Socially, Culturally and Environmentally –
The changing industrial structures/sectors of the economy –
The role of TNCs in India: Advantages and disadvantages –
The changing political and trading relationship with the wider world and India –
The impacts of aid within India –
What is the demographic transition model?
Describe what each stage is like and give an example country in each stage
Importance (regional, national and internationally) -
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The impact economic growth has had on the environment –
The impact of economic growth has had on quality of life in Nigeria -
Changing economic world - Development
1. Suggest two ways that the level of economic development of a country might affect the quality of life of its
people. [4 marks]
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2. Evaluate the effectiveness of tourism in reducing the development gap. (9)
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3. Explain how fair trade schemes try to reduce the development gap faced by poorer countries that trade with
richer countries. (4)
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4. Suggest how the microfinance loans might help to reduce the development gap [4]
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5. Suggest two reasons why birth rate drops in stage 3 of the demographic transition model. (2)
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6. To what extent is the human development index the most effective measure of development? (6)
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7. How does uneven development cause international migration? (4)
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8. Explain two physical causes of the development gap. (4)
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Changing economic world - Newly emerging economy. India.
1. Using a case study of a LIC/NEE country, explain how manufacturing industry can encourage economic
development. [6 marks)
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2. ‘Transnational corporations (TNCs) only bring advantages to the host country.’ Do you agree with this statement?
Justify your decision. [9 marks]
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3. Describe the changes to industrial structure in a LIC or NEE you have studied [3]_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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4. Explain how political and economic factors have influenced the relationship of a NEE with different parts of the
world. (6)
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5. Explain why aid in a NEE may not be used effectively. (4)
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6. Explain how economic growth can have harmful impacts on the environment. (6)
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7. Evaluate the extent that economic development has improved the quality of life for a NEE. (6)
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Changing economic world - UK economic change
1. Using Figure 6, explain the advantages of this location for the Cambridge Science Park. (4)
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2. Explain how the North/South divide can be reduced. (4)
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3. ‘Modern industry has the potential to be environmentally sustainable.’ Use evidence to support this statement. (6)
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4. Describe the changes to the industrial structure shown in Figure 7. (2)
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5. Suggest reasons for the changes shown in Figure 7. (4)
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6. Explain one advantage and one disadvantage for the UK of economic links with the EU. (4)
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39. What is GNI?40. What is the HDI made up of?41. What is the best way to measure development?42. Why is access to clean water linked to infant mortality rates?43. How does improving years in school improve development?44. What is the Demographic Transition Model?45. Sketch a version of it in 30 seconds.46. Where in the world is HIC and where is LIC? How is it shown on a map?47. Why are LIC countries poor?48. How does climate or landscape cause countries to be LICs?49. Why are many former colonies still LICS?50. What are the differences between Primary, Secondary, tertiary and Quaternary jobs?51. Why do LICS have more primary jobs?52. How have Secondary jobs created NEEs? Give an example.53. How can investment reduce the development gap?54. How can aid reduce the development gap?55. How can Fairtrade reduce the development gap?56. How can using intermediate technology reduce the development gap?57. Where is Kenya located?58. Why do tourists go there?59. What positive impacts has tourism had on the local economy?60. How is this a positive multiplier effect?61. What negative impacts has tourism had on the local economy?62. What is leakage?63. Where is India located?64. Why is it important locally, regionally and internationally?65. Why is the North different to the south?66. Who did it used to be a colony of?67. When was it independent?68. How did the civil war impact on its development?69. What are its main exports?70. What has changed for India to become a NEE from a LIC?71. Name a Trans National Company working in India.72. What are the positives and negatives of Trans National Companies?73. What is the world trade organisation and what does it do?74. What is the difference between bottom up and top down aid?75. What are the main types of aid?76. Give an example of tied aid.77. Give an example of an NGO.78. Describe one sustainable small scale aid project run by an NGO which has helped in India.79. Who are Water aid?80. How is a well a positive multiplier effect?81. Why does the oil industry in India damage the environment?82. How does development have positive impacts on people in India and LICs?83. What is globalisation?
84. How has it changed transport, technology trade and the sharing of information?85. How is the internet connected to the UK and world?86. How is the UK linked to other countries in Europe and the World?87. Explain the commonwealth.88. What is Heathrow and why is it globally important?89. How has the UK jobs market changed over time?90. Where have the primary and secondary jobs gone?91. What is outsourcing?92. Why did dirty, heavy industries and manufacturing decline in the UK?93. Name a primary industry that has declined.94. Name a secondary industry that has declined.95. Name a tertiary industry that has grown.96. Name a quaternary industry that has grown.97. What do tertiary and quaternary industries need?98. What did primary industries need?99. What is a Science park?100. What job sectors are represented in Science parks?101. Where is Cambridge Science Park located?102. How are its buildings more sustainable?103. Why is cycling and bus transport encouraged?104. What is HS2?105. How will the South West road and rail upgrades improve our region’s economy?106. What is the North-South Divide?107. How did the decline in primary and secondary industries impact the North of the UK?108. How are life expectancy and incomes different in the North and South?109. How will HS2 help to reduce the North-South Divide?
AQA GCSE R A GPaper 2: Challenges in the human environment Section C: The challenge of resource management (Compulsory content) Food, water and energy are fundamental to human development. R A GDescribe and explain the significance of food, water and energy to economic and social well-being. Outline the global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources. The changing demand and provision of resources in the UK create opportunities and challenges. R A GOutline the resources in relation to the UK. Food: R A G• Describe and explain the growing demand for high-value food exports from low income countries and all-year demand for seasonal food and organic produce • Explain the reasons for larger carbon footprints due to the increasing number of ‘food miles’ travelled, and moves towards local sourcing of food • Describe and explain the trend towards agribusiness. Water: R A G• Describe and explain the changing demand for water • Describe and explain water quality and pollution management • Describe and explain matching supply and demand – areas of deficit and surplus • Explain the need for transfer to maintain supplies. Energy: R A G• Describe and explain the changing energy mix – reliance on fossil fuels, growing significance of renewables • Describe and explain the reduced domestic supplies of coal, gas and oil • Describe, explain and assess the economic and environmental issues associated with exploitation of energy sources.
Food Demand for food resources is rising globally but supply can be insecure, which may lead to conflict. R A GDescribe and explain areas of surplus (security) and deficit (insecurity) in the context of : • outine global patterns of calorie intake and food supply • explain the reasons for increasing food consumption: economic development, rising population • discuss the factors affecting food supply: Assess climate, technology, pests and disease, water stress, conflict, poverty. Describe, explain and discuss the impacts of food insecurity – famine, undernutrition, soil erosion, rising prices, social unrest. Different strategies can be used to increase food supply. R A GDescribe, explain and outline the strategies used to increase food supply : • describe and explain irrigation, aeroponics and hydroponics, the new green revolution and use of biotechnology, appropriate technology •use an example of a large scale agricultural development to discuss how it has both advantages and disadvantages. Explain, describe and discuss how moving towards a sustainable resource future: • Ouline how there is potential for sustainable food supplies: organic farming, permaculture, urban farming initiatives, fish and meat from sustainable sources, seasonal food consumption, reduced waste and losses • use an example to help explain how a local scheme in an LIC or NEE to increase sustainable supplies of food that use these strategies.
The Challenge of Resource Management
Unit 2c
2009 2020
Resource Management – revision map
KEYTERMS:
Development – Well-being – Resources – Global inequalities – Surplus – Deficit – Sustainable -
Example- A LARGE scale food scheme. Spain
Location:5 Specific facts on this example:
Advantages -
Disadvantages -
Resources in the UK.
FOOD -
WATER -
ENERGY -
Example- A LOCAL scale food scheme in a LIC. Jamalpur
Location:5 Specific facts on this example:
Advantages -
Disadvantages -
Strategies to increase water supply –
Are they sustainable?
What factors affect food availability?***
Why is food consumption increasing?***
What are the impacts of food insecurity?***
Surplus and deficit –
The challenge of resource management
1. To what extent is it preferable to source food locally in the UK rather than import from abroad? (6)
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2. Using Figure 9, describe the
distribution of areas with existing
licences for fracking in the UK. (2)
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3. With the help of Figures 8 and 9, explain why the process of fracking for gas causes conflict between different
groups of people. (6)
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4. Using Figure 10 and your own
understanding, suggest how the
proposed water transfer schemes will
help meet the changing demand for
water in the UK. (6)
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Food management
1. Examine the advantages and disadvantages of a large scale agricultural development that you have studied. (6)
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2. Outline one impact of a unreliable supply of food. (2)
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3. Use an example from a LIC/NEE to explain how local strategies are being used to increase sustainable supplies of food. (6)
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4. Explain the factors affecting food security (6)
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Quick fire questions
110. What are the three resources fundamental to Human development?
111. How are global resources shared out?
112. What are food miles?
113. Why do we buy so much food from overseas?
114. What is organic food?
115. What is a carbon footprint?
116. How do vegetable boxes reduce food miles?
117. What is agribusiness?
118. Where are there surplus and deficit areas of water in the UK?
119. Who manages water quality?
120. Where does our energy come from?
121. What are renewables?
122. What factors affect the availability of food?
123. What impacts can food insecurity create?
124. How can food supplies be increased?
129. Explain the pros and cons of hydroponics
130. How can food supplies be made more sustainable?
130. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Almeria greenhouses food project?
131. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Jamalpur rice/fish farming project?