Chapter 28. M. T. AliNiazee, B. A. Croft. 1999. Biological control in deciduous fruit crops. Pages 743-759. In: Thomas S. Bellows, T. W. Fisher, L. E. Caltagirone, D. L. Dahlsten, G. Gorth, C. B. Huffaker. 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications of Biological Control. San Francisco CA: Academic Press, 1046 pages.

Keywords: biological control of secondary pests, management of endemic natural enemies of secondary pests, spider mites, major integrated mite control programs on apple or closely related tree fruit crops in North America, selective acaricides used in IPM of spider mites, Stethorus sp., alternative prey species Aculus schlechtendali, Metaseiulus occidentalis, aphids, Aphis pomi, Dysaphis plantaginea, Eriosoma lanigerum, Myzus persicae, Aphelinus mali, Aphidoletes ophidimyza, cases of insecticide-resistant phytoseid mites occurring on deciduous tree fruits, walnut aphid Chomaphis juglandicola, Trioxys pallidus, leaf miners Phyllonorycter sp., leafhoppers Typhlocyba pomaria, Empoasca fabae, Edwardsiana rosae, Erythroneura sp., Aphelopus tryphlocyba, Anagrus epos, introduction of biological control agents, spider mites, pear psylla Psylla pyricola, Anthocoris nemoralis, A. axyhidis, Coccinella septempunctata, Dimus pumilio, Chrysopa carnea, Prionomitus mitratus, Harmonia conformis. H. kimidiata, biological control of direct, primary, and sporadic pests, management of endemic natural enemies, codling moth Cydia pomonella, Pimpila pterelas, Ascogaster quadridentata, Macrocentrus delicatus, M. instabilis, M. ancylivorous, Phanerotoma fasciata, a list of selected biological control programs, major natural enemies of the codling moth, introduction of exotic biological control agents, Cryptus sexannulatus, Trichogramma embryophagum, apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella, Opius canaliculatus, Diachasma alloeum, D. ferrugineum, Biosteres melleus, Opius lectus, other fruit flies, other insects