Chapter 11. S. M. Welch, B. A. Croft. 1983. Models of direct fruit pests of apple. Pages 343-368. In: B. A. Croft, S. C. Hoyt (editors). Integrated Management of Insect Pests of Pome and Stone Fruits. New York: John Wiley-Interscience, 454 pages.

Keywords: insect timing methods, codling moth second generation emergence model, a long term population model for codling moth, conceptual model of codling moth population, computer implementation of models, structure and function-specification phases, validation, sensitivity, and stability-analysis phases, access to operational models,