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Name Honors Chemistry Summer Assignment

HONORS CHEMISTRY - SUMMER ASSIGNMENT

TO BE TURNED IN ON THE FIRST FRIDAY OF CLASSIn chemistry, you will be learning the scientific names of elements and compounds, as well as completing many mathematical calculations of chemical quantities. Your summer assignment begins with learning some of these facts.

There will be mastery quizzes on the names and symbols of the elements in this packet throughout the year (given the chemical symbol provide the properly spelled name or given the name provide the proper chemical symbol). You must know the spelling and symbol. All elements are to be written as shown on this list with a capital letter as the first letter and lowercase letter as the second letter. Do not write in all caps, or in cursive.

You will also be quizzed on the metric prefixes and basic units, their meanings, and the ability to use dimensional analysis to convert between different values.

Assignments:1. Make flash cards of the elements and their symbols and the metric system prefixes and unit listed

on the next page. You will be given a classwork grade for the flash cards.a. For the metric system, put the prefix on one side and the numerical meaning on the other.b. For the base units, put the name and symbol on one side and what it is a measurement of on

the other.c. For the elements, put the symbol on one side and the name on the other. Please put only one

element per card.2. Complete the included worksheets to be turned in the Friday of the first week of school for a

classwork grade. a. The first set are meant to help you memorize the elements and practice spelling them.b. The second set are tutorials on dimensional analysis and some practice for this skill.


These are the elements and prefixes that you will be expected to make flash cards of and memorize.

52 Must-Know Element Symbols Capital and lower-case letters are important Elements followed by an italic word have symbols based on this Latin or Germanic version

of their nameAluminum Al Gold (Aurum) Au Plutonium PuArgon Ar Helium He Potassium (Kalium) KArsenic As Hydrogen H Radium RaBarium Ba Iodine I Radon RnBeryllium Be Iron (Ferrum) Fe Selenium SeBoron B Krypton Kr Silicon SiBromine Br Lead (Plumbum) Pb Silver (Argentum) AgCadmium Cd Lithium Li Sodium (Natrium) NaCalcium Ca Magnesium Mg Strontium SrCarbon C Manganese Mn Sulfur SCesium Cs Mercury (Hydrargyrum) Hg Thorium ThChlorine Cl Neon Ne Tin (Stannum) SnChromium Cr Nickel Ni Titanium TiCobalt Co Nitrogen N Tungsten (Wolfram) WCopper (Cuprum) Cu Oxygen O Uranium UFluorine F Phosphorus P Xenon XeFrancium Fr Platinum Pt Zinc ZnGallium Ga

Metric Prefixes and Base UnitsPrefix (symbol) Numerical Meaning

kilo- (K ) 1000 (which is 103)BASE UNIT The main metric unit (meter (m), liter (l) , gram (g), etc.)deci- (d ) 0.1 (which is 10-1 or a tenth)centi- (c ) 0.01 (which is 10-2 or a hundredth)milli- (m ) 0.001 (which is 10-3 or a thousandth)micro- (µ ) 0.000001 (which is 10-6 or a millionth)nano- (n ) 0.0000000001 (which is 10-9 or a billionth)

Base Unit (symbol) What is it a measure of?meter (m) length

liter (L) volumesecond (s) timegram (g) mass


Memorization Tips: Elements/SymbolsOver the years, my students and I have developed several unique ways to help us remember the symbols for the elements. Be warned - some are a little out there!

silver Ag If a person who is expecting a present of a gold necklace receives a silver one. He might say, “Ag, I didn’t want silver!”

aluminum Al Just call aluminum “Al”argon Ar All the pirates Arr gone.arsenic As Arsenic is poisonous As heck!

gold Au When you give your love a gold ring, they say, “Au you shouldn’t have!”

boron B Boron got a B in chemistry.bromine Br Do you even lift bromine, Bro?chlorine Cl You Clean with chlorine!chromium Cr Your Car has chrome bumpersfluorine F Fluorine got an F in chemistry.iron Fe If Fe is iron, does Female = Iron Man?helium He If you breathe in helium, you will laugh! He, He, He!

mercury Hg Roman mythology - Hg stands for Helmet guy!

potassium K Want to hear a joke about potassium? Kmanganese Mn Take first three letters - Manmagnesium Mg Take first three letters – Magsodium Na Nah, man, I don’t want any sodium!nickel Ni Nick owes me a nickel!oxygen O “Open your mouth wide to take in oxygen!”lead Pb Don’t eat a Pb and j sandwich, because that’s not peanut butter!plutonium Pu Plutonium stinks, Pu!radium Ra Radioactive radium makes you glow like a Ray of sunshinesilicon Si Silly con!tin Sn A tin roof gets hot in the Sun.strontium Sr Mr. Strontium in Spanish is Sr. Strontiumtungsten W Wolves run with their tongues out. (tongues = tungsten)

MercuryRoman god of travelers


Element Naming WorksheetFill in the missing symbol/name of the element. The date of discovery and the origin of the name are included for your information only. You will only be responsible for the names and symbols.

Symbol Name Date Origin of Namealuminum 1825 Latin, alumen = astringent taste

Ar 1894 Greek, argos = neutral or inactive

barium 1808 Greek, baryos = heavy

Be 1798 Latin, beryllus = to become pale

boron 1808 Arabic, bawraq

Br 1826 Greek, bromos = stenchcadmium 1817 Greek, calamine

Ca 1808 Lain, calx = lime

C B.C. Latin, carbo = coal

Cs 1860 Latin, caesius = bluechromium 1794 Greek, khroma = color

chlorine 1808 Greek, chloros = green gas

Cr 1797 Greek, chroma = color

cobalt 1735 Greek, cobolos = goblin

Cu B.C. Latin, cuprum

fluorine 1886 Latin, fluere = to flowFr 1939 named for France

Ga 1875 Latin name, Gaul, of France

Au B.C. Latin, aurum

He 1895 Greek, helios = the sun

H 1766 Greek, hydro genes = water former

I 1811 Greek, iodos = violet color

Fe B.C. Latin, ferrumkrypton 1898 Greek, kryptos = the hidden one

lead B.C. Latin, plumbumLi 1817 Greek, lithos = stone


magnesium 1803 Latin, magnesia = a place in Asia Minor

Mn 1774 Latin, magnes = magnet

Hg B.C. Latin, hydragyrum = god and planet

neon 1898 Greek, neo = new

nickel 1750 German, goblin

nitrogen 1772 Latin, nitro = native soda and gen = born

O 1771 Greek, oxys = sharp and gen = born

P 1669 Greek, phosphoros = light bringerplatinum 1735 Spanish, plata = silver

Pu 1940 the dwarf planet Pluto

K 1807 Latin, kaliumradon 1900 gas that emanates from radium

Ra 1898 French, radium = emits rays

Se 1817 Selene, Greek goddess of moonsilicon 1823 Latin, silex = flint

Ag B.C. Latin, argentumsodium 1807 Latin, natrium

Sr 1808 town of Strontian, Scotlandsulfur B.C. Latin, sulphur

Th 1829 Norse god Thortin B.C. Latin, stannum

Ti 1791 Greek mythology, first sons of earthtungsten 1781 Swedish, tungsten = heavy stone

U 1789 planet Uranus

Xe 1808 Greek, xenos = strangezinc B.C. German, zink = like tin

Name Honors Summer Assignment

25


Unit Conversion and Dimensional Analysis TutorialsIn these tutorials, “examples” have step-by-step solutions while “problems” only have answers. I have left you room to try all the examples before the solution is shown. I highly suggest trying to work through the examples before looking at the solutions. The answer to the question is only part of each problem because the way you set up your calculation is just as valuable. Be sure to write out all your calculations and remember to include units with every step!

Tutorial 1 - Units and ConversionsOne of the reasons scientists prefer the metric system has to do with the ease of conversion between units. This is apparent if you consider the difference between the distance units of yards and miles versus meters and kilometers. A yard and a meter (or a mile and a kilometer) are roughly equivalent (1 yard = 0.914 meters; 1 mile = 1.61 kilometers). But consider the difference between the following examples:

Example 1. Sally walked 2.45 miles. How far did she walk in yards? (1 mile = 1760 yards)

2.45 miles1

x 1760 yards1 mile

=4320 yards

Example 2. Sally walked 3.95 kilometers. How far did she walk in meters? (1 kilometer = 1000 meters)

3.95kilometers1

x 1000 meters1kilometer

=3950 meters

These values correspond to the same distance. However, there are 1000 meters in a kilometer, but 1760 yards in a mile. In the case of Example 1, we must multiply 2.45 miles by 1760 yards to arrive at the answer.

Most people would not be able to do this calculation in their head quickly. Example 2, however, is much easier to solve, as one only has to multiply 3.95 kilometers by 1000 meters.

Powers of ten and scientific notation

The metric system is a measurement system that uses powers of 10. A positive power of 10 represents 10 multiplied by itself a certain number of times (10n, where n is a positive integer). For instance, 103 = (10)(10)(10) = 1000. Negative exponents mean inverse. So, 10–n is 1 divided by 10n. For example:

10−5= 1105 =

110 x10 x10 x10 x10

=0.00001

In the metric system, prefixes indicate powers of 10. Take the unit kilometer: the prefix “kilo” indicates that the base unit (in this case “meter”) is multiplied by 1000, or 103. The prefix “centi”, on the other hand, indicates that the base unit should be multiplied by 10–2 (this is equivalent to dividing

Name Honors Summer Assignmentby 100).

The following table indicates some of the more common prefixes:

Pico p 0.000000000001 10-12

Nano n 0.000000001 10-9

Micro µ 0.000001 10-6

Milli m 0.001 10-3

Centi c 0.01 10-2

Deci d 0.1 10-1

1 100

Hecto h 100 102

Kilo k 1,000 103

Mega M 1,000,000 106

Giga G 1,000,000,000 109

Tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012

To use this table1 milli(base unit) = 0.001 (base units)1 kilo(base unit) = 1000 (base units)

For example, if I were talking about grams:1 microgram = 0.000001 grams or 1 x 10-6 grams1 kilogram = 1000 grams or 1 x 103 grams

Converting between units

Converting a measurement from a unit containing a prefix to the base unit is straightforward. All one has to do is multiply the given value by the power of ten indicated by the prefix.

Example 3. Convert 15 ng to g.“n” stands for “nano,” which corresponds to 10–9. Replace the “n” with 10–9:

15 ng 15 (10–9)g

and multiply:

15 × 10–9 g = 1.5 × 10–8 g


Tutorial 1 - Practice Problems

Remember: Since you will have access to the answers, the challenge for you is the set up. Make sure that you have written out all your thinking with correct units at every step.

1. Convert 4.89 Ts to s.

2. How many grams are in 123 kg?

3. A sample of a chemical has a volume of 145 mL, how many liters is this?


Tutorial 2 – More Complex Unit Conversions

To go in the other direction (e.g., g to ng), or to convert between prefixes (e.g., km to cm), is a little less straightforward. In these cases, you will need to use fractions.

Example 4. Convert 23 g to mg.

Since one milligram is equal to 10–3 g = (1/1000) g, that means there are 103 mg in one gram:

1 mg=10−3 g

Divide both sides by 10–3 (which is the same as multiplying by 1000) and simplify:

1mg10−3 =

10−3 g10−3 → 103mg=1 g∨1000 mg=1 g

Because 1000 mg and 1 g are equal, you can multiply 23 g by 1000 mg/1g, since this is the same as multiplying by 1:

23 g1

x 1000 mg1 g

Because there is a “g” in both the numerator and denominator, they cancel out (anything divided by itself equals 1), and we are left with our desired units (mg):

23 g1

x 1000 mg1 g

=23,000mg=2.3 x 104 mg

Note that we could have also set it up the following way (because 1 mg = 10–3 g):

23 g1

x 1mg10−3 g

=23,000 mg=2.3 x104 mg

In both of these cases, we were able to cancel one of the units (g) because it was in both the numerator and denominator. If we had set it up the following way:

23 g1

x 1 g1000 mg

= 23 g2

1000 mg

we would not be able to simplify the units. When converting between units using fractions, be sure that your fractions are set up so that all units except for the desired unit cancel out (i.e., are present in both the numerator and denominator).

This process can be completed as many times as necessary to arrive at an answer, or daisy-chained in one step.




1. Convert 130 nm to km (Hint: convert nm to m, then m to km)

2. How many microliters are there in 231 milliliters?

3. What volume in kL will a sample of water occupy if it has a volume of 125 mL?


Tutorial 3 – Dimensional Analysis When converting between units, always take a moment to consider whether your answer is reasonable. Nanometers are much smaller than kilometers, so the final answer should be much smaller than the initial value. Another name for this method of converting between quantities is called dimensional analysis. Dimensional analysis is a method of problem solving that allows us to use relationships between quantities as “stepping stones” to solving complicated problems.

Quantities. There are two types of quantities used in dimensional analysis:1. An intrinsic quantity (e.g., 5 kilometers)2. A relationship, either given or known (e.g., 24 hours per day, 10 pens per box)

Proportions. Relationships can be turned into proportions, because:24 hours = 1 day

**Divide both sides by 1 day**

24 hours1day

=1 day1 day

If you can compose a sentence containing “for every” or “per”, you can compose a proportion. As we saw above, proportions can be multiplied together, and some units cancelled, because of the associative property:

ab

x cd= a

dx c

bFor example:

35 miles1 gallon

x 12 gallons1tank

=35 x12 miles1tank

x gallongallon

=420 miles1 tank

∨420 miles for every tank

Inversion of conversion factors. Because proportions are essentially equal to one, they can also be flipped to cancel units without changing the values of the proportions.

For example:

If there are 60 minutes in 1 hour there is also 1 hour in every 60 minutes60 minutes

1houristhe same as 1hour

60 minutes

Example 5. How many days are in the length of one 50-minute period?

Let’s start with the number that’s given to us: 50 minutes for every lecture or 50 minutes1lecture

Now let’s decide where we want to go: days in a lecture or ? days

1lectureo So, it appears we need to convert from minutes to days.

Make a list of known relationships.o 60 minutes = 1 houro 24 hours = 1 day

Now we set up the equation using all these relationships to figure it out:

Name Honors Summer Assignment50 minutes1lecture

x 1 hour60 minutes

x 1day24 hours

=0.03 dayslecture



1. How many seconds are in a year?

2. There are 2600. miles between Boston and Los Angeles. If a plane flies at 600. miles/hour, how long is the flight between Boston and LA?

3. If you earned one penny for every 10 seconds of our life, home many dollars would you have after 65 years?

4. Levoxyl is a drug used to treat hypothyroidism. If a patient takes one 75.0 ng tablet every day, how many milligrams of Levoxyl are in a 30. day supply?


Solutions – Use these to check your answers

Remember – the value of each problem lies in your process and having correct units labeled

Tutorial 1 – Practice Problems1. 4.89 x 1012 s or 48,900,000,000 s2. 123 x 103 g or 123,000 g3. 145 x 10-3 L or 0.145 L

Tutorial 2 – Practice Problems1. 1.3 x 10-10 km2. 231 x 103 L3. 125 x 10-3 kL

Tutorial 3 – Practice Problems1. 3 x 107 s or 30,000,000 s2. 4.33 hours3. 2.0 x 106 dollars or $2,000,0004. 2.3 x 10-3 mg/month

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