Chapter 41. T. S. Bellows. 1999. Whither hence, Prometheus? Pages 1011-1015. In: Thomas S. Bellows, T. W. Fisher, L. E. Caltagirone, D. L. Dahlsten, G. Gorth, C. B. Huffaker. 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications of Biological Control. San Francisco CA: Academic Press, 1046 pages.

Keywords: a gift of fire, history of biological control, Carl Linnaeus provided the first written proposal in 1752 recommending biological control when he remarked that every insect has its predator and such predators should be used to disinfect crop plants, in 1855 Asa Fitch recommended the need for natural enemies from Europe to control wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana, Riley in 1855 reported the first successful movement of a parasitoid Cotesia glomerata between countries, whither hence? Combating adventive and native pests, microbial agents as biological pesticides, protection of natural ecosystems, nontraditional settings, gene use and modification, experts and institutions, training future scientists and practitioners, toward the light