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Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
Video and Editing Techniques Essay
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
Please provide a written comment that deals with all the italicized tasks below. You don’t need to write about all of listed content but it essential that you write about a minimum of two of the sub headings for the learning outcomes.
Unit content
P1. UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRINCIPLES OF EDITING
P1.1 Development: in-camera editing; following the action; multiple points of view; shot variation; manipulation of diegetic time and space; film, video; analogue; digital.
Task 1. Provide a written report to explain your understanding of the above media terms, also provide written details about camera and audio equipment you use to record production work. P1 M1 D1
In-Camera Editing
With in-camera editing, you shoot your film as normal but you have the restriction of not being able to edit that footage later in your production. You have to shoot you scenes in order so that it pieces everything together in the end the way you wanted it, thus then after it will be ready to ready when you are done your production.
With this method, I have taken some pointers from it in that when I film a production, I tend to shoot everything in order and as best I can, making there no room for extra unneeded footage that would confuse me later in post-production.
Examples of in-camera editing would be in any old movies as this was the only method of editing and capturing they had back then.
Following the actionFollowing the action is self-explanatory, as when you are filming your production you follow
the actions that is happening continuously in time and in sync with it. An example of this
would be in the film production that I worked on for Lo Shiavo, as we had a scene where it
follows our main character from behind as he walks down an alley. We used this as it was a
good way to present to our audience a close- up of what was going on in the film. I
personally filmed this by stepping in sync with our actor as he walked. It took several
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
attempts to get the timing right, but I feel as when we did execute it properly it worked out
as we originally intended it to. On other high budget productions, this is normally done with
equipment that consists of Steadicams and a dolly. We personally used the hand-held
method, which is a work around for less budgeted productions.
Multiple points of viewWith multiple points of view, it gives different perspectives of the characters that are
presented on screen. This is usually done when more than one character is contributing to
the dialogue, story or scene. When in post-production, the editing will need to be timed
right in accordance to how it is wanted to look, as you will need to cut between certain
characters at different times.
Shot Variation Shot variation refers to the different types of shots that are used when filming. There is
quite a large range of shots that can be used for when carrying out the production. Certain
shots can help display a close-up to a character’s face to show emotion, or show a shot of
what is happening in the scene so that the audience can get a better grasp on what is
happening.
Different types of shots include:
EWS (Extreme wide shot)
VES (Very Wide shot)
WS (Wide Shot)
MS (Mid Shot)
HA (High Angle)
LA (Low Angle)
MCU (Medium Close Up)
CU (Close Up)
ECU (Extreme Close Up)
Cut-In
CA (Cut away)
Two-shot
OSS (Over-the-shoulder Shot)
POV (Point-of-view Shot)
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
An example of one of these shots, would be a “Point of View” shot that is used throughout the Iron Man movies to show what the main character is seeing within his suit of armor at that moment in time:
Manipulation of diegetic time and spaceManipulation of Diegetic time and space is when a long period is produced to be shown in a
short period. In productions, a common example of this would be in things such as flashback
scenes to show what happened in the past. Most films are usually shot within a real-time
basis, but with manipulation of diegetic time and space, the film can portray what happened
in a character’s past that could contribute a key plotline to the overall story. Another
example would be placing characters in front of a green screen to portray that they are in a
different location to what they are.
FilmFilm is celluloid material that can be used to capture movement frame by frame. It’s usually
shot at 24 frames per second when making a film and although 35mm is typically the type of
film that is used for a feature film, 70mm, Super 16mm and 16mm can be used as well. The
process of editing film is long and requires you to physically cut and splice together film
reels using scissors and tape. If a mistake is made while editing film, it’s permanent. Film is
not used much in modern times.
Video Before what we have today, video captured would be stored on tapes and the way the films
would be edited is by editing the segments of film in a machine that mechanically puts these
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
pieces together. This meant that any mistakes were permanent. The film would also have to
be edited in a linear order. Video is also similar to Film in that it is not commonly used
anymore.
Analogue
Analogue is a method of editing before the use of computers. Analogue editing is linear as
you cannot fix mistakes that you have made once you have made them as all of the editing
that you would need to carry out, must be done consecutively. The introduction of
computers and non-linear editing has almost entirely made analogue editing obsolete.
Digital
The modern method for editing will normally involve the film being recorded onto a SD card
or digital tape and this makes it much more effective and faster. Also with digital editing, it
is non-linear which gives editors the freedom to go back and correct mistakes and edit at
any point throughout the footage. With modern age, there are tons of video editing
software such as: Final Cut Pro, Adobe Premiere Pro, After Effects CC, iMovie and Windows
Movie Maker. In the example below, is a video I have made with Adobe Premiere Pro using
the digital method:
Equipment Used in Production
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
The cameras that I have used in filming consist of the Nikon D3100 DSLR camera and a Sony
JVC camera.
Nikon D3100 DSLR
I also used a tripod to hold the camera for my productions:
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
I used both a boom mic and a shotgun mic for various productions.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
The equipment I used for both editing and recording the film were: Mac Computers, my
Acer Aspire E-15 laptop and also SD cards that were in the cameras to hold the recoded
footage.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
P1.2 Purposes: storytelling, e.g. engaging the viewer, development of drama, relationship to genre, creating motivation; combining shots into sequences; creating pace.
Task 2. Describe how the above media terms are important to moving image productions. Give an account of you are intending to employ editing techniques and processes to tell your story? P1 M1 D1
Storytelling Storytelling is the way in which the film makers will convey the story thorough event’s such
as words, images and video
Engaging the Viewer:
To engage a viewer in your wok, you would need to have a very interesting story or concept
behind it to garner their interest. Just by taking your idea and expanding it as much as
possible in the correct way, it can create a whole new world of possibilities for the viewer to
think of and explore and to ponder upon. This is what makes a good story as it is engaging
the viewer into your work and making hem interested in what you’re doing. In my opinion,
things such as the right transitions, the correct soundtrack and also the right story is what
engages the audience the most.
Development of Drama
The development of drama is how a story changes throughout a film and increases or
decreases drama by using different plot twists and progressions. This is important, as it will
make the viewer interested in your work.
Relationship to Genre:
A film’s relationship to a genre is what genre or genres a film fits into based on how it is trying to make its audience feel. Expanding on this, if, for example, a film is of the comedy genre, then it should stick mainly to that genre. If the comedy starts to stray away from its genre, then the interpretation by the audience can become messy and they can become confused by what the film is trying to portray
.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
Creating motivation:
This means that a filmmaker is creating a reason for a character in their film to do
something. To have a motivated film you must consider what every shot does for the
viewer. You must make sure that your edits correlate well with the scene, storyline and
audience. The most common example of this would be in superhero movies, as towards the
start they are given motivation to do something, for example in Captain America: The First
Avenger, he is motivated to become a hero so that he can be enlisted in the army and help
out those who are helpless and can’t defend themselves. Through techniques that the
storyteller uses, this can create motivation within the film.
Combining Shots into Sequences:
This is process happens in the editing stages of post-production. It means to take all the
shots from your footage and edit and arrange them together into a sequence and order that
best fits the tone, pace and general flow that you wish to achieve for that scene.
Creating pace:
Creating pace is the process of using the pace of the film to ensure that the film is not too
rushed or too slow. Pace is created through editing by deciding what cuts to make, adding
music or sound effects. Editors can create fast or slow pace; fast pace will be used more in
action movies especially around the action scenes.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
P1.3 Conventions and techniques: seamless; continuity; motivated; montage; jump-cutting; parallel editing; 180o rule; splicing; transitions, e.g. cut, dissolve, fade, wipe; cutaways; point of view shot; shot-reverse-shot; providing and withholding information; editing rhythm; crosscutting; cutting to soundtrack.
Task 3. Provide a written report to explain what the above editing conventions and techniques mean and give an account of the editing techniques you plan to use in your production. P1 M1 D1
Motivated:Motivated editing is when you consider what every shot does for the viewer, a motivation behind every clip.
Montage:A montage is a quick sequence of clips mixed in as one. Montages lack structure purposefully; the idea is to show a lot of sequences in a small amount of time.
Jump-Cutting:Jump Cutting is an edit that is quick to move to the next clip. The transition is not smooth instead it’s like a jump, hence the name.
Parallel Editing & Cross Cutting:Parallel Editing/ Cross Cutting is when a sequence is shot in two different places. They usually go together and show what’s happening in real time from two perspectives. They are two parallel narratives that are happening in different locations but are linked by connecting aspects of the film’s story.
180° Rule:The 180° rule is means that once a scene begins being shot from a certain perspective there’s an imaginary 180° line that cannot be crossed or it will be confusing to the audience.
Splicing:Splicing in editing means to join two pieces of footage together to create a new sequence.
Transitions;Cut:This is the most commonly used transition; it’s an instant change from Clip A to Clip B.
Dissolve/Fade: Dissolve is a gradual fade from Clip A to Clip B.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
Wipe:Wipes are when one shot transitions to the next from one particular part of the frame.
Cutaways:A cutaway is a shot that is cut to that only lasts for a few seconds and relates to the shot that was previously being shown.
POV Shots:POV stands for “Point of View” which means the camera is situated or moves as if it’s through the eyes of the selected character.
Shot Reverse Shot:This is when a certain type of shot continues to be cut back to. Commonly used when two characters are having a conversation.
Providing and Withholding Information:This technique is used to give the audience clues to understanding a plot point or to confuse them; possibly to be understood later.
Editing Rhythm:Creating a rhythmic editing is when the relation between each shot functions to create a pace for the film.
Cutting to Soundtrack:Cutting to a Soundtrack involves editing your video with music being a priority. The pace and beats are matched.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
Task 4. Provide a written report to explain what the above editing conventions and techniques mean and give an account
P2. BE ABLE TO PREPARE MOVING IMAGE MATERIAL FOR EDITING
P2.1 Preparation techniques: checking material for faults; marking up a script; labelling tapes; storing tapes or film; producing an edit decision list; creating bins; clarifying the purpose of the work with a client
Explanation of media terms
Checking materials for faults – Checking materials for faults means that you should check
the footage before using it in the editing process to make sure that there are no faults
within you material and that you can use it without any errors.
Marking up a script – Marking up a script is the process writing up extremely useful
information in the script for the editors, this makes their jobs a lot easier and also ensures
that they get the full idea of how you want it to be edited.
Labelling tapes - Labelling tapes is purely just for organisation and to make the editing
process easier later. When editing a production, you will have countless tapes and videos, if
you didn't label it you would have to go through all the tapes constantly just to find a few
clips.
Storing tapes or film – Backups of all tapes and clips are very important; in one false click
you could accidentally delete files or lose them very easily. During production and after
production losing files could be detrimental to the entire production.
Producing an edit decision list – An edit decision list is a list that will give the client the final
says on the product by showing the shots for the final film.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
Creating Bins – This is the process of taking your footage from a shoot, labelling them,
putting them in bins and then giving them to the editor. Bins can also be called folders and
they are designed to store the footage. This way the director can leave notes and it makes
the overall process a lot easier and more organised.
Clarifying the purpose of the work with a client – This is a very important part of the editing
process if you are editing someone else’s work and not your own. You must make sure that
you have discussed with them how they would like you to cut together their footage and
what their desired effect is for their final product. This way the editor can work towards
making their product as close as possible to the way that their client wants it.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
P2.2 Preparing to edit: importing clips; bins; timelines; storage and folder management;
online and offline editing; formats; resolution
Task 5. Provide screen shots of the editing techniques used. Command – Shift – 4 and
select the relevant material on screen.
Screen shots of clips, bins, timeline, etc.
Importing clips – the first thing that needs to be done before editing is the importing of the
clips. Any clips you plan on using should be imported into the editing software.
Bins – Used to store footage and are labelled so that they are organized.
Timelines – Timelines are the area of a video editing software in which the clips are dropped
into and cut together.
Storage and folder management –Achieved by storing the projects on document folders. It
can also be important to create extra copies of the stored projects to ensure that if one is
corrupted the other will be there.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
Online and offline editing – The process of offline editing takes place before online editing in
which the raw footage recorded by the camera is copied and edited but the original film
footage is unaffected. This footage is then assembled in the online editing stages.
Formats – A file format stores digital video data on a computer for editing software.
Resolution – You are able to adjust the resolution of a video in editing. You can change it from a standard definition video like a 240p video or a HD video like a 1080p video.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
P3. BE ABLE TO EDIT MOVING IMAGE MATERIAL
P3.1 Editing technology: software applications; hardware, e.g. non-linear, linear; high definition; standard definition; tapes; hard disc; data transfer rates; exporting productions; file types, e.g. mov, avi, flv; compression
Task 6. Describe what editing techniques you used to produce the work and provide a list of all editing equipment employed in production process.
Software Applications:
Before this project, I have used different video editing software to complete different
projects and tasks over the years. These include Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas Pro and
Windows Movie Maker. When starting on this course, we were mainly focused and forced
to use Final Cut Pro X to complete our tasks, but when it came to finally editing my film I
decided to use Adobe Premiere Pro to complete it as I preferred it over Final Cut Pro X and
thus think I got the best edit of my film out of this software.
Hardware:
During this project, I used Apple’s Desktop Mac Computer and my own personal laptop
which is an Acer Aspire E-15. I prefer using my computer over that of the Mac Computer and
I can work with it easier as I have been using this kind of PC for many years. Editing can be
done fast and easy, but also export times are really fast on my PC, which is just a small bit
slower than that of a Mac, but that didn’t bother me when exporting and editing my work.
High Definition (HD):
High Definition has become the normal standard in which things are viewed/filmed in recent
years. The two main sizes that are associated with HD are 720p (1280x720) and
1080p/1080i (1920x1080). In recent years, 4K shooting and viewing has been present in the
industry. Producing something in HD allows the picture to be sharp and clear and thus
creates a better viewing experience for all to enjoy.
Standard Definition (SD):
Standard Definition is the step down from High Definition (HD). It used to be quality’s
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
standard, but in most recent years it is slowly becoming less likely to be used. The size
associated with standard definition is 480p (640x480).
Linear:
Linear video editing is the process of selecting, arranging and modifying images and sound in
an ordered sequence. Linear editing is the most basic way of completing and editing
projects. This has since been used less frequently since the use of non-linear editing has
come into play, which I will expand on below.
Non-Linear:
Non-linear editing is a method that allows you to access any frame in a digital video clip
regardless of sequence in the clip. This method allows you to easily include fades,
transitions, and other effects that cannot be achieved with linear editing. Currently most
editing software are non-linear video editing software due to the high demand of editing
requirements.
Hard Disk:
This is a HDD (Hard Disk Drive), a portable storage system to store film or other files. This is
particularly good to have when transporting your projects from one system to another.
Tapes:
Tapes are what’s used to film, the footage is then stored on these tapes. These are
extremely rarely used, if not never used, in today’s industry.
Data Transfer Rates:
Data Transfer Rates (DTR) is the speed that data transfers from one device to another.
Speed is indicated in megabits (mbps) or megabytes (mbps) per second.
Exporting Production:
When exporting a file on Final Cut Pro X, I used the method of going to “File”, then to
“Share” and then to “Export File”, which can be seen in the screenshot below.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
When exporting in Adobe Premiere Pro, I went to “File”, then to “Export” and then to
“Media”, which can be seen in the screenshot below.
File Types:
.MOV:
MOV video file is a common multimedia format often used for saving movies and other
video files. It is a multimedia container that contains one or more tracks for video, audio,
effects and text. It was created by Apple.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
.AVI:
AVI video file is a common multimedia format often used for saving movies and most other
video files. It is a multimedia container that contains one or more tracks for video, audio,
effects and text.
.FLV:
Flash Video is a container file format used to deliver video over the Internet using Adobe
Flash Player version 6 and newer. t is a multimedia container that contains one or more
tracks for video, audio, effects and text. It was created by Adobe.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
P3.2 Editing process: use appropriate techniques, e.g. seamless, continuity, motivated, montage, jump-cutting, parallel editing; use appropriate transitions, e.g. cut, dissolve, fade, wipe; use appropriate conventions, e.g. cutaways, cutting on action, creating juxtapositions, intercutting; pace effectively; convey information effectively; use sound to create impact; synchronise sound and vision; mix soundtracks; overlap sound; offline edit; online edit
Task 7. Describe editing techniques used and provide screen shots of editing techniques employed.
Examples of the Editing Techniques I Used:
Jump-Cutting
Through my Biographical sketch, I used many jump cuts as there were times were I would
mess up in what I was saying or there was a slight pause, This was to take out all of those
moments so that the end product was a polished piece of work with no awkward pauses
and it sticks to the script as much as possible.
Syncing Audio and Video
Within my Biographical sketch, I synced both the audio where I was talking in time with the
footage of me actually talking and also over the clips that I put in my Biographical sketch.
Conveying Information Effectively
An example of where I used this in the editing process is when I had a cut to where it shows
what’s on the table in front of the main character. This was used twice, once to portray that
the character is struggling to make ends meet, and the other time was when the main
character seems to have it all but is struggling once more. I think that these shots conveyed
the information effectively so that the audience could interpret what was going on more
effectively.
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
Using sound to create impact
An example of this is the gun shot that I added into the fictional film, I edited it so that it was
quite loud and thus startling the audience so that it would convey the serious tone that I
wanted to create.
Voiceover:
Voiceover is extremely useful in giving audience information that may not be capable of
giving within the scenes in the film or perhaps the information is too detailed and lengthy to
be established in a scene so is therefore delivered in a voice over. During the creation and
editing of our film for the opera “Lo Schiavo”, we made use of a voiceover within it. Not only
is it extremely useful in giving audience information that they may not notice in the scenes
in the film or perhaps the information is too detailed and but I feel that using a voiceover
bring the audience closer to the character on screen. We used a voice over in our film for
the main character, as he was both the narrator and the actor performing in it. Here is a
screenshot from my timeline highlighting how I adjusted the voiceover with the film clips:
P3.3 Post-production tools: on screen text; image editing; audio editing Assessment and grading criteria.
Task 8. What credit and title techniques, audio techniques and music clips did you use?
Titles/On-Screen text:
Titles are very useful for delivering tone and mood, for example a very old font may suggest
a film is going to be set in a traditional period while a modern font may suggest that the film
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
is like the title, modern. I made use of titles in my Biographical Sketch, which can be seen in
the screenshot below:
With on screen text, you can convey information to the viewer. This can be done in
Premiere Pro by simply going to “New” and then “Title”, thus you can then create custom
titles and text to put over your production and convey messages that you want to the
viewer.
Image Editing: Visuals in a piece of footage can be edited in several ways such as colour
correction, adding filters and changing it to black and white.
Audio Editing – When it comes to audio editing you can split the audio from the clip to allow
you to edit it further.
I will now highlight some key Audio editing I have done:
Usage of sound to create impact:
Sound is extremely important in film, and thus when creating our film for “Lo Schiavo”, we
used the music in the Opera itself as a lot of it is very loud and emotional, and it suited our
film well in the final product. Sounds are extremely important to increase an audience’s
emotive response to video and will help deliver whatever feelings you want to give your
audience. Such audio from the Opera that we used were: We also used sound effects such
as gunshots so that the emphasis was put on certain scenes and engaged the viewer even
more.
Credits:
Scrolling credits are very useful for displaying big amounts of information or to give credit to
numerous roles and crewmembers. Within our film for “Lo Schiavo”, while we originally
Daniella Vincent Video Editing Techniques
intended to do this, we thought that we would incorporate the credits into the film itself as
we found that having them on a black screen and scrolling at the end would be boring.