Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy134 P K Guha Road Dum Dum Kol-28

Study Material of 0862020For Class Nursery to XII

Class NurserySubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Letter lsquoQrsquo

Rain Rain go away Write in the copy Listen and repeat

Math Worksheet Check WhatsAppHindi Worksheet Check WhatsApp

Bengali Worksheet Check WhatsAppClass KG I

Subject Topic ExecutionEnglish Small cursive letters Write m ndash p in the copyMath Reading Book Pg 141 Write in book

Bengali সাহিতয মকল Pg 12 ই ndash কার ( ) যাগে শবদ ঠন ndash Read Hindi Worksheet Check WhatsApp

Class KG IISubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Worksheet ndash CVC word

Cursive writing Book ndash Pg 10 Check WhatsApp Write in Book

Math (Term I) Pg 106 107 Write in the bookComputer Pg 13 ndash B

Pg 13 ndash C and Pg 14 ndash D

Answers(Write in book)1 mistakes2 Write3 Remember4 Electricity5 Tired

Do in the bookArtCraft ArtCraft book ndash Pg ndash 22 Do in the book

Class ISubject Topic Summary Execution English 1 Opposites Done Write the opposites of-

1) new 2)inside 3)East 4)good 5)open 6)fast 7)full 8)sell9)more 10)rich

English 2 Poem The Furry home

Done Fill in the blanks-If I were a mouse__________________ I think I would choose___________________

Math Chapter 5 Done Do page 209EVS Chapter 8 Done Page 134

Arrange the letters-1RODO- DOOR2OFOR- ROOF3ROLOF- FLOOR4DOWNIW- WINDOW

Hindi Chapter 5 page 46

Done 3 क सथान पर की मातरा लगाएबर- बर बल- बल ह- ह मल- मल सर-सर चन- चन

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash২১ কহিবতাndashছটি কহিবndashরবীনদরনাথ ঠাকরকহিবতার সারাংশ - এই কহিবতায় কহিব এক বরষampা হিগেনর কথা বগেলগেছন তার সাগেথ বগেলগেছন এক হিশশর ছটির আনগের কথা তগেব এখাগেন কহিব বরষampার বষটির বরণampনা যনহিন বরণampনা কগেরগেছন যমঘ সগের হিগেয় হি0হিলক যওয়া যরাদদগেরর কথা হিশশ মগেনর আনগে চাহিরহিগেক ঘগের যবডাগে4 মগেনর খহিশগেত

যকয়া পাতার যনৌকা ফল হিগেয় সাহি7গেয় ভাহিসগেয়গেছ হিহিঘর 7গেল

Home Work১ ছটি কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স পরথম চার লাইন যলগেখা

Class IISubject Topic Summary Execution Eng literature

Ch 1 Brave JiyaBook Orchid

Refer to pg 9Write the question and answers in the school copy and learn

Ex C Answer the Question (continuation)Qs 3 Why did Jiya shout loudlyAns Jiya shouted loudly because Tarunrsquos foot slipped and he fell into the riverQs 4 Who saved Jiya and TarunAns A strong man jumped into the river and saved Jiya and Tarun

Eng language

Ch 7 Being Verbs

REFER TO PG 40WRITE IN THE BOOK AND LEARN

Write Ex A D amp E IN THE SCHOOL COPY ( 1 TO 5 ) FROM EACH EXERCISE

Ex E Complete these sentences using am is are was or wereAnswers

1 am2 was3 was is4 are5 were6 is7 is are8 were9 were10 was11 was12 is

EVS Ch 7 Houses We Build

Refer to pg 133Write in the book and learn

Ex C Write True or FalseAnswers

1 False2 False3 False

Ex D Match the columnAnswers ndash

Helpers Works they do 1electrician

2 carpenter3Plumber4contractor

(d)Does electric wiring(a) makes doors and windows(c) fits and fixes taps and pipes(b) gives jobs to labourers

Mathematics

CHAPTER 5 SUBTRACTION

PRACTICE THE SUBTRACTION POEM

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৮ কহিবতাndashআমাগের গরাম কহিবndashবগেআহিল হিমঞা কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই কহিবতায় বাংলার গরাগেমর বরণampনা হিগেয়গেছন গরাগেম য়গেতা ঘর যছাট তগেব যসখাগেন সকগেল হিমগেলহিমগেশ থাগেক তারা সকগেল একসাগেথ পাঠশালায় ায় আর কখগেনাই 0ডা হিববা কগের না তারা বডগের কথা শগেন চগেল যসখাগেন আগেছ মাঠ ভরা ধান হিঘী ভরা 7ল যসই 7গেল চা াগের হিকররণ যলগে হি0কহিমক কগের পরকহিতর বগেকগেশানা ায় নানান পাহিখর কলতান বগেয় ায় হিগধ বাতাস াগেছ াগেছ ফগেট থাগেকনা নান ফলHome Work১ আমাগের গরাম কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স ছয় লাইন যলখ

Hindi वयाकरण

दिनो क नाम या करक लिलखन का अभयास कर सोमवार मगलवार बधवार गरवार शकरवार शनिनवार रनिववार

Class IIISubject Topic Summary Execution COMPUTER CHAPTER 4

DRAWING IN MS PAINT

USING THE TOOLS IN MS PAINTFILL WITH COLOUR TOOL - IS USED TO FILL AND AREA OF A DRAWING WITH A SELECTED COLOURERASER TOOL - IS USED TO ERASE PARTS OF A DRAWINGCOLOR PICKER TOOL- IS USED TO COPY A COLOUR FROM ONE PART OF A DRAWING TO ANOTHERMAGNIFIER TOOL- IS USED TO MAGNIFY THE AREAS OF A DRAWINGPENCIL TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW STROKES LIKE A PENCILTEXT TOOL-IS USED TO ADD TEXT IN THE DRAWINGLINE TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW STRAIGHT LINESCURVE TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW CURVESRECTANGLE TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW A SQUARE OR RECTANGLEPOLYGON TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW VARIOUS POLYGON SHAPESOVAL TOOL- IS USED TO TOUR CIRCULAR SHAPES LIKE OVALS AND CIRCLES READ THE SUMMARY

Eng language

Ch 6 Gender

Refer to pg 25 Do in the book

Ex C Write these nouns in the correct columnMascular noun Feminine noun Common nounpeacock

gander

father

headmistress

stallion

empress

baby

passenger

owner

drake

goose

gentleman

bull

stag

grandfather

brother

uncle

master

nephew

prince

headmaster

waiter

bridegroom

buck

cow

doe

mare

actress

peahen

bride

nanny

mother

granddaughter

woman

daughter

niece

stewardess

lady

dancer

companion

infant

pupil

president

parent

singer

student

teacher

friend

guest

relative

person

child

toddler

Science

Birds (Types of Feet and Claws)

Types of feet and claws Birds have two legs to move on land Most birds have four toes on each foot Each toe has a curved and pointed claw at its end Birds use their feet and claws to move catch food hold onto branches and also fight to their enemies Perching birds Some birds such as crows sparrows pigeons can sit on branches they are known as perching birds This is because they have three toes in the front and one at the back Their toes grip the branches tightly like a lock So they do not fall off even when they are asleep Flesh-eating birds Eagles vultures are called flesh-eating birds They have strong sharp claws called talons which help them to catch small animals These birds hold their prey in their talons while flying Scratching birds Hens and peacocks are called scratching birds as they have hard and sharp claws Their claws help them to catch and dig the ground to pull out insects and worms

BENGALIবইndash বাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ৯কহিবতা ndash আশamp যছগেলকহিবndash কসমকমারী াশ

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব বগেলগেছন পরকত ভাল যছগেলগের কথায় নয় কাগে7 বড গেত গেব াহিস মগেখ সকল কাগে7 এহিগেয় যগেত গেব াত-পা সবার আগেছ হিকনত ভাগেলা গেত যগেল মনরষযতব থাকগেত গেব বampল ভীত যছগেল যকউই পছ কগের না বগেকর যভতর শহিG 7াহিগেয় তলগেত গেব যকবল 7গেHই নয় কাগে7র মাধযগেম হিনগে7র আসল পহিরচয় গেড তলগেত গেব

Hindi वयाकरण

पाठ 6 वचन वचनसजञाशबोकीसखयाबतातह वचन ो तरह क ह- एकवचन तथा

बहवचन कछ शबो का परयोग एकवचन की

तरह ही होता ह कछ शबो का परयोग सा बहवचन म

होता ह वचन क अनसार वाकय का रप

बलता ह

परशन उततर-1)वचन निकस कहत हउततर- जिस शब स सजञा क एक या एक स अधिधक होन का पता चलता ह उस वचन कहत ह2) वचन निकतन परकार क होत हउततर- हिही म वचन ो परकार क ह 1)एकवचन 2)बहवचन

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Mul

tiplic

ation

Wor

d Pr

oble

ms o

n M

ultip

licati

on

Exercise ndash 31

2 There are 18 sections in a school If each section has 54 students find the number of students in the school

Solution In each section there are 5 4 students In the school there are times1 8 sections 4 3 2 (54times8) 5 4 0 (54times1) Total number of students is 9 7 2 (54times18)

there4 The number of students in the school is 9724 The price of a toy is Rs 126 Find the price of 36 such toys

Solution The price of a toy Rs 1 2 6 times3 6 toys 7 5 6 3 7 8 0 Rs 4 5 3 6there4 The price of 36 such toys is Rs 4536

5 A box contains 48 chalk sticks Find the number of chalk sticks in 54 boxes

Solution A box contains 4 8 chalk sticks times 5 4 boxes 1 9 2 2 4 0 0 2 5 9 2 chalk sticks there4 2592 chalk sticks are there in 54 boxes

8 There are 24 trees in a row How many trees will be there in 89 rows Solution 2 4 trees in a row

times 8 9 rows 2 1 6 1 9 2 0 2 1 3 6 trees there4 There will be 2136 trees in 89 rows

11 45 students of a class collected Rs 125 each for Prime Ministerrsquos Relief Fund How much money did they collected

Solution Each student paid Rs 1 2 5 times 4 5 students 6 2 5 5 0 0 0 Rs 5 6 2 5there4 They collected Rs5625 for Prime Ministerrsquos Relief Fund

12 A bus can carry 52 children How many children can go to picnic in 23 buses

Solution A bus can carry 5 2 chi9ldren times2 3 buses 1 5 6 1 0 4 0 1 1 9 6 childrenthere4 1196 children can go to picnic in 23 buses

Practice at home (Ex- 31)

13 A box of chocolates has 24 slabs in it How many slabs will be there in 75 boxes14 The price of a table is Rs 725 On Monday Amit sold 9 tables How much amount did he receive on that day

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Use of capital letters

Explained in the previous lesson

Rewrite the following sentences using capitals wherever you think they are necessary (page 91)6 Alicersquos Adventures in Wonderland is the name of a book written by Lewis Carroll The authors real name was Charles Dodgson He also wrote a book called Through the looking ndash glass

7 The greatest king of the Mauryan dynasty was Ashoka

8 The Second World War lasted for more than four years

9 Pakistan Bangladesh and Nepal are amongst Indias neighboring countries

10 The capital of the Arab Republic of Egypt is CairoSocial studies

India ndash physical divisions

Importance of Northern PlainsThe soil is very rich and fertile Major food crops like rice wheat oilseeds pulses and sugarcane are grown here The Northern Plains of India are thickly populated because of the highly fertile land Many famous cities like Varanasi Allahabad and Patna are situated on the banks of the river Ganga It has very hot summers and very cold winters Important industries like iron steel jute and cement are located throughout this region

The Peninsular plateau

1 Name some food crops that grows in the Northern PlainsAns Rice wheat pulses sugarcane and oilseeds

2 Name some famous cities that are situated on the banks of river GangaAns Allahabad Varanasi and Patna

3Give the extension of the peninsula plateauAns It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari

We have a very big plateau to the South of the Northern Plains It is called the plateau of Peninsular India It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari This part of land is surrounded by water on three sides ndash East West and South and is connected with the larger portion of land in the North It is therefore called a peninsula

Science The Teeth (Healthy diet for healthy teeth)

Healthy Diet For Healthy TeethWe have already learnt how to take care of our teeth and gums and it is also essential to have proper diet which can protect the health of our teeth and gums

We should eat calcium rich foods such as milk cheese eggs almonds as calcium keep the enamel of our teeth strong

Vegetables and fruits are also help to keep our teeth and gums strong as they are rich in fiber

Vitamin C and D also make our teeth strong Food such as oranges lemons tomatoes is rich sources of vitamin C and vitamin D is present in fish wheat eggs milk and also in sunlight

We should avoid sugary food as sugar allows germs to grow It stays on the teeth for a long time soft drinks such as colas damage the enamel of our teeth So we should not drink this type of drinks

Bookrsquosexercise C Give one-word answers1 Name the first set of teeth we get ndash Temporary Teeth2 Name the teeth used for biting and cutting food ndash Incisors3 Which teeth help to crush and grind food ndash Molars 4What is the middle layer of tooth called ndashDentine5 Name the innermost layer of a tooth ndash Pulp

COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD

ALIGNMENT TEXTIn Word if you want to align some text first select it Then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Align Left or Align Right depending on what you want

The Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordThe Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordHeres how text aligned to the right looks

Text that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordText that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordCenter text horizontally in Microsoft WordTo center text horizontally first select it Then click or tap on the same Home tab from the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Center and the selected text is instantly moved to the middle of the side margins of the page

The Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordJustify text in Microsoft WordJustified text has straight edges on both sides of the page To achieve this effect Word can add more or less space between words so that each line fills from one end to the other However the last line of text can be shorter if it has too few words in itTo justify text in Word first select the text then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Justify Your text should look something like this

The Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft Word READ THE SUMMARY

Hindi 2ndlang

तम मझ खन ो म तमह आाी दगा

परतीक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहए सवशी वह ह जिस अपन श क इनितहास और उस की ससकनित पर गवJ ह ो श को साफ सवचछ रखता ह ो उसकी पराकनितक सरता को नकसान नही पहचाता और ो उसकी उनननित और परगनित

क लिलए परयतन शील रहता ह य ह कहानी सभाष चदर बोस की ह ब म छोट थ और उनक निपता ी वकील तब धिमशन सकल म पढतवहा कभी-

कभी उनकी बजजती भी बाकी बस स कर त थ कयोनिक वह भारतीय थ उनह ाग करक कभी बलात तो कभी उनको खलन नही दिया ाता था सभाष बचपन स ही कछ कर दिखान की निनपणता उनम भरपर थी धीर- धीर वह खलक और

पढाई- लिलखाई सभी म इतन मानिहर हो गए निक उनक अधयापक परशसा करत नही थकत थ अचानक एक दिन सभाष न रनिXयो म गाधीी करकी बात सनी और वह काफी परोतसानिहत हए निक उनका निकस तरह स अनशन करना और उनका कहना हम सभी परतक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहएयह सारी बात सनकर उनक अर एक बलाव आया और वह अगरी सट बट छोडकर सवशी धोती कताJ पहना शर कर दिए 12 वषJ की उमर स ही उनक अर एक करानित की लहर ौड पडी

Continue to nexthellipBengali বইndashবাংলা

সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ১৩কহিবতা ndash বাংলাগেশ কহিব ndash সগেতযনদরনাথ তত

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই বাংলাগেশ কহিবতা টির মাধযগেম পললী বাংলার অপবamp রপ বরণampনা কগেরগেছন সব7 াছাছাহিলগেত যঘরা যসানার ফসগেল ভরা আমাগের বাংলাগেগেশ 7লাশয় ফগেট থাগেক পদম ফল াগেছ াগেছ নানান রকম পাহিখর কলতান যশানা ায় আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান এখানকার amp শায় আমরা ঃখ পাই যতমনই যগেশর গেবamp আমরা হিবampত ই এই বাংলাগেগেশর মাটিগেতই আমাগের হিপত হিপতামগের চররণধহিল আগেছHome Work ১ বাংলাগেশ কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স পরথম টি সতবক যলগেখা

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch

8Fa

ctor

s amp M

ultip

les

Factors Factors are what we can multiply to get a number and a factor is an exact divisor of the numberSo a number is a factor of another number if on dividing the second number by the first number the reminder is zero

Methods of finding factors We can find factors of a number by two methods (i) Multiplication and (ii) Division

Finding factors using Multiplication

Let us find the factors of 16∵ 1times 16 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 2times 8 = 16 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 4times 4 = 16 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Finding factors using Division ∵ 16 divide 1 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 2 = 8 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 4 = 4 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Properties of Factors 1 Every number can be written as a product of 1 and the number itself Example 21 = 1times21 159= 1times159 Thus 1 is a factor of every number and every number (other than zero) is a factor of itself 2 The number zero can be written as a product of 0 and any number eg 0 = 0times2 0 = 0times29 0 = 0times101 thus every number is a factor of zero

3 A factor of a number (other than zero) is either less than or equal to the number

4 Every number (except 1) has at least two factors

Note (i) The smallest factor of a number is 1 (ii) The greatest factor of a number is the number itself

Exercise ndash 307 Find the factors of 120

Solution 1234568121624304060120

9 What is the smallest factor of 25 Solution The smallest factor of

25 is 110 What is the greatest factor of 28

Solution The greatest factor of 28 is 28

11Say true or false(a) 3 is the factor of 9(b) 235 are factors of 30(c) 7 is a factor of 60(d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6(e) 1345 are factors of 36(f) 1 is a factor of every number(g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12

Solution (a) 3 is the factor of 9 [True](b) 235 are factors of 30 [True](c) 7 is a factor of 60 [False](d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6 [False](e) 1345 are factors of 36 [False](f) 1 is a factor of every number [True](g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12 [False]

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Reflexive pronouns

Explained in the previous lesson

Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns (30)5The dog saw itself in the mirror and started barking6 Jayant forced himself to swallow the bitter medicine7 The brother was turned into a bird and the seven beautiful sisters were themselves turned into seven stars8 The patient tried to get out of his bed by himself and fell down9 John was afraid to spend the night in the empty house all by himself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Gynoecium Q) What is ovary

Pollination The female reproductive part of a flower is called gynaecium It is also called pistil

It contains one or more female reproductive units called carpels

The carpel has three parts ndash Ovary Style Stigma

Ans - The swollen base of the carpel is called ovary Q) What are ovules Ans - Ovules are the female reproductive cell of flower Q) Where ovules are found Ans - Ovules are found in the ovary of the flower

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 3 DATA STORAGE DEVICES

EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE

E TICK THE CORRECT ANSWERd ALL OF THE ABOVEa ONa OFFb 3600 REVOLUTIONSMINa EPROMd 1 GEOBYTE

ACTIVITY ZONEA COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 PETABYTE = 1024 TB 1 KB = 1024 BYTES 1 PB = 1024 TERABYTES 8 BITS = 1 BYTE 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 KB 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 YB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1024 KB = 1 KB

Subject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesAirwaysAn aircraft or an aero plane is the machine which carries people and goods in the air to different places Out of all the modes of transport airways were the last to develop A place where aeroplanes land or takeoff is called an airport India has more than 300 civilian and more than 20 international airports The Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia The only airline owned by the government is Air India which handles both domestic and international flights under the same banner Several private airlines now dominate the market like Jet Airways IndiGo and SpiceJet which handle mostly domestic flightsAir transport is the fastest among all the means of transport

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

যকয়া পাতার যনৌকা ফল হিগেয় সাহি7গেয় ভাহিসগেয়গেছ হিহিঘর 7গেল

Home Work১ ছটি কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স পরথম চার লাইন যলগেখা

Class IISubject Topic Summary Execution Eng literature

Ch 1 Brave JiyaBook Orchid

Refer to pg 9Write the question and answers in the school copy and learn

Ex C Answer the Question (continuation)Qs 3 Why did Jiya shout loudlyAns Jiya shouted loudly because Tarunrsquos foot slipped and he fell into the riverQs 4 Who saved Jiya and TarunAns A strong man jumped into the river and saved Jiya and Tarun

Eng language

Ch 7 Being Verbs

REFER TO PG 40WRITE IN THE BOOK AND LEARN

Write Ex A D amp E IN THE SCHOOL COPY ( 1 TO 5 ) FROM EACH EXERCISE

Ex E Complete these sentences using am is are was or wereAnswers

1 am2 was3 was is4 are5 were6 is7 is are8 were9 were10 was11 was12 is

EVS Ch 7 Houses We Build

Refer to pg 133Write in the book and learn

Ex C Write True or FalseAnswers

1 False2 False3 False

Ex D Match the columnAnswers ndash

Helpers Works they do 1electrician

2 carpenter3Plumber4contractor

(d)Does electric wiring(a) makes doors and windows(c) fits and fixes taps and pipes(b) gives jobs to labourers

Mathematics

CHAPTER 5 SUBTRACTION

PRACTICE THE SUBTRACTION POEM

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৮ কহিবতাndashআমাগের গরাম কহিবndashবগেআহিল হিমঞা কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই কহিবতায় বাংলার গরাগেমর বরণampনা হিগেয়গেছন গরাগেম য়গেতা ঘর যছাট তগেব যসখাগেন সকগেল হিমগেলহিমগেশ থাগেক তারা সকগেল একসাগেথ পাঠশালায় ায় আর কখগেনাই 0ডা হিববা কগের না তারা বডগের কথা শগেন চগেল যসখাগেন আগেছ মাঠ ভরা ধান হিঘী ভরা 7ল যসই 7গেল চা াগের হিকররণ যলগে হি0কহিমক কগের পরকহিতর বগেকগেশানা ায় নানান পাহিখর কলতান বগেয় ায় হিগধ বাতাস াগেছ াগেছ ফগেট থাগেকনা নান ফলHome Work১ আমাগের গরাম কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স ছয় লাইন যলখ

Hindi वयाकरण

दिनो क नाम या करक लिलखन का अभयास कर सोमवार मगलवार बधवार गरवार शकरवार शनिनवार रनिववार

Class IIISubject Topic Summary Execution COMPUTER CHAPTER 4

DRAWING IN MS PAINT

USING THE TOOLS IN MS PAINTFILL WITH COLOUR TOOL - IS USED TO FILL AND AREA OF A DRAWING WITH A SELECTED COLOURERASER TOOL - IS USED TO ERASE PARTS OF A DRAWINGCOLOR PICKER TOOL- IS USED TO COPY A COLOUR FROM ONE PART OF A DRAWING TO ANOTHERMAGNIFIER TOOL- IS USED TO MAGNIFY THE AREAS OF A DRAWINGPENCIL TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW STROKES LIKE A PENCILTEXT TOOL-IS USED TO ADD TEXT IN THE DRAWINGLINE TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW STRAIGHT LINESCURVE TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW CURVESRECTANGLE TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW A SQUARE OR RECTANGLEPOLYGON TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW VARIOUS POLYGON SHAPESOVAL TOOL- IS USED TO TOUR CIRCULAR SHAPES LIKE OVALS AND CIRCLES READ THE SUMMARY

Eng language

Ch 6 Gender

Refer to pg 25 Do in the book

Ex C Write these nouns in the correct columnMascular noun Feminine noun Common nounpeacock

gander

father

headmistress

stallion

empress

baby

passenger

owner

drake

goose

gentleman

bull

stag

grandfather

brother

uncle

master

nephew

prince

headmaster

waiter

bridegroom

buck

cow

doe

mare

actress

peahen

bride

nanny

mother

granddaughter

woman

daughter

niece

stewardess

lady

dancer

companion

infant

pupil

president

parent

singer

student

teacher

friend

guest

relative

person

child

toddler

Science

Birds (Types of Feet and Claws)

Types of feet and claws Birds have two legs to move on land Most birds have four toes on each foot Each toe has a curved and pointed claw at its end Birds use their feet and claws to move catch food hold onto branches and also fight to their enemies Perching birds Some birds such as crows sparrows pigeons can sit on branches they are known as perching birds This is because they have three toes in the front and one at the back Their toes grip the branches tightly like a lock So they do not fall off even when they are asleep Flesh-eating birds Eagles vultures are called flesh-eating birds They have strong sharp claws called talons which help them to catch small animals These birds hold their prey in their talons while flying Scratching birds Hens and peacocks are called scratching birds as they have hard and sharp claws Their claws help them to catch and dig the ground to pull out insects and worms

BENGALIবইndash বাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ৯কহিবতা ndash আশamp যছগেলকহিবndash কসমকমারী াশ

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব বগেলগেছন পরকত ভাল যছগেলগের কথায় নয় কাগে7 বড গেত গেব াহিস মগেখ সকল কাগে7 এহিগেয় যগেত গেব াত-পা সবার আগেছ হিকনত ভাগেলা গেত যগেল মনরষযতব থাকগেত গেব বampল ভীত যছগেল যকউই পছ কগের না বগেকর যভতর শহিG 7াহিগেয় তলগেত গেব যকবল 7গেHই নয় কাগে7র মাধযগেম হিনগে7র আসল পহিরচয় গেড তলগেত গেব

Hindi वयाकरण

पाठ 6 वचन वचनसजञाशबोकीसखयाबतातह वचन ो तरह क ह- एकवचन तथा

बहवचन कछ शबो का परयोग एकवचन की

तरह ही होता ह कछ शबो का परयोग सा बहवचन म

होता ह वचन क अनसार वाकय का रप

बलता ह

परशन उततर-1)वचन निकस कहत हउततर- जिस शब स सजञा क एक या एक स अधिधक होन का पता चलता ह उस वचन कहत ह2) वचन निकतन परकार क होत हउततर- हिही म वचन ो परकार क ह 1)एकवचन 2)बहवचन

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Mul

tiplic

ation

Wor

d Pr

oble

ms o

n M

ultip

licati

on

Exercise ndash 31

2 There are 18 sections in a school If each section has 54 students find the number of students in the school

Solution In each section there are 5 4 students In the school there are times1 8 sections 4 3 2 (54times8) 5 4 0 (54times1) Total number of students is 9 7 2 (54times18)

there4 The number of students in the school is 9724 The price of a toy is Rs 126 Find the price of 36 such toys

Solution The price of a toy Rs 1 2 6 times3 6 toys 7 5 6 3 7 8 0 Rs 4 5 3 6there4 The price of 36 such toys is Rs 4536

5 A box contains 48 chalk sticks Find the number of chalk sticks in 54 boxes

Solution A box contains 4 8 chalk sticks times 5 4 boxes 1 9 2 2 4 0 0 2 5 9 2 chalk sticks there4 2592 chalk sticks are there in 54 boxes

8 There are 24 trees in a row How many trees will be there in 89 rows Solution 2 4 trees in a row

times 8 9 rows 2 1 6 1 9 2 0 2 1 3 6 trees there4 There will be 2136 trees in 89 rows

11 45 students of a class collected Rs 125 each for Prime Ministerrsquos Relief Fund How much money did they collected

Solution Each student paid Rs 1 2 5 times 4 5 students 6 2 5 5 0 0 0 Rs 5 6 2 5there4 They collected Rs5625 for Prime Ministerrsquos Relief Fund

12 A bus can carry 52 children How many children can go to picnic in 23 buses

Solution A bus can carry 5 2 chi9ldren times2 3 buses 1 5 6 1 0 4 0 1 1 9 6 childrenthere4 1196 children can go to picnic in 23 buses

Practice at home (Ex- 31)

13 A box of chocolates has 24 slabs in it How many slabs will be there in 75 boxes14 The price of a table is Rs 725 On Monday Amit sold 9 tables How much amount did he receive on that day

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Use of capital letters

Explained in the previous lesson

Rewrite the following sentences using capitals wherever you think they are necessary (page 91)6 Alicersquos Adventures in Wonderland is the name of a book written by Lewis Carroll The authors real name was Charles Dodgson He also wrote a book called Through the looking ndash glass

7 The greatest king of the Mauryan dynasty was Ashoka

8 The Second World War lasted for more than four years

9 Pakistan Bangladesh and Nepal are amongst Indias neighboring countries

10 The capital of the Arab Republic of Egypt is CairoSocial studies

India ndash physical divisions

Importance of Northern PlainsThe soil is very rich and fertile Major food crops like rice wheat oilseeds pulses and sugarcane are grown here The Northern Plains of India are thickly populated because of the highly fertile land Many famous cities like Varanasi Allahabad and Patna are situated on the banks of the river Ganga It has very hot summers and very cold winters Important industries like iron steel jute and cement are located throughout this region

The Peninsular plateau

1 Name some food crops that grows in the Northern PlainsAns Rice wheat pulses sugarcane and oilseeds

2 Name some famous cities that are situated on the banks of river GangaAns Allahabad Varanasi and Patna

3Give the extension of the peninsula plateauAns It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari

We have a very big plateau to the South of the Northern Plains It is called the plateau of Peninsular India It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari This part of land is surrounded by water on three sides ndash East West and South and is connected with the larger portion of land in the North It is therefore called a peninsula

Science The Teeth (Healthy diet for healthy teeth)

Healthy Diet For Healthy TeethWe have already learnt how to take care of our teeth and gums and it is also essential to have proper diet which can protect the health of our teeth and gums

We should eat calcium rich foods such as milk cheese eggs almonds as calcium keep the enamel of our teeth strong

Vegetables and fruits are also help to keep our teeth and gums strong as they are rich in fiber

Vitamin C and D also make our teeth strong Food such as oranges lemons tomatoes is rich sources of vitamin C and vitamin D is present in fish wheat eggs milk and also in sunlight

We should avoid sugary food as sugar allows germs to grow It stays on the teeth for a long time soft drinks such as colas damage the enamel of our teeth So we should not drink this type of drinks

Bookrsquosexercise C Give one-word answers1 Name the first set of teeth we get ndash Temporary Teeth2 Name the teeth used for biting and cutting food ndash Incisors3 Which teeth help to crush and grind food ndash Molars 4What is the middle layer of tooth called ndashDentine5 Name the innermost layer of a tooth ndash Pulp

COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD

ALIGNMENT TEXTIn Word if you want to align some text first select it Then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Align Left or Align Right depending on what you want

The Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordThe Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordHeres how text aligned to the right looks

Text that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordText that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordCenter text horizontally in Microsoft WordTo center text horizontally first select it Then click or tap on the same Home tab from the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Center and the selected text is instantly moved to the middle of the side margins of the page

The Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordJustify text in Microsoft WordJustified text has straight edges on both sides of the page To achieve this effect Word can add more or less space between words so that each line fills from one end to the other However the last line of text can be shorter if it has too few words in itTo justify text in Word first select the text then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Justify Your text should look something like this

The Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft Word READ THE SUMMARY

Hindi 2ndlang

तम मझ खन ो म तमह आाी दगा

परतीक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहए सवशी वह ह जिस अपन श क इनितहास और उस की ससकनित पर गवJ ह ो श को साफ सवचछ रखता ह ो उसकी पराकनितक सरता को नकसान नही पहचाता और ो उसकी उनननित और परगनित

क लिलए परयतन शील रहता ह य ह कहानी सभाष चदर बोस की ह ब म छोट थ और उनक निपता ी वकील तब धिमशन सकल म पढतवहा कभी-

कभी उनकी बजजती भी बाकी बस स कर त थ कयोनिक वह भारतीय थ उनह ाग करक कभी बलात तो कभी उनको खलन नही दिया ाता था सभाष बचपन स ही कछ कर दिखान की निनपणता उनम भरपर थी धीर- धीर वह खलक और

पढाई- लिलखाई सभी म इतन मानिहर हो गए निक उनक अधयापक परशसा करत नही थकत थ अचानक एक दिन सभाष न रनिXयो म गाधीी करकी बात सनी और वह काफी परोतसानिहत हए निक उनका निकस तरह स अनशन करना और उनका कहना हम सभी परतक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहएयह सारी बात सनकर उनक अर एक बलाव आया और वह अगरी सट बट छोडकर सवशी धोती कताJ पहना शर कर दिए 12 वषJ की उमर स ही उनक अर एक करानित की लहर ौड पडी

Continue to nexthellipBengali বইndashবাংলা

সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ১৩কহিবতা ndash বাংলাগেশ কহিব ndash সগেতযনদরনাথ তত

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই বাংলাগেশ কহিবতা টির মাধযগেম পললী বাংলার অপবamp রপ বরণampনা কগেরগেছন সব7 াছাছাহিলগেত যঘরা যসানার ফসগেল ভরা আমাগের বাংলাগেগেশ 7লাশয় ফগেট থাগেক পদম ফল াগেছ াগেছ নানান রকম পাহিখর কলতান যশানা ায় আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান এখানকার amp শায় আমরা ঃখ পাই যতমনই যগেশর গেবamp আমরা হিবampত ই এই বাংলাগেগেশর মাটিগেতই আমাগের হিপত হিপতামগের চররণধহিল আগেছHome Work ১ বাংলাগেশ কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স পরথম টি সতবক যলগেখা

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch

8Fa

ctor

s amp M

ultip

les

Factors Factors are what we can multiply to get a number and a factor is an exact divisor of the numberSo a number is a factor of another number if on dividing the second number by the first number the reminder is zero

Methods of finding factors We can find factors of a number by two methods (i) Multiplication and (ii) Division

Finding factors using Multiplication

Let us find the factors of 16∵ 1times 16 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 2times 8 = 16 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 4times 4 = 16 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Finding factors using Division ∵ 16 divide 1 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 2 = 8 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 4 = 4 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Properties of Factors 1 Every number can be written as a product of 1 and the number itself Example 21 = 1times21 159= 1times159 Thus 1 is a factor of every number and every number (other than zero) is a factor of itself 2 The number zero can be written as a product of 0 and any number eg 0 = 0times2 0 = 0times29 0 = 0times101 thus every number is a factor of zero

3 A factor of a number (other than zero) is either less than or equal to the number

4 Every number (except 1) has at least two factors

Note (i) The smallest factor of a number is 1 (ii) The greatest factor of a number is the number itself

Exercise ndash 307 Find the factors of 120

Solution 1234568121624304060120

9 What is the smallest factor of 25 Solution The smallest factor of

25 is 110 What is the greatest factor of 28

Solution The greatest factor of 28 is 28

11Say true or false(a) 3 is the factor of 9(b) 235 are factors of 30(c) 7 is a factor of 60(d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6(e) 1345 are factors of 36(f) 1 is a factor of every number(g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12

Solution (a) 3 is the factor of 9 [True](b) 235 are factors of 30 [True](c) 7 is a factor of 60 [False](d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6 [False](e) 1345 are factors of 36 [False](f) 1 is a factor of every number [True](g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12 [False]

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Reflexive pronouns

Explained in the previous lesson

Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns (30)5The dog saw itself in the mirror and started barking6 Jayant forced himself to swallow the bitter medicine7 The brother was turned into a bird and the seven beautiful sisters were themselves turned into seven stars8 The patient tried to get out of his bed by himself and fell down9 John was afraid to spend the night in the empty house all by himself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Gynoecium Q) What is ovary

Pollination The female reproductive part of a flower is called gynaecium It is also called pistil

It contains one or more female reproductive units called carpels

The carpel has three parts ndash Ovary Style Stigma

Ans - The swollen base of the carpel is called ovary Q) What are ovules Ans - Ovules are the female reproductive cell of flower Q) Where ovules are found Ans - Ovules are found in the ovary of the flower

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 3 DATA STORAGE DEVICES

EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE

E TICK THE CORRECT ANSWERd ALL OF THE ABOVEa ONa OFFb 3600 REVOLUTIONSMINa EPROMd 1 GEOBYTE

ACTIVITY ZONEA COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 PETABYTE = 1024 TB 1 KB = 1024 BYTES 1 PB = 1024 TERABYTES 8 BITS = 1 BYTE 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 KB 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 YB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1024 KB = 1 KB

Subject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesAirwaysAn aircraft or an aero plane is the machine which carries people and goods in the air to different places Out of all the modes of transport airways were the last to develop A place where aeroplanes land or takeoff is called an airport India has more than 300 civilian and more than 20 international airports The Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia The only airline owned by the government is Air India which handles both domestic and international flights under the same banner Several private airlines now dominate the market like Jet Airways IndiGo and SpiceJet which handle mostly domestic flightsAir transport is the fastest among all the means of transport

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

Mathematics

CHAPTER 5 SUBTRACTION

PRACTICE THE SUBTRACTION POEM

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৮ কহিবতাndashআমাগের গরাম কহিবndashবগেআহিল হিমঞা কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই কহিবতায় বাংলার গরাগেমর বরণampনা হিগেয়গেছন গরাগেম য়গেতা ঘর যছাট তগেব যসখাগেন সকগেল হিমগেলহিমগেশ থাগেক তারা সকগেল একসাগেথ পাঠশালায় ায় আর কখগেনাই 0ডা হিববা কগের না তারা বডগের কথা শগেন চগেল যসখাগেন আগেছ মাঠ ভরা ধান হিঘী ভরা 7ল যসই 7গেল চা াগের হিকররণ যলগে হি0কহিমক কগের পরকহিতর বগেকগেশানা ায় নানান পাহিখর কলতান বগেয় ায় হিগধ বাতাস াগেছ াগেছ ফগেট থাগেকনা নান ফলHome Work১ আমাগের গরাম কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স ছয় লাইন যলখ

Hindi वयाकरण

दिनो क नाम या करक लिलखन का अभयास कर सोमवार मगलवार बधवार गरवार शकरवार शनिनवार रनिववार

Class IIISubject Topic Summary Execution COMPUTER CHAPTER 4

DRAWING IN MS PAINT

USING THE TOOLS IN MS PAINTFILL WITH COLOUR TOOL - IS USED TO FILL AND AREA OF A DRAWING WITH A SELECTED COLOURERASER TOOL - IS USED TO ERASE PARTS OF A DRAWINGCOLOR PICKER TOOL- IS USED TO COPY A COLOUR FROM ONE PART OF A DRAWING TO ANOTHERMAGNIFIER TOOL- IS USED TO MAGNIFY THE AREAS OF A DRAWINGPENCIL TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW STROKES LIKE A PENCILTEXT TOOL-IS USED TO ADD TEXT IN THE DRAWINGLINE TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW STRAIGHT LINESCURVE TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW CURVESRECTANGLE TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW A SQUARE OR RECTANGLEPOLYGON TOOL- IS USED TO DRAW VARIOUS POLYGON SHAPESOVAL TOOL- IS USED TO TOUR CIRCULAR SHAPES LIKE OVALS AND CIRCLES READ THE SUMMARY

Eng language

Ch 6 Gender

Refer to pg 25 Do in the book

Ex C Write these nouns in the correct columnMascular noun Feminine noun Common nounpeacock

gander

father

headmistress

stallion

empress

baby

passenger

owner

drake

goose

gentleman

bull

stag

grandfather

brother

uncle

master

nephew

prince

headmaster

waiter

bridegroom

buck

cow

doe

mare

actress

peahen

bride

nanny

mother

granddaughter

woman

daughter

niece

stewardess

lady

dancer

companion

infant

pupil

president

parent

singer

student

teacher

friend

guest

relative

person

child

toddler

Science

Birds (Types of Feet and Claws)

Types of feet and claws Birds have two legs to move on land Most birds have four toes on each foot Each toe has a curved and pointed claw at its end Birds use their feet and claws to move catch food hold onto branches and also fight to their enemies Perching birds Some birds such as crows sparrows pigeons can sit on branches they are known as perching birds This is because they have three toes in the front and one at the back Their toes grip the branches tightly like a lock So they do not fall off even when they are asleep Flesh-eating birds Eagles vultures are called flesh-eating birds They have strong sharp claws called talons which help them to catch small animals These birds hold their prey in their talons while flying Scratching birds Hens and peacocks are called scratching birds as they have hard and sharp claws Their claws help them to catch and dig the ground to pull out insects and worms

BENGALIবইndash বাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ৯কহিবতা ndash আশamp যছগেলকহিবndash কসমকমারী াশ

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব বগেলগেছন পরকত ভাল যছগেলগের কথায় নয় কাগে7 বড গেত গেব াহিস মগেখ সকল কাগে7 এহিগেয় যগেত গেব াত-পা সবার আগেছ হিকনত ভাগেলা গেত যগেল মনরষযতব থাকগেত গেব বampল ভীত যছগেল যকউই পছ কগের না বগেকর যভতর শহিG 7াহিগেয় তলগেত গেব যকবল 7গেHই নয় কাগে7র মাধযগেম হিনগে7র আসল পহিরচয় গেড তলগেত গেব

Hindi वयाकरण

पाठ 6 वचन वचनसजञाशबोकीसखयाबतातह वचन ो तरह क ह- एकवचन तथा

बहवचन कछ शबो का परयोग एकवचन की

तरह ही होता ह कछ शबो का परयोग सा बहवचन म

होता ह वचन क अनसार वाकय का रप

बलता ह

परशन उततर-1)वचन निकस कहत हउततर- जिस शब स सजञा क एक या एक स अधिधक होन का पता चलता ह उस वचन कहत ह2) वचन निकतन परकार क होत हउततर- हिही म वचन ो परकार क ह 1)एकवचन 2)बहवचन

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Mul

tiplic

ation

Wor

d Pr

oble

ms o

n M

ultip

licati

on

Exercise ndash 31

2 There are 18 sections in a school If each section has 54 students find the number of students in the school

Solution In each section there are 5 4 students In the school there are times1 8 sections 4 3 2 (54times8) 5 4 0 (54times1) Total number of students is 9 7 2 (54times18)

there4 The number of students in the school is 9724 The price of a toy is Rs 126 Find the price of 36 such toys

Solution The price of a toy Rs 1 2 6 times3 6 toys 7 5 6 3 7 8 0 Rs 4 5 3 6there4 The price of 36 such toys is Rs 4536

5 A box contains 48 chalk sticks Find the number of chalk sticks in 54 boxes

Solution A box contains 4 8 chalk sticks times 5 4 boxes 1 9 2 2 4 0 0 2 5 9 2 chalk sticks there4 2592 chalk sticks are there in 54 boxes

8 There are 24 trees in a row How many trees will be there in 89 rows Solution 2 4 trees in a row

times 8 9 rows 2 1 6 1 9 2 0 2 1 3 6 trees there4 There will be 2136 trees in 89 rows

11 45 students of a class collected Rs 125 each for Prime Ministerrsquos Relief Fund How much money did they collected

Solution Each student paid Rs 1 2 5 times 4 5 students 6 2 5 5 0 0 0 Rs 5 6 2 5there4 They collected Rs5625 for Prime Ministerrsquos Relief Fund

12 A bus can carry 52 children How many children can go to picnic in 23 buses

Solution A bus can carry 5 2 chi9ldren times2 3 buses 1 5 6 1 0 4 0 1 1 9 6 childrenthere4 1196 children can go to picnic in 23 buses

Practice at home (Ex- 31)

13 A box of chocolates has 24 slabs in it How many slabs will be there in 75 boxes14 The price of a table is Rs 725 On Monday Amit sold 9 tables How much amount did he receive on that day

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Use of capital letters

Explained in the previous lesson

Rewrite the following sentences using capitals wherever you think they are necessary (page 91)6 Alicersquos Adventures in Wonderland is the name of a book written by Lewis Carroll The authors real name was Charles Dodgson He also wrote a book called Through the looking ndash glass

7 The greatest king of the Mauryan dynasty was Ashoka

8 The Second World War lasted for more than four years

9 Pakistan Bangladesh and Nepal are amongst Indias neighboring countries

10 The capital of the Arab Republic of Egypt is CairoSocial studies

India ndash physical divisions

Importance of Northern PlainsThe soil is very rich and fertile Major food crops like rice wheat oilseeds pulses and sugarcane are grown here The Northern Plains of India are thickly populated because of the highly fertile land Many famous cities like Varanasi Allahabad and Patna are situated on the banks of the river Ganga It has very hot summers and very cold winters Important industries like iron steel jute and cement are located throughout this region

The Peninsular plateau

1 Name some food crops that grows in the Northern PlainsAns Rice wheat pulses sugarcane and oilseeds

2 Name some famous cities that are situated on the banks of river GangaAns Allahabad Varanasi and Patna

3Give the extension of the peninsula plateauAns It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari

We have a very big plateau to the South of the Northern Plains It is called the plateau of Peninsular India It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari This part of land is surrounded by water on three sides ndash East West and South and is connected with the larger portion of land in the North It is therefore called a peninsula

Science The Teeth (Healthy diet for healthy teeth)

Healthy Diet For Healthy TeethWe have already learnt how to take care of our teeth and gums and it is also essential to have proper diet which can protect the health of our teeth and gums

We should eat calcium rich foods such as milk cheese eggs almonds as calcium keep the enamel of our teeth strong

Vegetables and fruits are also help to keep our teeth and gums strong as they are rich in fiber

Vitamin C and D also make our teeth strong Food such as oranges lemons tomatoes is rich sources of vitamin C and vitamin D is present in fish wheat eggs milk and also in sunlight

We should avoid sugary food as sugar allows germs to grow It stays on the teeth for a long time soft drinks such as colas damage the enamel of our teeth So we should not drink this type of drinks

Bookrsquosexercise C Give one-word answers1 Name the first set of teeth we get ndash Temporary Teeth2 Name the teeth used for biting and cutting food ndash Incisors3 Which teeth help to crush and grind food ndash Molars 4What is the middle layer of tooth called ndashDentine5 Name the innermost layer of a tooth ndash Pulp

COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD

ALIGNMENT TEXTIn Word if you want to align some text first select it Then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Align Left or Align Right depending on what you want

The Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordThe Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordHeres how text aligned to the right looks

Text that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordText that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordCenter text horizontally in Microsoft WordTo center text horizontally first select it Then click or tap on the same Home tab from the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Center and the selected text is instantly moved to the middle of the side margins of the page

The Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordJustify text in Microsoft WordJustified text has straight edges on both sides of the page To achieve this effect Word can add more or less space between words so that each line fills from one end to the other However the last line of text can be shorter if it has too few words in itTo justify text in Word first select the text then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Justify Your text should look something like this

The Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft Word READ THE SUMMARY

Hindi 2ndlang

तम मझ खन ो म तमह आाी दगा

परतीक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहए सवशी वह ह जिस अपन श क इनितहास और उस की ससकनित पर गवJ ह ो श को साफ सवचछ रखता ह ो उसकी पराकनितक सरता को नकसान नही पहचाता और ो उसकी उनननित और परगनित

क लिलए परयतन शील रहता ह य ह कहानी सभाष चदर बोस की ह ब म छोट थ और उनक निपता ी वकील तब धिमशन सकल म पढतवहा कभी-

कभी उनकी बजजती भी बाकी बस स कर त थ कयोनिक वह भारतीय थ उनह ाग करक कभी बलात तो कभी उनको खलन नही दिया ाता था सभाष बचपन स ही कछ कर दिखान की निनपणता उनम भरपर थी धीर- धीर वह खलक और

पढाई- लिलखाई सभी म इतन मानिहर हो गए निक उनक अधयापक परशसा करत नही थकत थ अचानक एक दिन सभाष न रनिXयो म गाधीी करकी बात सनी और वह काफी परोतसानिहत हए निक उनका निकस तरह स अनशन करना और उनका कहना हम सभी परतक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहएयह सारी बात सनकर उनक अर एक बलाव आया और वह अगरी सट बट छोडकर सवशी धोती कताJ पहना शर कर दिए 12 वषJ की उमर स ही उनक अर एक करानित की लहर ौड पडी

Continue to nexthellipBengali বইndashবাংলা

সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ১৩কহিবতা ndash বাংলাগেশ কহিব ndash সগেতযনদরনাথ তত

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই বাংলাগেশ কহিবতা টির মাধযগেম পললী বাংলার অপবamp রপ বরণampনা কগেরগেছন সব7 াছাছাহিলগেত যঘরা যসানার ফসগেল ভরা আমাগের বাংলাগেগেশ 7লাশয় ফগেট থাগেক পদম ফল াগেছ াগেছ নানান রকম পাহিখর কলতান যশানা ায় আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান এখানকার amp শায় আমরা ঃখ পাই যতমনই যগেশর গেবamp আমরা হিবampত ই এই বাংলাগেগেশর মাটিগেতই আমাগের হিপত হিপতামগের চররণধহিল আগেছHome Work ১ বাংলাগেশ কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স পরথম টি সতবক যলগেখা

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch

8Fa

ctor

s amp M

ultip

les

Factors Factors are what we can multiply to get a number and a factor is an exact divisor of the numberSo a number is a factor of another number if on dividing the second number by the first number the reminder is zero

Methods of finding factors We can find factors of a number by two methods (i) Multiplication and (ii) Division

Finding factors using Multiplication

Let us find the factors of 16∵ 1times 16 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 2times 8 = 16 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 4times 4 = 16 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Finding factors using Division ∵ 16 divide 1 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 2 = 8 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 4 = 4 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Properties of Factors 1 Every number can be written as a product of 1 and the number itself Example 21 = 1times21 159= 1times159 Thus 1 is a factor of every number and every number (other than zero) is a factor of itself 2 The number zero can be written as a product of 0 and any number eg 0 = 0times2 0 = 0times29 0 = 0times101 thus every number is a factor of zero

3 A factor of a number (other than zero) is either less than or equal to the number

4 Every number (except 1) has at least two factors

Note (i) The smallest factor of a number is 1 (ii) The greatest factor of a number is the number itself

Exercise ndash 307 Find the factors of 120

Solution 1234568121624304060120

9 What is the smallest factor of 25 Solution The smallest factor of

25 is 110 What is the greatest factor of 28

Solution The greatest factor of 28 is 28

11Say true or false(a) 3 is the factor of 9(b) 235 are factors of 30(c) 7 is a factor of 60(d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6(e) 1345 are factors of 36(f) 1 is a factor of every number(g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12

Solution (a) 3 is the factor of 9 [True](b) 235 are factors of 30 [True](c) 7 is a factor of 60 [False](d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6 [False](e) 1345 are factors of 36 [False](f) 1 is a factor of every number [True](g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12 [False]

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Reflexive pronouns

Explained in the previous lesson

Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns (30)5The dog saw itself in the mirror and started barking6 Jayant forced himself to swallow the bitter medicine7 The brother was turned into a bird and the seven beautiful sisters were themselves turned into seven stars8 The patient tried to get out of his bed by himself and fell down9 John was afraid to spend the night in the empty house all by himself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Gynoecium Q) What is ovary

Pollination The female reproductive part of a flower is called gynaecium It is also called pistil

It contains one or more female reproductive units called carpels

The carpel has three parts ndash Ovary Style Stigma

Ans - The swollen base of the carpel is called ovary Q) What are ovules Ans - Ovules are the female reproductive cell of flower Q) Where ovules are found Ans - Ovules are found in the ovary of the flower

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 3 DATA STORAGE DEVICES

EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE

E TICK THE CORRECT ANSWERd ALL OF THE ABOVEa ONa OFFb 3600 REVOLUTIONSMINa EPROMd 1 GEOBYTE

ACTIVITY ZONEA COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 PETABYTE = 1024 TB 1 KB = 1024 BYTES 1 PB = 1024 TERABYTES 8 BITS = 1 BYTE 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 KB 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 YB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1024 KB = 1 KB

Subject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesAirwaysAn aircraft or an aero plane is the machine which carries people and goods in the air to different places Out of all the modes of transport airways were the last to develop A place where aeroplanes land or takeoff is called an airport India has more than 300 civilian and more than 20 international airports The Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia The only airline owned by the government is Air India which handles both domestic and international flights under the same banner Several private airlines now dominate the market like Jet Airways IndiGo and SpiceJet which handle mostly domestic flightsAir transport is the fastest among all the means of transport

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

drake

goose

gentleman

bull

stag

grandfather

brother

uncle

master

nephew

prince

headmaster

waiter

bridegroom

buck

cow

doe

mare

actress

peahen

bride

nanny

mother

granddaughter

woman

daughter

niece

stewardess

lady

dancer

companion

infant

pupil

president

parent

singer

student

teacher

friend

guest

relative

person

child

toddler

Science

Birds (Types of Feet and Claws)

Types of feet and claws Birds have two legs to move on land Most birds have four toes on each foot Each toe has a curved and pointed claw at its end Birds use their feet and claws to move catch food hold onto branches and also fight to their enemies Perching birds Some birds such as crows sparrows pigeons can sit on branches they are known as perching birds This is because they have three toes in the front and one at the back Their toes grip the branches tightly like a lock So they do not fall off even when they are asleep Flesh-eating birds Eagles vultures are called flesh-eating birds They have strong sharp claws called talons which help them to catch small animals These birds hold their prey in their talons while flying Scratching birds Hens and peacocks are called scratching birds as they have hard and sharp claws Their claws help them to catch and dig the ground to pull out insects and worms

BENGALIবইndash বাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ৯কহিবতা ndash আশamp যছগেলকহিবndash কসমকমারী াশ

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব বগেলগেছন পরকত ভাল যছগেলগের কথায় নয় কাগে7 বড গেত গেব াহিস মগেখ সকল কাগে7 এহিগেয় যগেত গেব াত-পা সবার আগেছ হিকনত ভাগেলা গেত যগেল মনরষযতব থাকগেত গেব বampল ভীত যছগেল যকউই পছ কগের না বগেকর যভতর শহিG 7াহিগেয় তলগেত গেব যকবল 7গেHই নয় কাগে7র মাধযগেম হিনগে7র আসল পহিরচয় গেড তলগেত গেব

Hindi वयाकरण

पाठ 6 वचन वचनसजञाशबोकीसखयाबतातह वचन ो तरह क ह- एकवचन तथा

बहवचन कछ शबो का परयोग एकवचन की

तरह ही होता ह कछ शबो का परयोग सा बहवचन म

होता ह वचन क अनसार वाकय का रप

बलता ह

परशन उततर-1)वचन निकस कहत हउततर- जिस शब स सजञा क एक या एक स अधिधक होन का पता चलता ह उस वचन कहत ह2) वचन निकतन परकार क होत हउततर- हिही म वचन ो परकार क ह 1)एकवचन 2)बहवचन

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Mul

tiplic

ation

Wor

d Pr

oble

ms o

n M

ultip

licati

on

Exercise ndash 31

2 There are 18 sections in a school If each section has 54 students find the number of students in the school

Solution In each section there are 5 4 students In the school there are times1 8 sections 4 3 2 (54times8) 5 4 0 (54times1) Total number of students is 9 7 2 (54times18)

there4 The number of students in the school is 9724 The price of a toy is Rs 126 Find the price of 36 such toys

Solution The price of a toy Rs 1 2 6 times3 6 toys 7 5 6 3 7 8 0 Rs 4 5 3 6there4 The price of 36 such toys is Rs 4536

5 A box contains 48 chalk sticks Find the number of chalk sticks in 54 boxes

Solution A box contains 4 8 chalk sticks times 5 4 boxes 1 9 2 2 4 0 0 2 5 9 2 chalk sticks there4 2592 chalk sticks are there in 54 boxes

8 There are 24 trees in a row How many trees will be there in 89 rows Solution 2 4 trees in a row

times 8 9 rows 2 1 6 1 9 2 0 2 1 3 6 trees there4 There will be 2136 trees in 89 rows

11 45 students of a class collected Rs 125 each for Prime Ministerrsquos Relief Fund How much money did they collected

Solution Each student paid Rs 1 2 5 times 4 5 students 6 2 5 5 0 0 0 Rs 5 6 2 5there4 They collected Rs5625 for Prime Ministerrsquos Relief Fund

12 A bus can carry 52 children How many children can go to picnic in 23 buses

Solution A bus can carry 5 2 chi9ldren times2 3 buses 1 5 6 1 0 4 0 1 1 9 6 childrenthere4 1196 children can go to picnic in 23 buses

Practice at home (Ex- 31)

13 A box of chocolates has 24 slabs in it How many slabs will be there in 75 boxes14 The price of a table is Rs 725 On Monday Amit sold 9 tables How much amount did he receive on that day

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Use of capital letters

Explained in the previous lesson

Rewrite the following sentences using capitals wherever you think they are necessary (page 91)6 Alicersquos Adventures in Wonderland is the name of a book written by Lewis Carroll The authors real name was Charles Dodgson He also wrote a book called Through the looking ndash glass

7 The greatest king of the Mauryan dynasty was Ashoka

8 The Second World War lasted for more than four years

9 Pakistan Bangladesh and Nepal are amongst Indias neighboring countries

10 The capital of the Arab Republic of Egypt is CairoSocial studies

India ndash physical divisions

Importance of Northern PlainsThe soil is very rich and fertile Major food crops like rice wheat oilseeds pulses and sugarcane are grown here The Northern Plains of India are thickly populated because of the highly fertile land Many famous cities like Varanasi Allahabad and Patna are situated on the banks of the river Ganga It has very hot summers and very cold winters Important industries like iron steel jute and cement are located throughout this region

The Peninsular plateau

1 Name some food crops that grows in the Northern PlainsAns Rice wheat pulses sugarcane and oilseeds

2 Name some famous cities that are situated on the banks of river GangaAns Allahabad Varanasi and Patna

3Give the extension of the peninsula plateauAns It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari

We have a very big plateau to the South of the Northern Plains It is called the plateau of Peninsular India It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari This part of land is surrounded by water on three sides ndash East West and South and is connected with the larger portion of land in the North It is therefore called a peninsula

Science The Teeth (Healthy diet for healthy teeth)

Healthy Diet For Healthy TeethWe have already learnt how to take care of our teeth and gums and it is also essential to have proper diet which can protect the health of our teeth and gums

We should eat calcium rich foods such as milk cheese eggs almonds as calcium keep the enamel of our teeth strong

Vegetables and fruits are also help to keep our teeth and gums strong as they are rich in fiber

Vitamin C and D also make our teeth strong Food such as oranges lemons tomatoes is rich sources of vitamin C and vitamin D is present in fish wheat eggs milk and also in sunlight

We should avoid sugary food as sugar allows germs to grow It stays on the teeth for a long time soft drinks such as colas damage the enamel of our teeth So we should not drink this type of drinks

Bookrsquosexercise C Give one-word answers1 Name the first set of teeth we get ndash Temporary Teeth2 Name the teeth used for biting and cutting food ndash Incisors3 Which teeth help to crush and grind food ndash Molars 4What is the middle layer of tooth called ndashDentine5 Name the innermost layer of a tooth ndash Pulp

COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD

ALIGNMENT TEXTIn Word if you want to align some text first select it Then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Align Left or Align Right depending on what you want

The Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordThe Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordHeres how text aligned to the right looks

Text that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordText that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordCenter text horizontally in Microsoft WordTo center text horizontally first select it Then click or tap on the same Home tab from the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Center and the selected text is instantly moved to the middle of the side margins of the page

The Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordJustify text in Microsoft WordJustified text has straight edges on both sides of the page To achieve this effect Word can add more or less space between words so that each line fills from one end to the other However the last line of text can be shorter if it has too few words in itTo justify text in Word first select the text then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Justify Your text should look something like this

The Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft Word READ THE SUMMARY

Hindi 2ndlang

तम मझ खन ो म तमह आाी दगा

परतीक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहए सवशी वह ह जिस अपन श क इनितहास और उस की ससकनित पर गवJ ह ो श को साफ सवचछ रखता ह ो उसकी पराकनितक सरता को नकसान नही पहचाता और ो उसकी उनननित और परगनित

क लिलए परयतन शील रहता ह य ह कहानी सभाष चदर बोस की ह ब म छोट थ और उनक निपता ी वकील तब धिमशन सकल म पढतवहा कभी-

कभी उनकी बजजती भी बाकी बस स कर त थ कयोनिक वह भारतीय थ उनह ाग करक कभी बलात तो कभी उनको खलन नही दिया ाता था सभाष बचपन स ही कछ कर दिखान की निनपणता उनम भरपर थी धीर- धीर वह खलक और

पढाई- लिलखाई सभी म इतन मानिहर हो गए निक उनक अधयापक परशसा करत नही थकत थ अचानक एक दिन सभाष न रनिXयो म गाधीी करकी बात सनी और वह काफी परोतसानिहत हए निक उनका निकस तरह स अनशन करना और उनका कहना हम सभी परतक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहएयह सारी बात सनकर उनक अर एक बलाव आया और वह अगरी सट बट छोडकर सवशी धोती कताJ पहना शर कर दिए 12 वषJ की उमर स ही उनक अर एक करानित की लहर ौड पडी

Continue to nexthellipBengali বইndashবাংলা

সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ১৩কহিবতা ndash বাংলাগেশ কহিব ndash সগেতযনদরনাথ তত

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই বাংলাগেশ কহিবতা টির মাধযগেম পললী বাংলার অপবamp রপ বরণampনা কগেরগেছন সব7 াছাছাহিলগেত যঘরা যসানার ফসগেল ভরা আমাগের বাংলাগেগেশ 7লাশয় ফগেট থাগেক পদম ফল াগেছ াগেছ নানান রকম পাহিখর কলতান যশানা ায় আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান এখানকার amp শায় আমরা ঃখ পাই যতমনই যগেশর গেবamp আমরা হিবampত ই এই বাংলাগেগেশর মাটিগেতই আমাগের হিপত হিপতামগের চররণধহিল আগেছHome Work ১ বাংলাগেশ কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স পরথম টি সতবক যলগেখা

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch

8Fa

ctor

s amp M

ultip

les

Factors Factors are what we can multiply to get a number and a factor is an exact divisor of the numberSo a number is a factor of another number if on dividing the second number by the first number the reminder is zero

Methods of finding factors We can find factors of a number by two methods (i) Multiplication and (ii) Division

Finding factors using Multiplication

Let us find the factors of 16∵ 1times 16 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 2times 8 = 16 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 4times 4 = 16 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Finding factors using Division ∵ 16 divide 1 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 2 = 8 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 4 = 4 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Properties of Factors 1 Every number can be written as a product of 1 and the number itself Example 21 = 1times21 159= 1times159 Thus 1 is a factor of every number and every number (other than zero) is a factor of itself 2 The number zero can be written as a product of 0 and any number eg 0 = 0times2 0 = 0times29 0 = 0times101 thus every number is a factor of zero

3 A factor of a number (other than zero) is either less than or equal to the number

4 Every number (except 1) has at least two factors

Note (i) The smallest factor of a number is 1 (ii) The greatest factor of a number is the number itself

Exercise ndash 307 Find the factors of 120

Solution 1234568121624304060120

9 What is the smallest factor of 25 Solution The smallest factor of

25 is 110 What is the greatest factor of 28

Solution The greatest factor of 28 is 28

11Say true or false(a) 3 is the factor of 9(b) 235 are factors of 30(c) 7 is a factor of 60(d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6(e) 1345 are factors of 36(f) 1 is a factor of every number(g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12

Solution (a) 3 is the factor of 9 [True](b) 235 are factors of 30 [True](c) 7 is a factor of 60 [False](d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6 [False](e) 1345 are factors of 36 [False](f) 1 is a factor of every number [True](g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12 [False]

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Reflexive pronouns

Explained in the previous lesson

Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns (30)5The dog saw itself in the mirror and started barking6 Jayant forced himself to swallow the bitter medicine7 The brother was turned into a bird and the seven beautiful sisters were themselves turned into seven stars8 The patient tried to get out of his bed by himself and fell down9 John was afraid to spend the night in the empty house all by himself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Gynoecium Q) What is ovary

Pollination The female reproductive part of a flower is called gynaecium It is also called pistil

It contains one or more female reproductive units called carpels

The carpel has three parts ndash Ovary Style Stigma

Ans - The swollen base of the carpel is called ovary Q) What are ovules Ans - Ovules are the female reproductive cell of flower Q) Where ovules are found Ans - Ovules are found in the ovary of the flower

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 3 DATA STORAGE DEVICES

EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE

E TICK THE CORRECT ANSWERd ALL OF THE ABOVEa ONa OFFb 3600 REVOLUTIONSMINa EPROMd 1 GEOBYTE

ACTIVITY ZONEA COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 PETABYTE = 1024 TB 1 KB = 1024 BYTES 1 PB = 1024 TERABYTES 8 BITS = 1 BYTE 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 KB 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 YB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1024 KB = 1 KB

Subject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesAirwaysAn aircraft or an aero plane is the machine which carries people and goods in the air to different places Out of all the modes of transport airways were the last to develop A place where aeroplanes land or takeoff is called an airport India has more than 300 civilian and more than 20 international airports The Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia The only airline owned by the government is Air India which handles both domestic and international flights under the same banner Several private airlines now dominate the market like Jet Airways IndiGo and SpiceJet which handle mostly domestic flightsAir transport is the fastest among all the means of transport

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

BENGALIবইndash বাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ৯কহিবতা ndash আশamp যছগেলকহিবndash কসমকমারী াশ

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব বগেলগেছন পরকত ভাল যছগেলগের কথায় নয় কাগে7 বড গেত গেব াহিস মগেখ সকল কাগে7 এহিগেয় যগেত গেব াত-পা সবার আগেছ হিকনত ভাগেলা গেত যগেল মনরষযতব থাকগেত গেব বampল ভীত যছগেল যকউই পছ কগের না বগেকর যভতর শহিG 7াহিগেয় তলগেত গেব যকবল 7গেHই নয় কাগে7র মাধযগেম হিনগে7র আসল পহিরচয় গেড তলগেত গেব

Hindi वयाकरण

पाठ 6 वचन वचनसजञाशबोकीसखयाबतातह वचन ो तरह क ह- एकवचन तथा

बहवचन कछ शबो का परयोग एकवचन की

तरह ही होता ह कछ शबो का परयोग सा बहवचन म

होता ह वचन क अनसार वाकय का रप

बलता ह

परशन उततर-1)वचन निकस कहत हउततर- जिस शब स सजञा क एक या एक स अधिधक होन का पता चलता ह उस वचन कहत ह2) वचन निकतन परकार क होत हउततर- हिही म वचन ो परकार क ह 1)एकवचन 2)बहवचन

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Mul

tiplic

ation

Wor

d Pr

oble

ms o

n M

ultip

licati

on

Exercise ndash 31

2 There are 18 sections in a school If each section has 54 students find the number of students in the school

Solution In each section there are 5 4 students In the school there are times1 8 sections 4 3 2 (54times8) 5 4 0 (54times1) Total number of students is 9 7 2 (54times18)

there4 The number of students in the school is 9724 The price of a toy is Rs 126 Find the price of 36 such toys

Solution The price of a toy Rs 1 2 6 times3 6 toys 7 5 6 3 7 8 0 Rs 4 5 3 6there4 The price of 36 such toys is Rs 4536

5 A box contains 48 chalk sticks Find the number of chalk sticks in 54 boxes

Solution A box contains 4 8 chalk sticks times 5 4 boxes 1 9 2 2 4 0 0 2 5 9 2 chalk sticks there4 2592 chalk sticks are there in 54 boxes

8 There are 24 trees in a row How many trees will be there in 89 rows Solution 2 4 trees in a row

times 8 9 rows 2 1 6 1 9 2 0 2 1 3 6 trees there4 There will be 2136 trees in 89 rows

11 45 students of a class collected Rs 125 each for Prime Ministerrsquos Relief Fund How much money did they collected

Solution Each student paid Rs 1 2 5 times 4 5 students 6 2 5 5 0 0 0 Rs 5 6 2 5there4 They collected Rs5625 for Prime Ministerrsquos Relief Fund

12 A bus can carry 52 children How many children can go to picnic in 23 buses

Solution A bus can carry 5 2 chi9ldren times2 3 buses 1 5 6 1 0 4 0 1 1 9 6 childrenthere4 1196 children can go to picnic in 23 buses

Practice at home (Ex- 31)

13 A box of chocolates has 24 slabs in it How many slabs will be there in 75 boxes14 The price of a table is Rs 725 On Monday Amit sold 9 tables How much amount did he receive on that day

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Use of capital letters

Explained in the previous lesson

Rewrite the following sentences using capitals wherever you think they are necessary (page 91)6 Alicersquos Adventures in Wonderland is the name of a book written by Lewis Carroll The authors real name was Charles Dodgson He also wrote a book called Through the looking ndash glass

7 The greatest king of the Mauryan dynasty was Ashoka

8 The Second World War lasted for more than four years

9 Pakistan Bangladesh and Nepal are amongst Indias neighboring countries

10 The capital of the Arab Republic of Egypt is CairoSocial studies

India ndash physical divisions

Importance of Northern PlainsThe soil is very rich and fertile Major food crops like rice wheat oilseeds pulses and sugarcane are grown here The Northern Plains of India are thickly populated because of the highly fertile land Many famous cities like Varanasi Allahabad and Patna are situated on the banks of the river Ganga It has very hot summers and very cold winters Important industries like iron steel jute and cement are located throughout this region

The Peninsular plateau

1 Name some food crops that grows in the Northern PlainsAns Rice wheat pulses sugarcane and oilseeds

2 Name some famous cities that are situated on the banks of river GangaAns Allahabad Varanasi and Patna

3Give the extension of the peninsula plateauAns It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari

We have a very big plateau to the South of the Northern Plains It is called the plateau of Peninsular India It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari This part of land is surrounded by water on three sides ndash East West and South and is connected with the larger portion of land in the North It is therefore called a peninsula

Science The Teeth (Healthy diet for healthy teeth)

Healthy Diet For Healthy TeethWe have already learnt how to take care of our teeth and gums and it is also essential to have proper diet which can protect the health of our teeth and gums

We should eat calcium rich foods such as milk cheese eggs almonds as calcium keep the enamel of our teeth strong

Vegetables and fruits are also help to keep our teeth and gums strong as they are rich in fiber

Vitamin C and D also make our teeth strong Food such as oranges lemons tomatoes is rich sources of vitamin C and vitamin D is present in fish wheat eggs milk and also in sunlight

We should avoid sugary food as sugar allows germs to grow It stays on the teeth for a long time soft drinks such as colas damage the enamel of our teeth So we should not drink this type of drinks

Bookrsquosexercise C Give one-word answers1 Name the first set of teeth we get ndash Temporary Teeth2 Name the teeth used for biting and cutting food ndash Incisors3 Which teeth help to crush and grind food ndash Molars 4What is the middle layer of tooth called ndashDentine5 Name the innermost layer of a tooth ndash Pulp

COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD

ALIGNMENT TEXTIn Word if you want to align some text first select it Then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Align Left or Align Right depending on what you want

The Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordThe Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordHeres how text aligned to the right looks

Text that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordText that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordCenter text horizontally in Microsoft WordTo center text horizontally first select it Then click or tap on the same Home tab from the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Center and the selected text is instantly moved to the middle of the side margins of the page

The Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordJustify text in Microsoft WordJustified text has straight edges on both sides of the page To achieve this effect Word can add more or less space between words so that each line fills from one end to the other However the last line of text can be shorter if it has too few words in itTo justify text in Word first select the text then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Justify Your text should look something like this

The Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft Word READ THE SUMMARY

Hindi 2ndlang

तम मझ खन ो म तमह आाी दगा

परतीक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहए सवशी वह ह जिस अपन श क इनितहास और उस की ससकनित पर गवJ ह ो श को साफ सवचछ रखता ह ो उसकी पराकनितक सरता को नकसान नही पहचाता और ो उसकी उनननित और परगनित

क लिलए परयतन शील रहता ह य ह कहानी सभाष चदर बोस की ह ब म छोट थ और उनक निपता ी वकील तब धिमशन सकल म पढतवहा कभी-

कभी उनकी बजजती भी बाकी बस स कर त थ कयोनिक वह भारतीय थ उनह ाग करक कभी बलात तो कभी उनको खलन नही दिया ाता था सभाष बचपन स ही कछ कर दिखान की निनपणता उनम भरपर थी धीर- धीर वह खलक और

पढाई- लिलखाई सभी म इतन मानिहर हो गए निक उनक अधयापक परशसा करत नही थकत थ अचानक एक दिन सभाष न रनिXयो म गाधीी करकी बात सनी और वह काफी परोतसानिहत हए निक उनका निकस तरह स अनशन करना और उनका कहना हम सभी परतक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहएयह सारी बात सनकर उनक अर एक बलाव आया और वह अगरी सट बट छोडकर सवशी धोती कताJ पहना शर कर दिए 12 वषJ की उमर स ही उनक अर एक करानित की लहर ौड पडी

Continue to nexthellipBengali বইndashবাংলা

সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ১৩কহিবতা ndash বাংলাগেশ কহিব ndash সগেতযনদরনাথ তত

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই বাংলাগেশ কহিবতা টির মাধযগেম পললী বাংলার অপবamp রপ বরণampনা কগেরগেছন সব7 াছাছাহিলগেত যঘরা যসানার ফসগেল ভরা আমাগের বাংলাগেগেশ 7লাশয় ফগেট থাগেক পদম ফল াগেছ াগেছ নানান রকম পাহিখর কলতান যশানা ায় আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান এখানকার amp শায় আমরা ঃখ পাই যতমনই যগেশর গেবamp আমরা হিবampত ই এই বাংলাগেগেশর মাটিগেতই আমাগের হিপত হিপতামগের চররণধহিল আগেছHome Work ১ বাংলাগেশ কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স পরথম টি সতবক যলগেখা

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch

8Fa

ctor

s amp M

ultip

les

Factors Factors are what we can multiply to get a number and a factor is an exact divisor of the numberSo a number is a factor of another number if on dividing the second number by the first number the reminder is zero

Methods of finding factors We can find factors of a number by two methods (i) Multiplication and (ii) Division

Finding factors using Multiplication

Let us find the factors of 16∵ 1times 16 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 2times 8 = 16 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 4times 4 = 16 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Finding factors using Division ∵ 16 divide 1 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 2 = 8 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 4 = 4 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Properties of Factors 1 Every number can be written as a product of 1 and the number itself Example 21 = 1times21 159= 1times159 Thus 1 is a factor of every number and every number (other than zero) is a factor of itself 2 The number zero can be written as a product of 0 and any number eg 0 = 0times2 0 = 0times29 0 = 0times101 thus every number is a factor of zero

3 A factor of a number (other than zero) is either less than or equal to the number

4 Every number (except 1) has at least two factors

Note (i) The smallest factor of a number is 1 (ii) The greatest factor of a number is the number itself

Exercise ndash 307 Find the factors of 120

Solution 1234568121624304060120

9 What is the smallest factor of 25 Solution The smallest factor of

25 is 110 What is the greatest factor of 28

Solution The greatest factor of 28 is 28

11Say true or false(a) 3 is the factor of 9(b) 235 are factors of 30(c) 7 is a factor of 60(d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6(e) 1345 are factors of 36(f) 1 is a factor of every number(g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12

Solution (a) 3 is the factor of 9 [True](b) 235 are factors of 30 [True](c) 7 is a factor of 60 [False](d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6 [False](e) 1345 are factors of 36 [False](f) 1 is a factor of every number [True](g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12 [False]

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Reflexive pronouns

Explained in the previous lesson

Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns (30)5The dog saw itself in the mirror and started barking6 Jayant forced himself to swallow the bitter medicine7 The brother was turned into a bird and the seven beautiful sisters were themselves turned into seven stars8 The patient tried to get out of his bed by himself and fell down9 John was afraid to spend the night in the empty house all by himself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Gynoecium Q) What is ovary

Pollination The female reproductive part of a flower is called gynaecium It is also called pistil

It contains one or more female reproductive units called carpels

The carpel has three parts ndash Ovary Style Stigma

Ans - The swollen base of the carpel is called ovary Q) What are ovules Ans - Ovules are the female reproductive cell of flower Q) Where ovules are found Ans - Ovules are found in the ovary of the flower

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 3 DATA STORAGE DEVICES

EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE

E TICK THE CORRECT ANSWERd ALL OF THE ABOVEa ONa OFFb 3600 REVOLUTIONSMINa EPROMd 1 GEOBYTE

ACTIVITY ZONEA COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 PETABYTE = 1024 TB 1 KB = 1024 BYTES 1 PB = 1024 TERABYTES 8 BITS = 1 BYTE 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 KB 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 YB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1024 KB = 1 KB

Subject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesAirwaysAn aircraft or an aero plane is the machine which carries people and goods in the air to different places Out of all the modes of transport airways were the last to develop A place where aeroplanes land or takeoff is called an airport India has more than 300 civilian and more than 20 international airports The Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia The only airline owned by the government is Air India which handles both domestic and international flights under the same banner Several private airlines now dominate the market like Jet Airways IndiGo and SpiceJet which handle mostly domestic flightsAir transport is the fastest among all the means of transport

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

11 45 students of a class collected Rs 125 each for Prime Ministerrsquos Relief Fund How much money did they collected

Solution Each student paid Rs 1 2 5 times 4 5 students 6 2 5 5 0 0 0 Rs 5 6 2 5there4 They collected Rs5625 for Prime Ministerrsquos Relief Fund

12 A bus can carry 52 children How many children can go to picnic in 23 buses

Solution A bus can carry 5 2 chi9ldren times2 3 buses 1 5 6 1 0 4 0 1 1 9 6 childrenthere4 1196 children can go to picnic in 23 buses

Practice at home (Ex- 31)

13 A box of chocolates has 24 slabs in it How many slabs will be there in 75 boxes14 The price of a table is Rs 725 On Monday Amit sold 9 tables How much amount did he receive on that day

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Use of capital letters

Explained in the previous lesson

Rewrite the following sentences using capitals wherever you think they are necessary (page 91)6 Alicersquos Adventures in Wonderland is the name of a book written by Lewis Carroll The authors real name was Charles Dodgson He also wrote a book called Through the looking ndash glass

7 The greatest king of the Mauryan dynasty was Ashoka

8 The Second World War lasted for more than four years

9 Pakistan Bangladesh and Nepal are amongst Indias neighboring countries

10 The capital of the Arab Republic of Egypt is CairoSocial studies

India ndash physical divisions

Importance of Northern PlainsThe soil is very rich and fertile Major food crops like rice wheat oilseeds pulses and sugarcane are grown here The Northern Plains of India are thickly populated because of the highly fertile land Many famous cities like Varanasi Allahabad and Patna are situated on the banks of the river Ganga It has very hot summers and very cold winters Important industries like iron steel jute and cement are located throughout this region

The Peninsular plateau

1 Name some food crops that grows in the Northern PlainsAns Rice wheat pulses sugarcane and oilseeds

2 Name some famous cities that are situated on the banks of river GangaAns Allahabad Varanasi and Patna

3Give the extension of the peninsula plateauAns It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari

We have a very big plateau to the South of the Northern Plains It is called the plateau of Peninsular India It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari This part of land is surrounded by water on three sides ndash East West and South and is connected with the larger portion of land in the North It is therefore called a peninsula

Science The Teeth (Healthy diet for healthy teeth)

Healthy Diet For Healthy TeethWe have already learnt how to take care of our teeth and gums and it is also essential to have proper diet which can protect the health of our teeth and gums

We should eat calcium rich foods such as milk cheese eggs almonds as calcium keep the enamel of our teeth strong

Vegetables and fruits are also help to keep our teeth and gums strong as they are rich in fiber

Vitamin C and D also make our teeth strong Food such as oranges lemons tomatoes is rich sources of vitamin C and vitamin D is present in fish wheat eggs milk and also in sunlight

We should avoid sugary food as sugar allows germs to grow It stays on the teeth for a long time soft drinks such as colas damage the enamel of our teeth So we should not drink this type of drinks

Bookrsquosexercise C Give one-word answers1 Name the first set of teeth we get ndash Temporary Teeth2 Name the teeth used for biting and cutting food ndash Incisors3 Which teeth help to crush and grind food ndash Molars 4What is the middle layer of tooth called ndashDentine5 Name the innermost layer of a tooth ndash Pulp

COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD

ALIGNMENT TEXTIn Word if you want to align some text first select it Then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Align Left or Align Right depending on what you want

The Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordThe Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordHeres how text aligned to the right looks

Text that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordText that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordCenter text horizontally in Microsoft WordTo center text horizontally first select it Then click or tap on the same Home tab from the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Center and the selected text is instantly moved to the middle of the side margins of the page

The Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordJustify text in Microsoft WordJustified text has straight edges on both sides of the page To achieve this effect Word can add more or less space between words so that each line fills from one end to the other However the last line of text can be shorter if it has too few words in itTo justify text in Word first select the text then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Justify Your text should look something like this

The Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft Word READ THE SUMMARY

Hindi 2ndlang

तम मझ खन ो म तमह आाी दगा

परतीक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहए सवशी वह ह जिस अपन श क इनितहास और उस की ससकनित पर गवJ ह ो श को साफ सवचछ रखता ह ो उसकी पराकनितक सरता को नकसान नही पहचाता और ो उसकी उनननित और परगनित

क लिलए परयतन शील रहता ह य ह कहानी सभाष चदर बोस की ह ब म छोट थ और उनक निपता ी वकील तब धिमशन सकल म पढतवहा कभी-

कभी उनकी बजजती भी बाकी बस स कर त थ कयोनिक वह भारतीय थ उनह ाग करक कभी बलात तो कभी उनको खलन नही दिया ाता था सभाष बचपन स ही कछ कर दिखान की निनपणता उनम भरपर थी धीर- धीर वह खलक और

पढाई- लिलखाई सभी म इतन मानिहर हो गए निक उनक अधयापक परशसा करत नही थकत थ अचानक एक दिन सभाष न रनिXयो म गाधीी करकी बात सनी और वह काफी परोतसानिहत हए निक उनका निकस तरह स अनशन करना और उनका कहना हम सभी परतक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहएयह सारी बात सनकर उनक अर एक बलाव आया और वह अगरी सट बट छोडकर सवशी धोती कताJ पहना शर कर दिए 12 वषJ की उमर स ही उनक अर एक करानित की लहर ौड पडी

Continue to nexthellipBengali বইndashবাংলা

সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ১৩কহিবতা ndash বাংলাগেশ কহিব ndash সগেতযনদরনাথ তত

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই বাংলাগেশ কহিবতা টির মাধযগেম পললী বাংলার অপবamp রপ বরণampনা কগেরগেছন সব7 াছাছাহিলগেত যঘরা যসানার ফসগেল ভরা আমাগের বাংলাগেগেশ 7লাশয় ফগেট থাগেক পদম ফল াগেছ াগেছ নানান রকম পাহিখর কলতান যশানা ায় আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান এখানকার amp শায় আমরা ঃখ পাই যতমনই যগেশর গেবamp আমরা হিবampত ই এই বাংলাগেগেশর মাটিগেতই আমাগের হিপত হিপতামগের চররণধহিল আগেছHome Work ১ বাংলাগেশ কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স পরথম টি সতবক যলগেখা

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch

8Fa

ctor

s amp M

ultip

les

Factors Factors are what we can multiply to get a number and a factor is an exact divisor of the numberSo a number is a factor of another number if on dividing the second number by the first number the reminder is zero

Methods of finding factors We can find factors of a number by two methods (i) Multiplication and (ii) Division

Finding factors using Multiplication

Let us find the factors of 16∵ 1times 16 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 2times 8 = 16 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 4times 4 = 16 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Finding factors using Division ∵ 16 divide 1 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 2 = 8 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 4 = 4 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Properties of Factors 1 Every number can be written as a product of 1 and the number itself Example 21 = 1times21 159= 1times159 Thus 1 is a factor of every number and every number (other than zero) is a factor of itself 2 The number zero can be written as a product of 0 and any number eg 0 = 0times2 0 = 0times29 0 = 0times101 thus every number is a factor of zero

3 A factor of a number (other than zero) is either less than or equal to the number

4 Every number (except 1) has at least two factors

Note (i) The smallest factor of a number is 1 (ii) The greatest factor of a number is the number itself

Exercise ndash 307 Find the factors of 120

Solution 1234568121624304060120

9 What is the smallest factor of 25 Solution The smallest factor of

25 is 110 What is the greatest factor of 28

Solution The greatest factor of 28 is 28

11Say true or false(a) 3 is the factor of 9(b) 235 are factors of 30(c) 7 is a factor of 60(d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6(e) 1345 are factors of 36(f) 1 is a factor of every number(g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12

Solution (a) 3 is the factor of 9 [True](b) 235 are factors of 30 [True](c) 7 is a factor of 60 [False](d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6 [False](e) 1345 are factors of 36 [False](f) 1 is a factor of every number [True](g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12 [False]

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Reflexive pronouns

Explained in the previous lesson

Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns (30)5The dog saw itself in the mirror and started barking6 Jayant forced himself to swallow the bitter medicine7 The brother was turned into a bird and the seven beautiful sisters were themselves turned into seven stars8 The patient tried to get out of his bed by himself and fell down9 John was afraid to spend the night in the empty house all by himself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Gynoecium Q) What is ovary

Pollination The female reproductive part of a flower is called gynaecium It is also called pistil

It contains one or more female reproductive units called carpels

The carpel has three parts ndash Ovary Style Stigma

Ans - The swollen base of the carpel is called ovary Q) What are ovules Ans - Ovules are the female reproductive cell of flower Q) Where ovules are found Ans - Ovules are found in the ovary of the flower

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 3 DATA STORAGE DEVICES

EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE

E TICK THE CORRECT ANSWERd ALL OF THE ABOVEa ONa OFFb 3600 REVOLUTIONSMINa EPROMd 1 GEOBYTE

ACTIVITY ZONEA COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 PETABYTE = 1024 TB 1 KB = 1024 BYTES 1 PB = 1024 TERABYTES 8 BITS = 1 BYTE 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 KB 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 YB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1024 KB = 1 KB

Subject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesAirwaysAn aircraft or an aero plane is the machine which carries people and goods in the air to different places Out of all the modes of transport airways were the last to develop A place where aeroplanes land or takeoff is called an airport India has more than 300 civilian and more than 20 international airports The Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia The only airline owned by the government is Air India which handles both domestic and international flights under the same banner Several private airlines now dominate the market like Jet Airways IndiGo and SpiceJet which handle mostly domestic flightsAir transport is the fastest among all the means of transport

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

We have a very big plateau to the South of the Northern Plains It is called the plateau of Peninsular India It lies to the South of the Gangetic plain and extends upto Kanyakumari This part of land is surrounded by water on three sides ndash East West and South and is connected with the larger portion of land in the North It is therefore called a peninsula

Science The Teeth (Healthy diet for healthy teeth)

Healthy Diet For Healthy TeethWe have already learnt how to take care of our teeth and gums and it is also essential to have proper diet which can protect the health of our teeth and gums

We should eat calcium rich foods such as milk cheese eggs almonds as calcium keep the enamel of our teeth strong

Vegetables and fruits are also help to keep our teeth and gums strong as they are rich in fiber

Vitamin C and D also make our teeth strong Food such as oranges lemons tomatoes is rich sources of vitamin C and vitamin D is present in fish wheat eggs milk and also in sunlight

We should avoid sugary food as sugar allows germs to grow It stays on the teeth for a long time soft drinks such as colas damage the enamel of our teeth So we should not drink this type of drinks

Bookrsquosexercise C Give one-word answers1 Name the first set of teeth we get ndash Temporary Teeth2 Name the teeth used for biting and cutting food ndash Incisors3 Which teeth help to crush and grind food ndash Molars 4What is the middle layer of tooth called ndashDentine5 Name the innermost layer of a tooth ndash Pulp

COMPUTER FORMATTING IN MS WORD

ALIGNMENT TEXTIn Word if you want to align some text first select it Then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Align Left or Align Right depending on what you want

The Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordThe Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordHeres how text aligned to the right looks

Text that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordText that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordCenter text horizontally in Microsoft WordTo center text horizontally first select it Then click or tap on the same Home tab from the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Center and the selected text is instantly moved to the middle of the side margins of the page

The Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordJustify text in Microsoft WordJustified text has straight edges on both sides of the page To achieve this effect Word can add more or less space between words so that each line fills from one end to the other However the last line of text can be shorter if it has too few words in itTo justify text in Word first select the text then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Justify Your text should look something like this

The Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft Word READ THE SUMMARY

Hindi 2ndlang

तम मझ खन ो म तमह आाी दगा

परतीक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहए सवशी वह ह जिस अपन श क इनितहास और उस की ससकनित पर गवJ ह ो श को साफ सवचछ रखता ह ो उसकी पराकनितक सरता को नकसान नही पहचाता और ो उसकी उनननित और परगनित

क लिलए परयतन शील रहता ह य ह कहानी सभाष चदर बोस की ह ब म छोट थ और उनक निपता ी वकील तब धिमशन सकल म पढतवहा कभी-

कभी उनकी बजजती भी बाकी बस स कर त थ कयोनिक वह भारतीय थ उनह ाग करक कभी बलात तो कभी उनको खलन नही दिया ाता था सभाष बचपन स ही कछ कर दिखान की निनपणता उनम भरपर थी धीर- धीर वह खलक और

पढाई- लिलखाई सभी म इतन मानिहर हो गए निक उनक अधयापक परशसा करत नही थकत थ अचानक एक दिन सभाष न रनिXयो म गाधीी करकी बात सनी और वह काफी परोतसानिहत हए निक उनका निकस तरह स अनशन करना और उनका कहना हम सभी परतक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहएयह सारी बात सनकर उनक अर एक बलाव आया और वह अगरी सट बट छोडकर सवशी धोती कताJ पहना शर कर दिए 12 वषJ की उमर स ही उनक अर एक करानित की लहर ौड पडी

Continue to nexthellipBengali বইndashবাংলা

সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ১৩কহিবতা ndash বাংলাগেশ কহিব ndash সগেতযনদরনাথ তত

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই বাংলাগেশ কহিবতা টির মাধযগেম পললী বাংলার অপবamp রপ বরণampনা কগেরগেছন সব7 াছাছাহিলগেত যঘরা যসানার ফসগেল ভরা আমাগের বাংলাগেগেশ 7লাশয় ফগেট থাগেক পদম ফল াগেছ াগেছ নানান রকম পাহিখর কলতান যশানা ায় আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান এখানকার amp শায় আমরা ঃখ পাই যতমনই যগেশর গেবamp আমরা হিবampত ই এই বাংলাগেগেশর মাটিগেতই আমাগের হিপত হিপতামগের চররণধহিল আগেছHome Work ১ বাংলাগেশ কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স পরথম টি সতবক যলগেখা

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch

8Fa

ctor

s amp M

ultip

les

Factors Factors are what we can multiply to get a number and a factor is an exact divisor of the numberSo a number is a factor of another number if on dividing the second number by the first number the reminder is zero

Methods of finding factors We can find factors of a number by two methods (i) Multiplication and (ii) Division

Finding factors using Multiplication

Let us find the factors of 16∵ 1times 16 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 2times 8 = 16 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 4times 4 = 16 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Finding factors using Division ∵ 16 divide 1 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 2 = 8 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 4 = 4 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Properties of Factors 1 Every number can be written as a product of 1 and the number itself Example 21 = 1times21 159= 1times159 Thus 1 is a factor of every number and every number (other than zero) is a factor of itself 2 The number zero can be written as a product of 0 and any number eg 0 = 0times2 0 = 0times29 0 = 0times101 thus every number is a factor of zero

3 A factor of a number (other than zero) is either less than or equal to the number

4 Every number (except 1) has at least two factors

Note (i) The smallest factor of a number is 1 (ii) The greatest factor of a number is the number itself

Exercise ndash 307 Find the factors of 120

Solution 1234568121624304060120

9 What is the smallest factor of 25 Solution The smallest factor of

25 is 110 What is the greatest factor of 28

Solution The greatest factor of 28 is 28

11Say true or false(a) 3 is the factor of 9(b) 235 are factors of 30(c) 7 is a factor of 60(d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6(e) 1345 are factors of 36(f) 1 is a factor of every number(g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12

Solution (a) 3 is the factor of 9 [True](b) 235 are factors of 30 [True](c) 7 is a factor of 60 [False](d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6 [False](e) 1345 are factors of 36 [False](f) 1 is a factor of every number [True](g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12 [False]

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Reflexive pronouns

Explained in the previous lesson

Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns (30)5The dog saw itself in the mirror and started barking6 Jayant forced himself to swallow the bitter medicine7 The brother was turned into a bird and the seven beautiful sisters were themselves turned into seven stars8 The patient tried to get out of his bed by himself and fell down9 John was afraid to spend the night in the empty house all by himself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Gynoecium Q) What is ovary

Pollination The female reproductive part of a flower is called gynaecium It is also called pistil

It contains one or more female reproductive units called carpels

The carpel has three parts ndash Ovary Style Stigma

Ans - The swollen base of the carpel is called ovary Q) What are ovules Ans - Ovules are the female reproductive cell of flower Q) Where ovules are found Ans - Ovules are found in the ovary of the flower

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 3 DATA STORAGE DEVICES

EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE

E TICK THE CORRECT ANSWERd ALL OF THE ABOVEa ONa OFFb 3600 REVOLUTIONSMINa EPROMd 1 GEOBYTE

ACTIVITY ZONEA COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 PETABYTE = 1024 TB 1 KB = 1024 BYTES 1 PB = 1024 TERABYTES 8 BITS = 1 BYTE 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 KB 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 YB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1024 KB = 1 KB

Subject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesAirwaysAn aircraft or an aero plane is the machine which carries people and goods in the air to different places Out of all the modes of transport airways were the last to develop A place where aeroplanes land or takeoff is called an airport India has more than 300 civilian and more than 20 international airports The Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia The only airline owned by the government is Air India which handles both domestic and international flights under the same banner Several private airlines now dominate the market like Jet Airways IndiGo and SpiceJet which handle mostly domestic flightsAir transport is the fastest among all the means of transport

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Align Left or Align Right depending on what you want

The Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordThe Align Left and Align Right buttons from Microsoft WordHeres how text aligned to the right looks

Text that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordText that has been aligned to the right in Microsoft WordCenter text horizontally in Microsoft WordTo center text horizontally first select it Then click or tap on the same Home tab from the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Center and the selected text is instantly moved to the middle of the side margins of the page

The Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordJustify text in Microsoft WordJustified text has straight edges on both sides of the page To achieve this effect Word can add more or less space between words so that each line fills from one end to the other However the last line of text can be shorter if it has too few words in itTo justify text in Word first select the text then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Justify Your text should look something like this

The Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft Word READ THE SUMMARY

Hindi 2ndlang

तम मझ खन ो म तमह आाी दगा

परतीक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहए सवशी वह ह जिस अपन श क इनितहास और उस की ससकनित पर गवJ ह ो श को साफ सवचछ रखता ह ो उसकी पराकनितक सरता को नकसान नही पहचाता और ो उसकी उनननित और परगनित

क लिलए परयतन शील रहता ह य ह कहानी सभाष चदर बोस की ह ब म छोट थ और उनक निपता ी वकील तब धिमशन सकल म पढतवहा कभी-

कभी उनकी बजजती भी बाकी बस स कर त थ कयोनिक वह भारतीय थ उनह ाग करक कभी बलात तो कभी उनको खलन नही दिया ाता था सभाष बचपन स ही कछ कर दिखान की निनपणता उनम भरपर थी धीर- धीर वह खलक और

पढाई- लिलखाई सभी म इतन मानिहर हो गए निक उनक अधयापक परशसा करत नही थकत थ अचानक एक दिन सभाष न रनिXयो म गाधीी करकी बात सनी और वह काफी परोतसानिहत हए निक उनका निकस तरह स अनशन करना और उनका कहना हम सभी परतक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहएयह सारी बात सनकर उनक अर एक बलाव आया और वह अगरी सट बट छोडकर सवशी धोती कताJ पहना शर कर दिए 12 वषJ की उमर स ही उनक अर एक करानित की लहर ौड पडी

Continue to nexthellipBengali বইndashবাংলা

সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ১৩কহিবতা ndash বাংলাগেশ কহিব ndash সগেতযনদরনাথ তত

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই বাংলাগেশ কহিবতা টির মাধযগেম পললী বাংলার অপবamp রপ বরণampনা কগেরগেছন সব7 াছাছাহিলগেত যঘরা যসানার ফসগেল ভরা আমাগের বাংলাগেগেশ 7লাশয় ফগেট থাগেক পদম ফল াগেছ াগেছ নানান রকম পাহিখর কলতান যশানা ায় আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান এখানকার amp শায় আমরা ঃখ পাই যতমনই যগেশর গেবamp আমরা হিবampত ই এই বাংলাগেগেশর মাটিগেতই আমাগের হিপত হিপতামগের চররণধহিল আগেছHome Work ১ বাংলাগেশ কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স পরথম টি সতবক যলগেখা

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch

8Fa

ctor

s amp M

ultip

les

Factors Factors are what we can multiply to get a number and a factor is an exact divisor of the numberSo a number is a factor of another number if on dividing the second number by the first number the reminder is zero

Methods of finding factors We can find factors of a number by two methods (i) Multiplication and (ii) Division

Finding factors using Multiplication

Let us find the factors of 16∵ 1times 16 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 2times 8 = 16 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 4times 4 = 16 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Finding factors using Division ∵ 16 divide 1 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 2 = 8 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 4 = 4 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Properties of Factors 1 Every number can be written as a product of 1 and the number itself Example 21 = 1times21 159= 1times159 Thus 1 is a factor of every number and every number (other than zero) is a factor of itself 2 The number zero can be written as a product of 0 and any number eg 0 = 0times2 0 = 0times29 0 = 0times101 thus every number is a factor of zero

3 A factor of a number (other than zero) is either less than or equal to the number

4 Every number (except 1) has at least two factors

Note (i) The smallest factor of a number is 1 (ii) The greatest factor of a number is the number itself

Exercise ndash 307 Find the factors of 120

Solution 1234568121624304060120

9 What is the smallest factor of 25 Solution The smallest factor of

25 is 110 What is the greatest factor of 28

Solution The greatest factor of 28 is 28

11Say true or false(a) 3 is the factor of 9(b) 235 are factors of 30(c) 7 is a factor of 60(d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6(e) 1345 are factors of 36(f) 1 is a factor of every number(g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12

Solution (a) 3 is the factor of 9 [True](b) 235 are factors of 30 [True](c) 7 is a factor of 60 [False](d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6 [False](e) 1345 are factors of 36 [False](f) 1 is a factor of every number [True](g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12 [False]

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Reflexive pronouns

Explained in the previous lesson

Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns (30)5The dog saw itself in the mirror and started barking6 Jayant forced himself to swallow the bitter medicine7 The brother was turned into a bird and the seven beautiful sisters were themselves turned into seven stars8 The patient tried to get out of his bed by himself and fell down9 John was afraid to spend the night in the empty house all by himself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Gynoecium Q) What is ovary

Pollination The female reproductive part of a flower is called gynaecium It is also called pistil

It contains one or more female reproductive units called carpels

The carpel has three parts ndash Ovary Style Stigma

Ans - The swollen base of the carpel is called ovary Q) What are ovules Ans - Ovules are the female reproductive cell of flower Q) Where ovules are found Ans - Ovules are found in the ovary of the flower

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 3 DATA STORAGE DEVICES

EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE

E TICK THE CORRECT ANSWERd ALL OF THE ABOVEa ONa OFFb 3600 REVOLUTIONSMINa EPROMd 1 GEOBYTE

ACTIVITY ZONEA COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 PETABYTE = 1024 TB 1 KB = 1024 BYTES 1 PB = 1024 TERABYTES 8 BITS = 1 BYTE 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 KB 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 YB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1024 KB = 1 KB

Subject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesAirwaysAn aircraft or an aero plane is the machine which carries people and goods in the air to different places Out of all the modes of transport airways were the last to develop A place where aeroplanes land or takeoff is called an airport India has more than 300 civilian and more than 20 international airports The Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia The only airline owned by the government is Air India which handles both domestic and international flights under the same banner Several private airlines now dominate the market like Jet Airways IndiGo and SpiceJet which handle mostly domestic flightsAir transport is the fastest among all the means of transport

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Center and the selected text is instantly moved to the middle of the side margins of the page

The Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Center button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordJustify text in Microsoft WordJustified text has straight edges on both sides of the page To achieve this effect Word can add more or less space between words so that each line fills from one end to the other However the last line of text can be shorter if it has too few words in itTo justify text in Word first select the text then click or tap on the Home tab at the top of the window

Selecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordSelecting text and opening the Home tab from Microsoft WordIn the Paragraph section click or tap on Justify Your text should look something like this

The Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft Word READ THE SUMMARY

Hindi 2ndlang

तम मझ खन ो म तमह आाी दगा

परतीक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहए सवशी वह ह जिस अपन श क इनितहास और उस की ससकनित पर गवJ ह ो श को साफ सवचछ रखता ह ो उसकी पराकनितक सरता को नकसान नही पहचाता और ो उसकी उनननित और परगनित

क लिलए परयतन शील रहता ह य ह कहानी सभाष चदर बोस की ह ब म छोट थ और उनक निपता ी वकील तब धिमशन सकल म पढतवहा कभी-

कभी उनकी बजजती भी बाकी बस स कर त थ कयोनिक वह भारतीय थ उनह ाग करक कभी बलात तो कभी उनको खलन नही दिया ाता था सभाष बचपन स ही कछ कर दिखान की निनपणता उनम भरपर थी धीर- धीर वह खलक और

पढाई- लिलखाई सभी म इतन मानिहर हो गए निक उनक अधयापक परशसा करत नही थकत थ अचानक एक दिन सभाष न रनिXयो म गाधीी करकी बात सनी और वह काफी परोतसानिहत हए निक उनका निकस तरह स अनशन करना और उनका कहना हम सभी परतक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहएयह सारी बात सनकर उनक अर एक बलाव आया और वह अगरी सट बट छोडकर सवशी धोती कताJ पहना शर कर दिए 12 वषJ की उमर स ही उनक अर एक करानित की लहर ौड पडी

Continue to nexthellipBengali বইndashবাংলা

সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ১৩কহিবতা ndash বাংলাগেশ কহিব ndash সগেতযনদরনাথ তত

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই বাংলাগেশ কহিবতা টির মাধযগেম পললী বাংলার অপবamp রপ বরণampনা কগেরগেছন সব7 াছাছাহিলগেত যঘরা যসানার ফসগেল ভরা আমাগের বাংলাগেগেশ 7লাশয় ফগেট থাগেক পদম ফল াগেছ াগেছ নানান রকম পাহিখর কলতান যশানা ায় আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান এখানকার amp শায় আমরা ঃখ পাই যতমনই যগেশর গেবamp আমরা হিবampত ই এই বাংলাগেগেশর মাটিগেতই আমাগের হিপত হিপতামগের চররণধহিল আগেছHome Work ১ বাংলাগেশ কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স পরথম টি সতবক যলগেখা

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch

8Fa

ctor

s amp M

ultip

les

Factors Factors are what we can multiply to get a number and a factor is an exact divisor of the numberSo a number is a factor of another number if on dividing the second number by the first number the reminder is zero

Methods of finding factors We can find factors of a number by two methods (i) Multiplication and (ii) Division

Finding factors using Multiplication

Let us find the factors of 16∵ 1times 16 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 2times 8 = 16 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 4times 4 = 16 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Finding factors using Division ∵ 16 divide 1 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 2 = 8 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 4 = 4 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Properties of Factors 1 Every number can be written as a product of 1 and the number itself Example 21 = 1times21 159= 1times159 Thus 1 is a factor of every number and every number (other than zero) is a factor of itself 2 The number zero can be written as a product of 0 and any number eg 0 = 0times2 0 = 0times29 0 = 0times101 thus every number is a factor of zero

3 A factor of a number (other than zero) is either less than or equal to the number

4 Every number (except 1) has at least two factors

Note (i) The smallest factor of a number is 1 (ii) The greatest factor of a number is the number itself

Exercise ndash 307 Find the factors of 120

Solution 1234568121624304060120

9 What is the smallest factor of 25 Solution The smallest factor of

25 is 110 What is the greatest factor of 28

Solution The greatest factor of 28 is 28

11Say true or false(a) 3 is the factor of 9(b) 235 are factors of 30(c) 7 is a factor of 60(d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6(e) 1345 are factors of 36(f) 1 is a factor of every number(g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12

Solution (a) 3 is the factor of 9 [True](b) 235 are factors of 30 [True](c) 7 is a factor of 60 [False](d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6 [False](e) 1345 are factors of 36 [False](f) 1 is a factor of every number [True](g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12 [False]

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Reflexive pronouns

Explained in the previous lesson

Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns (30)5The dog saw itself in the mirror and started barking6 Jayant forced himself to swallow the bitter medicine7 The brother was turned into a bird and the seven beautiful sisters were themselves turned into seven stars8 The patient tried to get out of his bed by himself and fell down9 John was afraid to spend the night in the empty house all by himself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Gynoecium Q) What is ovary

Pollination The female reproductive part of a flower is called gynaecium It is also called pistil

It contains one or more female reproductive units called carpels

The carpel has three parts ndash Ovary Style Stigma

Ans - The swollen base of the carpel is called ovary Q) What are ovules Ans - Ovules are the female reproductive cell of flower Q) Where ovules are found Ans - Ovules are found in the ovary of the flower

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 3 DATA STORAGE DEVICES

EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE

E TICK THE CORRECT ANSWERd ALL OF THE ABOVEa ONa OFFb 3600 REVOLUTIONSMINa EPROMd 1 GEOBYTE

ACTIVITY ZONEA COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 PETABYTE = 1024 TB 1 KB = 1024 BYTES 1 PB = 1024 TERABYTES 8 BITS = 1 BYTE 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 KB 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 YB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1024 KB = 1 KB

Subject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesAirwaysAn aircraft or an aero plane is the machine which carries people and goods in the air to different places Out of all the modes of transport airways were the last to develop A place where aeroplanes land or takeoff is called an airport India has more than 300 civilian and more than 20 international airports The Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia The only airline owned by the government is Air India which handles both domestic and international flights under the same banner Several private airlines now dominate the market like Jet Airways IndiGo and SpiceJet which handle mostly domestic flightsAir transport is the fastest among all the means of transport

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

The Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft WordThe Justify button from the Paragraph section in Microsoft Word READ THE SUMMARY

Hindi 2ndlang

तम मझ खन ो म तमह आाी दगा

परतीक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहए सवशी वह ह जिस अपन श क इनितहास और उस की ससकनित पर गवJ ह ो श को साफ सवचछ रखता ह ो उसकी पराकनितक सरता को नकसान नही पहचाता और ो उसकी उनननित और परगनित

क लिलए परयतन शील रहता ह य ह कहानी सभाष चदर बोस की ह ब म छोट थ और उनक निपता ी वकील तब धिमशन सकल म पढतवहा कभी-

कभी उनकी बजजती भी बाकी बस स कर त थ कयोनिक वह भारतीय थ उनह ाग करक कभी बलात तो कभी उनको खलन नही दिया ाता था सभाष बचपन स ही कछ कर दिखान की निनपणता उनम भरपर थी धीर- धीर वह खलक और

पढाई- लिलखाई सभी म इतन मानिहर हो गए निक उनक अधयापक परशसा करत नही थकत थ अचानक एक दिन सभाष न रनिXयो म गाधीी करकी बात सनी और वह काफी परोतसानिहत हए निक उनका निकस तरह स अनशन करना और उनका कहना हम सभी परतक भारतीय को सवशी बनना चानिहएयह सारी बात सनकर उनक अर एक बलाव आया और वह अगरी सट बट छोडकर सवशी धोती कताJ पहना शर कर दिए 12 वषJ की उमर स ही उनक अर एक करानित की लहर ौड पडी

Continue to nexthellipBengali বইndashবাংলা

সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠ ndash ১৩কহিবতা ndash বাংলাগেশ কহিব ndash সগেতযনদরনাথ তত

কহিবতার সরাংশ - কহিব এই বাংলাগেশ কহিবতা টির মাধযগেম পললী বাংলার অপবamp রপ বরণampনা কগেরগেছন সব7 াছাছাহিলগেত যঘরা যসানার ফসগেল ভরা আমাগের বাংলাগেগেশ 7লাশয় ফগেট থাগেক পদম ফল াগেছ াগেছ নানান রকম পাহিখর কলতান যশানা ায় আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান আমাগের এই বাংলাগেশ আমাগের মাগেয়র সমান এখানকার amp শায় আমরা ঃখ পাই যতমনই যগেশর গেবamp আমরা হিবampত ই এই বাংলাগেগেশর মাটিগেতই আমাগের হিপত হিপতামগের চররণধহিল আগেছHome Work ১ বাংলাগেশ কহিবতাটি কহিবর নাম স পরথম টি সতবক যলগেখা

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch

8Fa

ctor

s amp M

ultip

les

Factors Factors are what we can multiply to get a number and a factor is an exact divisor of the numberSo a number is a factor of another number if on dividing the second number by the first number the reminder is zero

Methods of finding factors We can find factors of a number by two methods (i) Multiplication and (ii) Division

Finding factors using Multiplication

Let us find the factors of 16∵ 1times 16 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 2times 8 = 16 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 4times 4 = 16 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Finding factors using Division ∵ 16 divide 1 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 2 = 8 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 4 = 4 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Properties of Factors 1 Every number can be written as a product of 1 and the number itself Example 21 = 1times21 159= 1times159 Thus 1 is a factor of every number and every number (other than zero) is a factor of itself 2 The number zero can be written as a product of 0 and any number eg 0 = 0times2 0 = 0times29 0 = 0times101 thus every number is a factor of zero

3 A factor of a number (other than zero) is either less than or equal to the number

4 Every number (except 1) has at least two factors

Note (i) The smallest factor of a number is 1 (ii) The greatest factor of a number is the number itself

Exercise ndash 307 Find the factors of 120

Solution 1234568121624304060120

9 What is the smallest factor of 25 Solution The smallest factor of

25 is 110 What is the greatest factor of 28

Solution The greatest factor of 28 is 28

11Say true or false(a) 3 is the factor of 9(b) 235 are factors of 30(c) 7 is a factor of 60(d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6(e) 1345 are factors of 36(f) 1 is a factor of every number(g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12

Solution (a) 3 is the factor of 9 [True](b) 235 are factors of 30 [True](c) 7 is a factor of 60 [False](d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6 [False](e) 1345 are factors of 36 [False](f) 1 is a factor of every number [True](g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12 [False]

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Reflexive pronouns

Explained in the previous lesson

Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns (30)5The dog saw itself in the mirror and started barking6 Jayant forced himself to swallow the bitter medicine7 The brother was turned into a bird and the seven beautiful sisters were themselves turned into seven stars8 The patient tried to get out of his bed by himself and fell down9 John was afraid to spend the night in the empty house all by himself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Gynoecium Q) What is ovary

Pollination The female reproductive part of a flower is called gynaecium It is also called pistil

It contains one or more female reproductive units called carpels

The carpel has three parts ndash Ovary Style Stigma

Ans - The swollen base of the carpel is called ovary Q) What are ovules Ans - Ovules are the female reproductive cell of flower Q) Where ovules are found Ans - Ovules are found in the ovary of the flower

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 3 DATA STORAGE DEVICES

EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE

E TICK THE CORRECT ANSWERd ALL OF THE ABOVEa ONa OFFb 3600 REVOLUTIONSMINa EPROMd 1 GEOBYTE

ACTIVITY ZONEA COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 PETABYTE = 1024 TB 1 KB = 1024 BYTES 1 PB = 1024 TERABYTES 8 BITS = 1 BYTE 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 KB 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 YB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1024 KB = 1 KB

Subject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesAirwaysAn aircraft or an aero plane is the machine which carries people and goods in the air to different places Out of all the modes of transport airways were the last to develop A place where aeroplanes land or takeoff is called an airport India has more than 300 civilian and more than 20 international airports The Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia The only airline owned by the government is Air India which handles both domestic and international flights under the same banner Several private airlines now dominate the market like Jet Airways IndiGo and SpiceJet which handle mostly domestic flightsAir transport is the fastest among all the means of transport

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch

8Fa

ctor

s amp M

ultip

les

Factors Factors are what we can multiply to get a number and a factor is an exact divisor of the numberSo a number is a factor of another number if on dividing the second number by the first number the reminder is zero

Methods of finding factors We can find factors of a number by two methods (i) Multiplication and (ii) Division

Finding factors using Multiplication

Let us find the factors of 16∵ 1times 16 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 2times 8 = 16 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 4times 4 = 16 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Finding factors using Division ∵ 16 divide 1 = 16 there4 116 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 2 = 8 there4 28 are factors of 16∵ 16 divide 4 = 4 there4 4 is a factor of 16

Properties of Factors 1 Every number can be written as a product of 1 and the number itself Example 21 = 1times21 159= 1times159 Thus 1 is a factor of every number and every number (other than zero) is a factor of itself 2 The number zero can be written as a product of 0 and any number eg 0 = 0times2 0 = 0times29 0 = 0times101 thus every number is a factor of zero

3 A factor of a number (other than zero) is either less than or equal to the number

4 Every number (except 1) has at least two factors

Note (i) The smallest factor of a number is 1 (ii) The greatest factor of a number is the number itself

Exercise ndash 307 Find the factors of 120

Solution 1234568121624304060120

9 What is the smallest factor of 25 Solution The smallest factor of

25 is 110 What is the greatest factor of 28

Solution The greatest factor of 28 is 28

11Say true or false(a) 3 is the factor of 9(b) 235 are factors of 30(c) 7 is a factor of 60(d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6(e) 1345 are factors of 36(f) 1 is a factor of every number(g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12

Solution (a) 3 is the factor of 9 [True](b) 235 are factors of 30 [True](c) 7 is a factor of 60 [False](d) 0 is a smallest factor of 6 [False](e) 1345 are factors of 36 [False](f) 1 is a factor of every number [True](g) 2 is a factor of 12 but 2 is not divisor of 12 [False]

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Reflexive pronouns

Explained in the previous lesson

Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns (30)5The dog saw itself in the mirror and started barking6 Jayant forced himself to swallow the bitter medicine7 The brother was turned into a bird and the seven beautiful sisters were themselves turned into seven stars8 The patient tried to get out of his bed by himself and fell down9 John was afraid to spend the night in the empty house all by himself

Science Chapter 4 ndash Gynoecium Q) What is ovary

Pollination The female reproductive part of a flower is called gynaecium It is also called pistil

It contains one or more female reproductive units called carpels

The carpel has three parts ndash Ovary Style Stigma

Ans - The swollen base of the carpel is called ovary Q) What are ovules Ans - Ovules are the female reproductive cell of flower Q) Where ovules are found Ans - Ovules are found in the ovary of the flower

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 3 DATA STORAGE DEVICES

EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE

E TICK THE CORRECT ANSWERd ALL OF THE ABOVEa ONa OFFb 3600 REVOLUTIONSMINa EPROMd 1 GEOBYTE

ACTIVITY ZONEA COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 PETABYTE = 1024 TB 1 KB = 1024 BYTES 1 PB = 1024 TERABYTES 8 BITS = 1 BYTE 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 KB 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 YB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1024 KB = 1 KB

Subject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesAirwaysAn aircraft or an aero plane is the machine which carries people and goods in the air to different places Out of all the modes of transport airways were the last to develop A place where aeroplanes land or takeoff is called an airport India has more than 300 civilian and more than 20 international airports The Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia The only airline owned by the government is Air India which handles both domestic and international flights under the same banner Several private airlines now dominate the market like Jet Airways IndiGo and SpiceJet which handle mostly domestic flightsAir transport is the fastest among all the means of transport

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

Pollination The female reproductive part of a flower is called gynaecium It is also called pistil

It contains one or more female reproductive units called carpels

The carpel has three parts ndash Ovary Style Stigma

Ans - The swollen base of the carpel is called ovary Q) What are ovules Ans - Ovules are the female reproductive cell of flower Q) Where ovules are found Ans - Ovules are found in the ovary of the flower

COMPUTER

CHAPTER 3 DATA STORAGE DEVICES

EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE

E TICK THE CORRECT ANSWERd ALL OF THE ABOVEa ONa OFFb 3600 REVOLUTIONSMINa EPROMd 1 GEOBYTE

ACTIVITY ZONEA COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 PETABYTE = 1024 TB 1 KB = 1024 BYTES 1 PB = 1024 TERABYTES 8 BITS = 1 BYTE 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 KB 1 BRONOBYTE = 1024 YB 1 MB = 1024 KB 1024 KB = 1 KB

Subject Social studiesTopic Conquering distancesAirwaysAn aircraft or an aero plane is the machine which carries people and goods in the air to different places Out of all the modes of transport airways were the last to develop A place where aeroplanes land or takeoff is called an airport India has more than 300 civilian and more than 20 international airports The Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi and the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia The only airline owned by the government is Air India which handles both domestic and international flights under the same banner Several private airlines now dominate the market like Jet Airways IndiGo and SpiceJet which handle mostly domestic flightsAir transport is the fastest among all the means of transport

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

It can access remote areas like deserts and hilly regions where roads and rails cannot reachIt is the best means of transport in case of emergencies like floods or earthquakesHowever it is the most expensive of all other means of transport

Trade and voyageModern means of transport facilitate the growth of trade within the country and across the borders It enhances tourism which helps to generate revenue through foreign exchange It also provides employment to thousands of peopleTravelling to explore the world strengthens National and international integration and develops better understanding among countries and its people It helps in uniting people all over the world

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch 5

Fact

ors amp

Mul

tiple

s

Exercise ndash 21

2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following numbersg) 60 105 h) 150 210 135g) Solution2 60 3 105 2 30 5 35 3 15 7 5Prime factors of 60= 2times2times3 times 5Prime factors of 105= 3 times5times7there4HCF = 3times5 = 15

h) Solution2 150 2 210 3 135 3 75 3 105 3 45 5 25 5 35 3 15 5 7 5

Prime factors of 150 = 2times3 times 5times 5Prime factors of 210= 2times3times 5times 7Prime factors of 135 = 3times3 times 3times 53times3timesthere4 HCF = 3times5 = 15

3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the followingb) 12 42 f) 42 70 84 g) 36 48 60b)Solution12 42 3 366 12 2 12

times

there4 HCF = 6

f) Solution42 70 1 14 84 6 42 84 28 42 1 times 2814 28 2 28timesthere4 HCF = 14

g) Solution36 48 1 12 60 5 36 6012 36 3 times 36

times

there4 HCF = 12

4 Use long division method to find the HFC of the following numbersg) 219 1102 and 1218 h) 1456 1183 and 3640

g) Solution219 1102 5 1 1218 1218 1095 1 7 219 31 2 21 1 9 8 7 8 2 7 3times 61 2 2 2timesthere4 HCF = 1

h) Solution1183 1456 1 91 3640 40 1183 364 273 1183 4 0 109291 273 3 273

times

there4HCF = 91

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

Class VI

SUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

HISTORY AND CIVICS

Chapter 5

The Mauryan Empire

THE MAURYANS

In 322BC Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in present ndashday Eastern India Before the Mauryans there had been hundreds of private kingdoms and armies but central government formed by Chandragupta Maurya provided a stable unified nation This political and military unity used regional governors to control justice and security and let all kinds of trade expand and thrive The trade that India engaged in along the silk Road flourished because of the decreased number of bandits on the roads and internal trade also did well because of the single currency that Chandragupta established in India

IMPORTANCE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

First historical empire ndash with the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

The political unity ndash the mighty Mauryans established their rule almost all over India and united all the fighting clans

Uniform efficient system of administration ndash the system of administration started by the Mauryans continued for a very long period with minor changes

Development of various Arts ndash Peace and prosperity during the Mauryan empire resulted in development of various arts

1 Who founded the Mauryan dynasty in India

Ans Chandragupta Maurya

2 Why the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire

Ans the Mauryan empire is called the first historical empire because the establishment of the Mauryan dynasty the first chronological writing of history starts Before them there is no authentic writing

Hindi 2ndlang मतर सधया का समय था Xॉकटर चडढा नाम क एक Xॉकटर तरत अपनी क निबन स निनकल ही रह थ तभी Xोली म एक बढा अपन छोट 10 12 साल क बचच को लकर आया बोला Xॉकटर साहब मरा बचचा बहत बीमार ह और म बहत गरीब ह आप चाहग तो हमारा बचचा बच ाएगा लनिकन Xॉकटर क पास समय नही था वह कभी बढ स बात करत तो कभी घडी की तरफ खत लनिकन उसक बचच का इला नही निकया और गाडी पर बठ और चल गए गरीब बढा अपन बचच को लिलए चौखट पर बठ तब तक खता रहा ब तक निक Xॉ साहब की गाडी आखो सधरना हो गई वह गरीब चपचाप अपन घर लौट गया निकसी और Xॉकटर क पास नही गया और खत ही खत उसका हसता खलता 10- 12 साल का बचचा मर गया काफी साल बीत चक थ बस आपक घर महमानो की भीX लगी हई थी उनक ो बचच थ लडकी की शाी हो चकी थी और लडका कॉल म पढता था उसी की सालनिगरह की पाटc चल रही थी उनक बट का नाम क लाश था क लाश अपन ोसतो क साथ नमा नवाी म वयसत था पर नग पाव ही महमानो की ख रख म लगा हआ था तभी उसकी ोसत मणालिलनी उसी वकत कहती ह निक अपन पालत सापो स हम नही धिमलवाओग ोसतो न भी काफी ोर दिया तो क लाश न सापो को दिखान का फ सला निकया वह सापो क निवचारो क पास गया और उसन बीन बान शर कर ी निफर एक एकसाप बाहर अपनी गJन निनकाल खड हो गए सभी को Xर भी लग रहा था लनिकन सापो क निवश निनकाल हए थतभी उसन एक साप की गJन ोर स पकडी हई थी स ही ढील धिमली उसन क लाश को काट लिलया वह ली स दसर कमर म ान का सोचा की डी लगा लन स यह हर खतम हो ाएगा लनिकन ऐसा वह नही कर पाया महनिफल म भगड मच गई और खत ही खत क लाश निबन होश हो गयाएक महाशय न बोला कोई मतर झाडन वाला धिमल तो सभव ह निक क लाश की ान बच ाए वह अतीत अवसथा म पडा हआ था लनिकन शहर स कमी दर एक झोपडी म एक बढा और गनिडया ाड की रात काट रह थ इतन म निकसी न दवार पर सतक ी रा रवाा खोलिलए कीबाढ खोलत ही आमी न अर आकर कहा Xॉकटर चडढा क लडक को साप न काट लिलया ह भगत न चौक पछा Xॉटचडढा क लडक को वही Xॉकटर

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

चडढा ो छावनी क पास वाल घरम रहत थ तो आमी न कहा हा वही बढ न कठोर भाव स कहा म नही ाता Xॉटचडढा को खब ानता ह मनना कोउनही क पास लकर गया था निफर भी उनकी पतनी क समझान पर वो बढा आमी उनक घर गयामतर वतर पढना शर निकया मतर खतम होत ही बीच-बीच म डी क लाश को सघा ता इस तरह ना ान निकतनी घड पानी क Xाल गए और हर बार मतर छपत हए भगत न उस डी सनाई आखिखर ब उषा की लाल-लाल आख खली तो क लाशनआख खोल ी और पानी पीन को मागा इस तरह क लाश उठकर खडा हो गयाऔर अचानक सभी खत ह बाब गायब हो चका था पता नही कहा चला गयाXॉ चडढा अपन निकए पर बहत पशचाताप रह थ और कहन लग उस सजजन न मझ ऐसा आशJ दिया ह ो अब स ीवन भर मर सामन रहगा

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ধবহিন ও বরণamp উচচাররণ সথান অনায়ী বযঞজন ধবহিনর আরও নাম আগেছ ndash

নাহিসকয বা আননাহিসক ধবহিন ndash ঙ ঞ রণ ন ম এই বরণampগহিল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় মখ হিগেয় না যবহিরগেয় নাক হিগেয় যবহিরগেয় আগেস তখন তাগেক নাহিসকয বা অননাহিসক বরণamp বগেল

তরল সবর ndash বাংলায় র ল উচচারগেরণর শবাস বায় হিরগেয় ায় বগেল এগেক তরল সবরবগেল

পাহিশবampক ধবহিন- ল উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবার উভয় পাশ হিগেয় হিনampত য় বগেল এগেক পাহিশবampক ধবহিন বগেল

কমপন 7াত ধবহিন- র উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় বাধা না যপগেয় হি7হবা বারবার কহিমপত য় বগেল এগেক কমপন 7াত ধবহিন বগেল

তাডন7াত ধবহিন- ড় ঢ় এই বরণamp টি উচচারগেরণর সময় শবাস বায় হি7হবাগেক তাডনা কগের তাই এগেক তাডন7াত ধবহিন বগেল

হিশসধবহিন ndash শ রষ স এই হিতনটি বরণamp উচচারগেরণর সগে_ হিশস যওয়ার সাশয আগেছ তাই এগেক হিশসধবহিন বগেলপরহিতটি সংজঞা মখসত কগেরা ও খাতায় যলগেখা

PHYSICS Physical quantities

Fill in the blanks

1 There are three fundamental physical quantities 2 In the FPS system length is measured in feet 3 1 kilometre is equals to 1000 metres 4 The amount of matter present in an object is known as its mass 5 The first two digits in a 24 hour time format represent the number of hours6 The lower fixed point in the fahrenheit scale is 32 degree Fahrenheit 7 The normal temperature of human body is 37 degree Celsius or 986 degree Fahrenheit

CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 ndashElement and Compound

H Name the constituents of the following compounds 1 Carbon dioxide 2 Iron sulphide 3 Common salt 4 Ammonia

Ans- 1 Carbon dioxide ndash Carbon Oxygen2 Iron sulphide - Iron Sulphur3 Common salt ndash Sodium Chlorine4 Ammonia ndash Nitrogen Hydrogen

I Write the chemical formula of the following compounds 1 Water 2 Carbon dioxide 3 Zinc sulphide 4 Calcium oxide

Ans- 1 Water ndash H2O2 Carbon dioxide ndash CO2

3 Zinc sulphide ndash ZnS4 Calcium oxide - CaO

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

English literature

The Echoing Green- William Blake

The Echoing Green is a poem by William Blake published in Songs of Innocence in 1789 The poem talks about merry sounds and images which accompany the children playing outdoors Then an old man happily remembers when he enjoyed playing with his friends during his own childhood The last stanza depicts the little ones being weary when the sun has descended and going to their mother to rest after playing many games

3 Answer the following questions

a What time of the day it is at the beginning of the poem

It is morning at the beginning of the poem

b Which words from the first stanza create a cheerful mood

The words like Happy Merry sing welcome cheerful sound sports create a cheerful mood in the first stanza

c In the second stanza what are the older people doing And what does it make them remember

The older people are sitting beneath the shade of an oak tree watching the children playing on the green field

They laugh seeing the children playing and those remind them of their own childhood days

d In the final stanza what time of the day it is

It is evening in the final stanza of the poem

e In the final stanza the poet creates an interesting image by comparing the mother and the children to a type of animal What animal they are compared to What are they doing What is the effect of using this comparison question mark

The mother and her children are compared to the birds

They are getting ready to go to bed to rest since they are tired after playing for all this times like the birds return to the nest when they are tired at the sunset

It suggest the protection of the childhood who are guarded by their mother

COMPUTER CHAPTER 8 BASICS OF WINDOWS 10

INSTALLING REMOVING HARDWARETHE DEVICES AND PRINTERS FOLDER IN THE CONTROL PANEL DISPLAYS THE DEVICE AND CONNECTED EXTERNAL LEAD TO OUR COMPUTER WHICH INCLUDES DEVICES THAT ARE CONNECTED WIRELESSLY OR OVER THE NETWORK THIS FOLDER HELPS US TO PERFORM ANY TASK THAT VARY DEPENDING ON SOME DEVICETHE MAIN TASK THAT WE CAN PERFORM ARE

FEW THE PRINTERS AND ALL THE EXTERNAL DEVICES THAT ARE CONNECTED TO OUR COMPUTER

ADD NEW PRINTER DEVICE TO OUR COMPUTER

CHECK IF A SPECIFIC DEVICE IS CONNECTED AND IT IS WORKING PROPERLY

DISPLAY THE DETAILS ABOUT OUR DEVICE

SEE WHAT ALL TASKS WE CAN PERFORM WITH A PARTICULAR DEVICE

Q) WRITE THE STEPS TO ADD A PRINTER TO OUR COMPUTERANS) THE STEPS ARE

IN CONTROL PANEL CLICK ON THE OPTION ADD A DEVICE

CHOOSE A DEVICE OR PRINTER TO ADD TO THIS PC

CLICK THE NEXT BUTTON FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS ON

THE SCREEN CLICK INSTALL FROM DISC TO

INSTALL PRINTER DRIVER FROM AND INSTALLATION CD

CHOOSE THE MANUFACTURER AND PRINTER THEN CLICK NEXT TYPE PRINTER NAME AND CLICK NEXT

YOU WILL GET A MESSAGE OF SUCCESSFUL INSTALLATION THEN CLICK FINISH

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution Hindi 2ndlang

महावर(वयाकरण)

ोवाकय या वाकयाशसामानय अथJ स अलग निवशष अथJ त ह इनक परयोग स भाषा सर

परभावशाली होती ह उस महावर कहत ह स आखो म धल झोकना-अथJ -( धोखा ना)

वाकयndash चोर पलिलस की आखो म धल झोक कर भाग गया

1 निनमनलिलखिखत महावरो का अथJ लिलखकर वाकय म परयोग कीजिए

क) आखो का तारा ( बहतपयारा) रोहन अपन घर का आखो

का तारा हख) ndashआकाश पाताल एक करना

( बहत परिरशरम) करना ककषा म परथम आन क लिलए सीमा न

आकाश पाताल एक कर दियाग) आवा उठाना( निवरोध

करना) गलत निनणJय पर मनषय को हमशा आवा उठाना चानिहए

घ) कोलह का बल( बहत अधिधकमहनती) शयाम क पापा न शयाम

को उचच लिशकषा दिलान क लिलए कोलह क बल की तरह काम

निकयाङ) लिचकना घडाकछ असर ना

होनासधिमत तो लिचकना घडा ह लाख समझान पर भी पढाई म धयान नही ता

च) ान पर खलना( पराणो को सकट म Xालना) Xबत बचच की ान

बचान क लिलए मनिहमा ान पर खल गई

छ) लाल पीला होना ( गससा होना) मोहन की मा मोहन को जयाा खलत ह कर लाल पीली हो

ाती ह) धन का पकका( लगन का सचचा)

ो बचच घम क पकक होत ह व ीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बाधना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बाध लना चानिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना ( निनयतरण मरखना) आकल माता निपता

अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

CHEMISTRY

Chapter ndashElement and Compound

Answer the following Page ndash 45Q) Give two examples for each of the following a ) solid + solid mixtureb ) solid + liquid mixturec ) liquid + liquid mixture(a) Solid + Solid mixture Sand and sugar (b) Solid + Liquid mixture Sand and water(c) Liquid + Liquid mixture Oil in waterQ) Define evaporation filtration sublimation distillation miscible liquids immiscible liquidEvaporation Is the process ~of converting a liquid into its vapours state either by exposing it to air or by heatingFiltration The process of separating solid particles from liquid by allowing it to pass through a filter paper is called filtrationSublimation The process in which a solid changes directly into its vapours on heating is called sublimationDistillation Distillation is the method of getting a pure liquid from a solution by evaporating and then condensing the vaporsMiscible liquids Homogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures are called miscible liquidsImmiscible liquids Heterogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures are called immiscible liquids

Q) Name the process by which the components of the following mixture can be separated

A Iron and sulphurB Ammonium chloride and sandC Common salt from seawaterD Chaff and grainE Water and mustard oilF Sugar and waterG Cream from milk

AnswerA) BY USING MAGNETS WHICH WILL ATTRACT IRON AND LEAVE SULPHURB)SUBLIMATIONC)EVAPORATIOND)WINNOWINGE)BY SEPARATING FUNNELF)EVAPORATIONG)CENTRIFUGATION

English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example

C Page 28( Do in the book)

1 My grandparents- subject Tells- verb me ndash indirect object wonderful stories- direct object

2 Raghav- subject asked- verb me- indirect object a very difficult question- direct

He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pets the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (Verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

object3 The teacher- subject promised- verb her

students- indirect object a picnic- direct object

4 Tarun- subject wrote- verb his mother- indirect object an email- direct object

5 The kumars- subject showed- verb us- indirect object their huge house- direct object

6 You- subject lend- verb me- indirect object some money- direct object

Homework- 7-10

Biology Chapter - 03 Classification of animals

Today we will discuss about vertebrates those have backbone which are divided into five main categories

1 Pisces2 Amphibian3 Reptilia4 Aves5 Mammalia

Q11 Write characteristics and examples of each categories of vertebrates

Vertebrates

Characteristics Example

Pisces( Fish)

a) Live in water

String ray Rahu Electric ray Sea horse etc

b) Body is streamlined which helps them swim easily

c) Body is covered with scales

d) Swim with the help of their fins

e) Breathe through gills

f) Lay eggs in water

Amphibian a) Live both on land and in water

SalamanderFrogToad

b) Body is covered with thin

slippery and moist skin

c) With help of webbed feet they can swim easily in water

d) Breathe through lungs on land and through gills ana moist skin in water

e) Lay eggs in water

Reptilia a) Mostly Live on land

Crocodile Tortoise Lizard Snake Turtle

b) Skin dry and with covered with scales

c) Breathe through lungs

d) Some have no limbs some have two pars of limbs They crawl on land with the help of legs

e) Lay soft shelled eggs on land

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৬কহিবতাndashধলামহিরকহিবndashরবীনদরনাথ ঠাকরকহিবতার সরাংশ - শদধাচাগের শহিচবগেc প7া অচamp না ঈশবর পরাহিeর এক ভরানত পরয়াস যবতা যকান রদধদবার যবালগেয় যনই যবতা আগেছ সাধাররণ মানগেরষর শরগেমর মগেধয তাগের অহিত সাধাররণ দৈনহিন 7ীবন াপগেনর মগেধয চাহিরষ শরহিমক এগের বহিলষঠ বগেকর মাগে0ই যবতার সথান তাই কহিব বগেলগেছন শহিচ বসন তযা কগের ধলা মহিলন বগেc তাগের পাগেশ এগেস া াডাগেলই পাওয়া াগেব যবতার সপশamp এই 7ত সংসাগের মহিG বগেল হিকছই যনই সবয়ং যবতা আবদধ এই 7ত সংসাগের 7গেতর কমamp গেজঞ সাহিমল গেলই সপশamp পাওয়া াগেব যবতার

পরশন ndash আগেলাচয কহিবতায় কহিব সমপগেকamp যলগেখাউততর ndash সবনামধনয কহিব রবীনদরনাথ ঠাকর শধ মাতর বাংলা সাহিগেতয নয় হিবশব সাহিতয রবাগের হিবশব কহিব নাগেম খযাত

পরশন ndash কহিবতার মল ভাব যলগেখাউততর ndash শহিচ বসগেন যবালগেয় প7া অচamp নায় নয় 7গেতর কমamp গেজঞ ঈশবর পরাহিe সমভব

GEOGRAPHY

ATMOSPHERE Stratosphere Stratosphere extending from

the tropopause till about 50 km from the Earthrsquos surface

This layer of the atmosphere provides ideal flying conditions for aircraft

Within the stratosphere lies a layer that has rich concentration of ozone and is known as ozonosphere

Ozone is vital for our survival as it absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiations emitted by the Sun This causes the temperature of this layer to increase

The upper limit of this layer is marked by the stratopause where the temperature begins to fall with altitude again

Why stratosphere provides ideal flying Conditions for aircraft

Ans ndash stratosphere provides ideal flying conditions for aircraft because absence of water vapour makes free from weather disturbances

Ultraviolet ultraviolet light is beyond the normal range of colours that humans can see Too much ultraviolet light can be bad for your skin It is often simply called UV rays

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Number System

Chapter Rational Number

Study item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equal

In this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the rule

Study item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equal

In this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2

When the two rational numbers whose denominator is unequal

Suppose ab and cd are two rational numbers

Therefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd)

= ab + (-cd)

Study item Multiplication of rational numbers

Multiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbers Therefore Multiplication of two rational numbers

= product of their numerators product of their denominators

Multiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverse

Study item Division of rational numbers

If ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dc

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY MATTER Anything that has weight and

occupies space is called matter Matter has mass and occupies space Matter is made up of atoms and molecules Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existence

Properties of particles of matter

Particles of matter have space in between them

Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating

Particles of matter attract each other

Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

Define

(a) Matter

Solution

(a) Matter is anything that occupies space has space and can be perceived by our senses

Example Air Book

(b) Intermolecular force of attraction

Solution

(b) Due to intermolecular force of attraction the molecules of matter are always in motion and attract each other with a force which they are held together

BIOLOGY Chapter - 05 Endocrine System and Adolescence

Today we will start Unit II Syllabus with chapter 5 Endocrine System which is made up of Endocrine gland and their secretion hormone This system is the chemical coordination system of our body

Q1 Write difference between Endocrine gland and exocrine gland

Endocrine gland

Exocrine gland

i) Have special vessel to carry their secretions

i) There is no special vessels secretions are directly poured in blood

stream ii) Gland

release their secretion directly to target organs

ii) Duct less glands release their secretion into the blood

iii) Ex salivary glands Liver Sweat gland etc

iii) Ex Pituitary Thyroid etc

Q2 Which gland is known as mixed gland and why

Pancreas is known as mixed gland because from its exocrine part carbohydrate protein and fat digestive enzymes are secreted and transferred through common bile duct into duodenum From its endocrine part hormones are secreted and transported through blood

Q3 What is hormone Hormones are chemical substance that

regulate the growth or functioning of a specific tissue or organ eg Insulin Thyroxin etc

Q4 How many endocrine glands are present in human body Name them

There are five main endocrine glands are present in human bodyi) Pituitaryii) Thyroid iii) Pancreas iv) Adrenal v) Testes( only in male) vi) Ovaries ( only in female)

English Language

Active amp Passive Voice

Solved Active amp Passive Voice-

Active Voice Passive Voice1) It is time to play the match It is time for the match to be played2) I know him He is known to me3) His conduct will surprise me I shall be surprised at his conduct4) May I take your book May your book be taken by me5) What do you want What is wanted by you6) His failure disgusted his parents His parents were disgusted at his failure7) One should help the poor The poor should be helped8) God help those who help themselves Those who help themselves are helped by God9) One must endure what one cannot cure What cannot be cured must be endured10) They say that honesty is the best policy It is said that honesty is the best policy11) He had to pay the fine The fine had to be paid by him12) What does the box contain What is contained in the box13) Please help me You are requested to help me14) I want you to sell this house I want this house to be sold by you

15) The mill grinds corn Corn is ground in the mill16) I expect you to help her I expect her to be helped by you

MATHEMATICS Ch 8Profit Loss

and Discount

CP = Cost price

SP = Selling price

Profit When the selling price (SP) of an article is more than its cost price (CP)the article is said to be sold at a profit (gain) and Profit = SP ndash CP

Loss When the selling price (SP) of an article is less than its cost price (CP) the article is said to be sold at a loss and Loss = CP ndash SP

CP = SP ndash Profit

(When there is profit)

CP = SP + Loss

(When there is loss)

SP = CP + Profit

(When there is profit)

SP = CP ndash Loss

(When there is loss)

Profit (Gain) =

( ProfitC P

times100) Loss = ( Loss

C Ptimes100)

Note Profit and Loss

are always calculated

on CP (Cost price)

Over headed Expenses

When an article is purchased at one place and is taken to some other place additional money for transformation labour packing etc is to be spent This additional money spent is termed as Overheads or Over headed expenses

Exercise ndash 8(A)1 Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs 40 and sold them at Rs 475 per note-book Find her gain percent

Solution Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs40

there4 CP per note-book is = Rs( 4010 ) = Rs4

Again SP of each note-book is Rs475there4 Gain on each note-book = Rs(475minus400 ) = Rs075

there4 Gain = ( GainC P

times100)

= ( 0754

times 100) = ( 754 )

= 18 34

there4Gain = 18 34

5 An article is bought from Jaipur for Rs 4800 and is sold in Delhi for Rs5 820 If Rs 1200 is spent on its transportations etc find the loss or the gain as percent

Solution Cost of an article Rs 4800Transportation cost Rs1200 Total cost price Rs6000Again SP of that article Rs5820 [ SP lt CP]there4 Loss = Rs(6000 ndash 5820) = Rs180

there4 Loss = ( 1806000

times 100) = 3

there4 Loss = 3

The overheads (if any) incurred is added to the actual cost price to get the total cost price of the article and then the profit or loss is calculated on this total cost price

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Computer Application

Chapter 5 Operators in Java

helliphelliphellipContinue from last class

7 State the different types of binary arithmetic operators Also state their hierarchy of operations

Ans These are operators that work on two operands The operator is placed between the operands The symbols that are used as binary arithmetic operators are

+ For performing addition- For performing subtraction For performing multiplication For performing division For getting the remainder when divided

Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operators -

1 First BracketsParenthesis In Java the expression in bracket is done first However brackets in an expression should only be first bracket ( ) Nested brackets can also be used but in that case the expressions in the innermost bracket are done first and then the subsequent outer level brackets Eg (5+6(7-3)) will give 29 Notice that only first-bracket is used

2 Then or whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

3 Then + or ndash whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

8 What is Operator Associatively What is the operator associatively of prefixpostfix incrementdecrement operators

Ans Operator Associatively is a property that determines how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses ie in what order each operator is evaluated

9 What are short hand operators Explain with an example

Ans Java provides special operators that can be used to combine an arithmetic operation with an assignment For example the expression a = a+4 can be written

as a += 4 As this operator is a shorter way of expressing an expression it is also sometimes called Short hand operators

10 What is an accumulator

Ans An accumulator is a variable that the program uses to calculate a sum or product of a series of values

English language

Articles Articles come before nouns

There are two kinds of Articles

Indefinite Article

Definite Article

Omission of articles

bull Before names of substances and abstract nouns used in a general sense

bull Before plural countable nouns

bull Before names of metals

bull Before languages

bull Before school college university church hospital prison when they are used for their primary purpose

Fill in the blanks with Articles- Exercise 3

1 ___ rich are happy

2 I have ___ black cat

3 Dr Hill is ___ European

4 Wisdom is ___ gift of heaven

5 ___ elephant is a useful animal

Bengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoনীর ধাগের হিন7ampগেন বগেস বগেস শঙকর এইসব কথাই ভাবহিছলrdquo ক) শঙকর যক খ) নীর ধাগের শঙকর বগেস বগেস হিন7ampগেন কী ভাবহিছল) শঙকগেরর মন কী চায় উঃ- ক) আগেলাচয অংশটি হিবভহিতভরষরণ বগেযাপাধযাগেয়র lsquoচা াগের পাাডrsquo নামক উপনযাস যথগেক যনওয়া গেয়গেছ শঙকর অ7 পাডাাাগেয়র যছগেলএফএ পাস হিগেয় গরাগেম বাস করগেছকাগে7র মগেধয বনধবানধগেবর সগে_ আডডা যওয়া পগের আারাগেনত লমবা ঘম আর হিবগেকগেল পালঘাগেট মাছ ধরগেত াওয়া শঙকর যখলাধগেলাগেত সাাতাগের এমনহিক যঘাডায় চডগেত যস সমান পারশv

খ) শঙকগেরর বাবার শরীর খারাপ তাই মা শঙকরগেক একটা চাকরীর যচষটা করগেত বগেল হিনরপায় গেয় শঙকরগেক চাকরীর কথা ভাবগেত য় বাধয গেয় শঙকরগেক চটকগেল কা7 হিনগেত গেব হিকনত এগেত য তার সবপন যভগেঙ াগেব তাও যস ব0গেত পাগের যশগেরষ শঙকর গেব চটকগেলর বাব সকাগেলই যভা া বা7গেল হিনগেকগেলর যকৌটগেত খাবার হিক পান হিনগেয় ছটগেত গেব কগেল-আবার বাগেরাটার সময় গেটা যখগেয়ই আবার রওনা- ওহিগেক যসই ছটার যভা া বা7গেল ছটি তার তা7া তরন মন এসব কথা ভাবগেত পাগের না ভাবগেত যগেলই তারা সারাকষন হিবগেzাী গেয় ওগেঠ যরগেসর যঘাডা হিকনা ছযাকডা াহিড টানগেব হিন7ampগেন বগেস শঙকর এসব কথাই ভাবহিছল )শঙকগেরর মন চায় উগেড যগেত চায় পহিথবীর র র অ7ানা অগেচনা যশ শত সসর ঃসাহিসক কাগে7র মগেধয হিলহিভংগে|ান |যানহিল মাকamp গেকাগেপাগেলার মগেতা এর 7নয যছাটগেবলা যথগেক যস হিনগে7গেক দৈতহির কগেরগেছ- হিও যস একথা যভগেব যগেখহিন যস অনয যগেশর পগেকষ না ঘটগেত পাগের বাঙাহিল যছগেলর পগেকষ তা ঘটা এগেকবাগেরই অসমভব তারা দৈতহির গেয়গেছ যকউ যকরানী উহিকল যকউ ডাGার আবার যকউ সকল মা|ার বার 7নয তাই অজঞাত পাগের পাহিড যওয়া তাগের পগেকষ রাশা তগেব শঙকর একট আলাা ধাগেতর রাগেত ওগেয়|মাগেকamp র বগেডা ভগোগেলর বইখানা খগেল বগেস যসই বই তাগেক অহিভাতরী ওয়ার যনশায় উদবদধ কগের

Hindi(2nd language)

पतर हमार ीवन म पतरो का निवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवततम साधन ह जिस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत

अनौपचारिक पतर

1 अपन पिपताजी को पतर लिखिए औ बताइए पिक गत

उस पतर दवारा लिलखकर आसानी स भा ा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

पीकषा म आप की उपबधिया कया कया थी

103 सदाबहा बाजा

कोकाता -65

दिदनाक -862020

आदणीय पिपताजी

साद चण सपरश

पीकषाओ स पह आपका पतर मिमा था म उसका उतत ना द पाई कयोपिक वह समय पीकषा की तयारियो का था मन ब महनत स सभी पिवषय तया पिकए कपयट म कछ कमी थी सो मन अग स टयरशन क उसकी तयाी पी क ी मी पीकषा क ही समापत हई ह सभी पप अचछ हए ह आरशा ह पिक 90 क आसपास नब आ जाएगी जब आप इतन अक दग तो आशचय कग कयोपिक आप यह मानत ह पिक म अमिCक महनत नही कती ह म जानती ह पिक आप ऐसा इसलिए कहत ह पिक म औ अमिCक महनत कर

इस वष की पीकषा म मन वासतव म बहत अमिCक परिशरम पिकया ह म यहा एक हफता रक क ही आऊगी मझ पढाई स सबमिCत कछ काय ह रशष करश ह ताजी को चण सपरश औ छोट भाई को पया

आपकी आजञाकाी पतरी

सीमा

Geography Geographical grids ndash Latitudes and Longitudes

THE EARTHS GRID

A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

One series of lines is drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole called meridians of longitude while the other series of lines drawn parallel to the Equator are called parallels of latitude

GEOGRAPHIC GRID

This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Latitudes are east to west lines which

Q1 Define Grid

A1 A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

Q2 What do you mean by geographical grid

A2 This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Q3 Find out the latitude and longitude of any place with an example

A3 The position of Delhi is indicated by

are parallel to one another

Meridians are north to south lines

Parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles

These lines form a grid of reference lines for locating places on the Earth It is referred to as Earths own grid

Example The position of Delhi is indicated by 28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at an angular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The position of Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

EQUATOR

The Equator is the imaginary line which lies midway between the two poles The Equator (0deg) is the longest line of latitude The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

LATITUDES The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees Therefore lines of latitude are calledparallels of latitude

CLACULATION OF ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE

1ordm Latitude is equal to

=

28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at anangular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The positionof Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

Q4 Which is the largest latitude of the world

A4 The Equator (0ordm) is the largest latitude of the world which lies midway between the two poles The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

Q5 Define Latitude Write its two characteristics

A5 The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees

All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

There are 179 latitudes on the Earth

Q6 Name the main latitudes of the Earth

A6 The main latitudes of the Earth are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

Q7 Explian the different heat zone of the Earth

A7There is three main heat zones in the Earth They are as follows

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

ाती ह) धन का पकका( लगन का सचचा)

ो बचच घम क पकक होत ह व ीवन म हमशा सफल होत ह

झ) आचल म बाधना (या रखना) बडो की बातो को आचल म बाध लना चानिहए

ञ) अकश लगाना ( निनयतरण मरखना) आकल माता निपता

अपन बचचो पर अकश नही लगा रह ह

CHEMISTRY

Chapter ndashElement and Compound

Answer the following Page ndash 45Q) Give two examples for each of the following a ) solid + solid mixtureb ) solid + liquid mixturec ) liquid + liquid mixture(a) Solid + Solid mixture Sand and sugar (b) Solid + Liquid mixture Sand and water(c) Liquid + Liquid mixture Oil in waterQ) Define evaporation filtration sublimation distillation miscible liquids immiscible liquidEvaporation Is the process ~of converting a liquid into its vapours state either by exposing it to air or by heatingFiltration The process of separating solid particles from liquid by allowing it to pass through a filter paper is called filtrationSublimation The process in which a solid changes directly into its vapours on heating is called sublimationDistillation Distillation is the method of getting a pure liquid from a solution by evaporating and then condensing the vaporsMiscible liquids Homogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures are called miscible liquidsImmiscible liquids Heterogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures are called immiscible liquids

Q) Name the process by which the components of the following mixture can be separated

A Iron and sulphurB Ammonium chloride and sandC Common salt from seawaterD Chaff and grainE Water and mustard oilF Sugar and waterG Cream from milk

AnswerA) BY USING MAGNETS WHICH WILL ATTRACT IRON AND LEAVE SULPHURB)SUBLIMATIONC)EVAPORATIOND)WINNOWINGE)BY SEPARATING FUNNELF)EVAPORATIONG)CENTRIFUGATION

English language

Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

A verb in a sentence tells us- What a person or thing

does What a person has What a person or a thing

isFor example

C Page 28( Do in the book)

1 My grandparents- subject Tells- verb me ndash indirect object wonderful stories- direct object

2 Raghav- subject asked- verb me- indirect object a very difficult question- direct

He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pets the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (Verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

object3 The teacher- subject promised- verb her

students- indirect object a picnic- direct object

4 Tarun- subject wrote- verb his mother- indirect object an email- direct object

5 The kumars- subject showed- verb us- indirect object their huge house- direct object

6 You- subject lend- verb me- indirect object some money- direct object

Homework- 7-10

Biology Chapter - 03 Classification of animals

Today we will discuss about vertebrates those have backbone which are divided into five main categories

1 Pisces2 Amphibian3 Reptilia4 Aves5 Mammalia

Q11 Write characteristics and examples of each categories of vertebrates

Vertebrates

Characteristics Example

Pisces( Fish)

a) Live in water

String ray Rahu Electric ray Sea horse etc

b) Body is streamlined which helps them swim easily

c) Body is covered with scales

d) Swim with the help of their fins

e) Breathe through gills

f) Lay eggs in water

Amphibian a) Live both on land and in water

SalamanderFrogToad

b) Body is covered with thin

slippery and moist skin

c) With help of webbed feet they can swim easily in water

d) Breathe through lungs on land and through gills ana moist skin in water

e) Lay eggs in water

Reptilia a) Mostly Live on land

Crocodile Tortoise Lizard Snake Turtle

b) Skin dry and with covered with scales

c) Breathe through lungs

d) Some have no limbs some have two pars of limbs They crawl on land with the help of legs

e) Lay soft shelled eggs on land

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৬কহিবতাndashধলামহিরকহিবndashরবীনদরনাথ ঠাকরকহিবতার সরাংশ - শদধাচাগের শহিচবগেc প7া অচamp না ঈশবর পরাহিeর এক ভরানত পরয়াস যবতা যকান রদধদবার যবালগেয় যনই যবতা আগেছ সাধাররণ মানগেরষর শরগেমর মগেধয তাগের অহিত সাধাররণ দৈনহিন 7ীবন াপগেনর মগেধয চাহিরষ শরহিমক এগের বহিলষঠ বগেকর মাগে0ই যবতার সথান তাই কহিব বগেলগেছন শহিচ বসন তযা কগের ধলা মহিলন বগেc তাগের পাগেশ এগেস া াডাগেলই পাওয়া াগেব যবতার সপশamp এই 7ত সংসাগের মহিG বগেল হিকছই যনই সবয়ং যবতা আবদধ এই 7ত সংসাগের 7গেতর কমamp গেজঞ সাহিমল গেলই সপশamp পাওয়া াগেব যবতার

পরশন ndash আগেলাচয কহিবতায় কহিব সমপগেকamp যলগেখাউততর ndash সবনামধনয কহিব রবীনদরনাথ ঠাকর শধ মাতর বাংলা সাহিগেতয নয় হিবশব সাহিতয রবাগের হিবশব কহিব নাগেম খযাত

পরশন ndash কহিবতার মল ভাব যলগেখাউততর ndash শহিচ বসগেন যবালগেয় প7া অচamp নায় নয় 7গেতর কমamp গেজঞ ঈশবর পরাহিe সমভব

GEOGRAPHY

ATMOSPHERE Stratosphere Stratosphere extending from

the tropopause till about 50 km from the Earthrsquos surface

This layer of the atmosphere provides ideal flying conditions for aircraft

Within the stratosphere lies a layer that has rich concentration of ozone and is known as ozonosphere

Ozone is vital for our survival as it absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiations emitted by the Sun This causes the temperature of this layer to increase

The upper limit of this layer is marked by the stratopause where the temperature begins to fall with altitude again

Why stratosphere provides ideal flying Conditions for aircraft

Ans ndash stratosphere provides ideal flying conditions for aircraft because absence of water vapour makes free from weather disturbances

Ultraviolet ultraviolet light is beyond the normal range of colours that humans can see Too much ultraviolet light can be bad for your skin It is often simply called UV rays

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Number System

Chapter Rational Number

Study item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equal

In this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the rule

Study item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equal

In this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2

When the two rational numbers whose denominator is unequal

Suppose ab and cd are two rational numbers

Therefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd)

= ab + (-cd)

Study item Multiplication of rational numbers

Multiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbers Therefore Multiplication of two rational numbers

= product of their numerators product of their denominators

Multiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverse

Study item Division of rational numbers

If ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dc

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY MATTER Anything that has weight and

occupies space is called matter Matter has mass and occupies space Matter is made up of atoms and molecules Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existence

Properties of particles of matter

Particles of matter have space in between them

Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating

Particles of matter attract each other

Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

Define

(a) Matter

Solution

(a) Matter is anything that occupies space has space and can be perceived by our senses

Example Air Book

(b) Intermolecular force of attraction

Solution

(b) Due to intermolecular force of attraction the molecules of matter are always in motion and attract each other with a force which they are held together

BIOLOGY Chapter - 05 Endocrine System and Adolescence

Today we will start Unit II Syllabus with chapter 5 Endocrine System which is made up of Endocrine gland and their secretion hormone This system is the chemical coordination system of our body

Q1 Write difference between Endocrine gland and exocrine gland

Endocrine gland

Exocrine gland

i) Have special vessel to carry their secretions

i) There is no special vessels secretions are directly poured in blood

stream ii) Gland

release their secretion directly to target organs

ii) Duct less glands release their secretion into the blood

iii) Ex salivary glands Liver Sweat gland etc

iii) Ex Pituitary Thyroid etc

Q2 Which gland is known as mixed gland and why

Pancreas is known as mixed gland because from its exocrine part carbohydrate protein and fat digestive enzymes are secreted and transferred through common bile duct into duodenum From its endocrine part hormones are secreted and transported through blood

Q3 What is hormone Hormones are chemical substance that

regulate the growth or functioning of a specific tissue or organ eg Insulin Thyroxin etc

Q4 How many endocrine glands are present in human body Name them

There are five main endocrine glands are present in human bodyi) Pituitaryii) Thyroid iii) Pancreas iv) Adrenal v) Testes( only in male) vi) Ovaries ( only in female)

English Language

Active amp Passive Voice

Solved Active amp Passive Voice-

Active Voice Passive Voice1) It is time to play the match It is time for the match to be played2) I know him He is known to me3) His conduct will surprise me I shall be surprised at his conduct4) May I take your book May your book be taken by me5) What do you want What is wanted by you6) His failure disgusted his parents His parents were disgusted at his failure7) One should help the poor The poor should be helped8) God help those who help themselves Those who help themselves are helped by God9) One must endure what one cannot cure What cannot be cured must be endured10) They say that honesty is the best policy It is said that honesty is the best policy11) He had to pay the fine The fine had to be paid by him12) What does the box contain What is contained in the box13) Please help me You are requested to help me14) I want you to sell this house I want this house to be sold by you

15) The mill grinds corn Corn is ground in the mill16) I expect you to help her I expect her to be helped by you

MATHEMATICS Ch 8Profit Loss

and Discount

CP = Cost price

SP = Selling price

Profit When the selling price (SP) of an article is more than its cost price (CP)the article is said to be sold at a profit (gain) and Profit = SP ndash CP

Loss When the selling price (SP) of an article is less than its cost price (CP) the article is said to be sold at a loss and Loss = CP ndash SP

CP = SP ndash Profit

(When there is profit)

CP = SP + Loss

(When there is loss)

SP = CP + Profit

(When there is profit)

SP = CP ndash Loss

(When there is loss)

Profit (Gain) =

( ProfitC P

times100) Loss = ( Loss

C Ptimes100)

Note Profit and Loss

are always calculated

on CP (Cost price)

Over headed Expenses

When an article is purchased at one place and is taken to some other place additional money for transformation labour packing etc is to be spent This additional money spent is termed as Overheads or Over headed expenses

Exercise ndash 8(A)1 Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs 40 and sold them at Rs 475 per note-book Find her gain percent

Solution Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs40

there4 CP per note-book is = Rs( 4010 ) = Rs4

Again SP of each note-book is Rs475there4 Gain on each note-book = Rs(475minus400 ) = Rs075

there4 Gain = ( GainC P

times100)

= ( 0754

times 100) = ( 754 )

= 18 34

there4Gain = 18 34

5 An article is bought from Jaipur for Rs 4800 and is sold in Delhi for Rs5 820 If Rs 1200 is spent on its transportations etc find the loss or the gain as percent

Solution Cost of an article Rs 4800Transportation cost Rs1200 Total cost price Rs6000Again SP of that article Rs5820 [ SP lt CP]there4 Loss = Rs(6000 ndash 5820) = Rs180

there4 Loss = ( 1806000

times 100) = 3

there4 Loss = 3

The overheads (if any) incurred is added to the actual cost price to get the total cost price of the article and then the profit or loss is calculated on this total cost price

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Computer Application

Chapter 5 Operators in Java

helliphelliphellipContinue from last class

7 State the different types of binary arithmetic operators Also state their hierarchy of operations

Ans These are operators that work on two operands The operator is placed between the operands The symbols that are used as binary arithmetic operators are

+ For performing addition- For performing subtraction For performing multiplication For performing division For getting the remainder when divided

Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operators -

1 First BracketsParenthesis In Java the expression in bracket is done first However brackets in an expression should only be first bracket ( ) Nested brackets can also be used but in that case the expressions in the innermost bracket are done first and then the subsequent outer level brackets Eg (5+6(7-3)) will give 29 Notice that only first-bracket is used

2 Then or whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

3 Then + or ndash whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

8 What is Operator Associatively What is the operator associatively of prefixpostfix incrementdecrement operators

Ans Operator Associatively is a property that determines how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses ie in what order each operator is evaluated

9 What are short hand operators Explain with an example

Ans Java provides special operators that can be used to combine an arithmetic operation with an assignment For example the expression a = a+4 can be written

as a += 4 As this operator is a shorter way of expressing an expression it is also sometimes called Short hand operators

10 What is an accumulator

Ans An accumulator is a variable that the program uses to calculate a sum or product of a series of values

English language

Articles Articles come before nouns

There are two kinds of Articles

Indefinite Article

Definite Article

Omission of articles

bull Before names of substances and abstract nouns used in a general sense

bull Before plural countable nouns

bull Before names of metals

bull Before languages

bull Before school college university church hospital prison when they are used for their primary purpose

Fill in the blanks with Articles- Exercise 3

1 ___ rich are happy

2 I have ___ black cat

3 Dr Hill is ___ European

4 Wisdom is ___ gift of heaven

5 ___ elephant is a useful animal

Bengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoনীর ধাগের হিন7ampগেন বগেস বগেস শঙকর এইসব কথাই ভাবহিছলrdquo ক) শঙকর যক খ) নীর ধাগের শঙকর বগেস বগেস হিন7ampগেন কী ভাবহিছল) শঙকগেরর মন কী চায় উঃ- ক) আগেলাচয অংশটি হিবভহিতভরষরণ বগেযাপাধযাগেয়র lsquoচা াগের পাাডrsquo নামক উপনযাস যথগেক যনওয়া গেয়গেছ শঙকর অ7 পাডাাাগেয়র যছগেলএফএ পাস হিগেয় গরাগেম বাস করগেছকাগে7র মগেধয বনধবানধগেবর সগে_ আডডা যওয়া পগের আারাগেনত লমবা ঘম আর হিবগেকগেল পালঘাগেট মাছ ধরগেত াওয়া শঙকর যখলাধগেলাগেত সাাতাগের এমনহিক যঘাডায় চডগেত যস সমান পারশv

খ) শঙকগেরর বাবার শরীর খারাপ তাই মা শঙকরগেক একটা চাকরীর যচষটা করগেত বগেল হিনরপায় গেয় শঙকরগেক চাকরীর কথা ভাবগেত য় বাধয গেয় শঙকরগেক চটকগেল কা7 হিনগেত গেব হিকনত এগেত য তার সবপন যভগেঙ াগেব তাও যস ব0গেত পাগের যশগেরষ শঙকর গেব চটকগেলর বাব সকাগেলই যভা া বা7গেল হিনগেকগেলর যকৌটগেত খাবার হিক পান হিনগেয় ছটগেত গেব কগেল-আবার বাগেরাটার সময় গেটা যখগেয়ই আবার রওনা- ওহিগেক যসই ছটার যভা া বা7গেল ছটি তার তা7া তরন মন এসব কথা ভাবগেত পাগের না ভাবগেত যগেলই তারা সারাকষন হিবগেzাী গেয় ওগেঠ যরগেসর যঘাডা হিকনা ছযাকডা াহিড টানগেব হিন7ampগেন বগেস শঙকর এসব কথাই ভাবহিছল )শঙকগেরর মন চায় উগেড যগেত চায় পহিথবীর র র অ7ানা অগেচনা যশ শত সসর ঃসাহিসক কাগে7র মগেধয হিলহিভংগে|ান |যানহিল মাকamp গেকাগেপাগেলার মগেতা এর 7নয যছাটগেবলা যথগেক যস হিনগে7গেক দৈতহির কগেরগেছ- হিও যস একথা যভগেব যগেখহিন যস অনয যগেশর পগেকষ না ঘটগেত পাগের বাঙাহিল যছগেলর পগেকষ তা ঘটা এগেকবাগেরই অসমভব তারা দৈতহির গেয়গেছ যকউ যকরানী উহিকল যকউ ডাGার আবার যকউ সকল মা|ার বার 7নয তাই অজঞাত পাগের পাহিড যওয়া তাগের পগেকষ রাশা তগেব শঙকর একট আলাা ধাগেতর রাগেত ওগেয়|মাগেকamp র বগেডা ভগোগেলর বইখানা খগেল বগেস যসই বই তাগেক অহিভাতরী ওয়ার যনশায় উদবদধ কগের

Hindi(2nd language)

पतर हमार ीवन म पतरो का निवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवततम साधन ह जिस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत

अनौपचारिक पतर

1 अपन पिपताजी को पतर लिखिए औ बताइए पिक गत

उस पतर दवारा लिलखकर आसानी स भा ा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

पीकषा म आप की उपबधिया कया कया थी

103 सदाबहा बाजा

कोकाता -65

दिदनाक -862020

आदणीय पिपताजी

साद चण सपरश

पीकषाओ स पह आपका पतर मिमा था म उसका उतत ना द पाई कयोपिक वह समय पीकषा की तयारियो का था मन ब महनत स सभी पिवषय तया पिकए कपयट म कछ कमी थी सो मन अग स टयरशन क उसकी तयाी पी क ी मी पीकषा क ही समापत हई ह सभी पप अचछ हए ह आरशा ह पिक 90 क आसपास नब आ जाएगी जब आप इतन अक दग तो आशचय कग कयोपिक आप यह मानत ह पिक म अमिCक महनत नही कती ह म जानती ह पिक आप ऐसा इसलिए कहत ह पिक म औ अमिCक महनत कर

इस वष की पीकषा म मन वासतव म बहत अमिCक परिशरम पिकया ह म यहा एक हफता रक क ही आऊगी मझ पढाई स सबमिCत कछ काय ह रशष करश ह ताजी को चण सपरश औ छोट भाई को पया

आपकी आजञाकाी पतरी

सीमा

Geography Geographical grids ndash Latitudes and Longitudes

THE EARTHS GRID

A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

One series of lines is drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole called meridians of longitude while the other series of lines drawn parallel to the Equator are called parallels of latitude

GEOGRAPHIC GRID

This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Latitudes are east to west lines which

Q1 Define Grid

A1 A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

Q2 What do you mean by geographical grid

A2 This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Q3 Find out the latitude and longitude of any place with an example

A3 The position of Delhi is indicated by

are parallel to one another

Meridians are north to south lines

Parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles

These lines form a grid of reference lines for locating places on the Earth It is referred to as Earths own grid

Example The position of Delhi is indicated by 28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at an angular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The position of Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

EQUATOR

The Equator is the imaginary line which lies midway between the two poles The Equator (0deg) is the longest line of latitude The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

LATITUDES The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees Therefore lines of latitude are calledparallels of latitude

CLACULATION OF ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE

1ordm Latitude is equal to

=

28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at anangular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The positionof Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

Q4 Which is the largest latitude of the world

A4 The Equator (0ordm) is the largest latitude of the world which lies midway between the two poles The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

Q5 Define Latitude Write its two characteristics

A5 The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees

All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

There are 179 latitudes on the Earth

Q6 Name the main latitudes of the Earth

A6 The main latitudes of the Earth are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

Q7 Explian the different heat zone of the Earth

A7There is three main heat zones in the Earth They are as follows

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

He repairs carsThe girl has a pretty dressThe ostrich is a huge bird

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the objectThe object of any sentence is the one affected by the action carried out by the verbExampleThe boy pets the dog(Subject) (Verb) (Object)I threw the rock(Subject) (verb) (Object)

I cried(Subject) (Verb) (No object)

The person or thing that receives the action of the verb is called the direct objectThe person or thing to whom or on whom the action of the verb is done or who receives the direct object is called the indirect object

object3 The teacher- subject promised- verb her

students- indirect object a picnic- direct object

4 Tarun- subject wrote- verb his mother- indirect object an email- direct object

5 The kumars- subject showed- verb us- indirect object their huge house- direct object

6 You- subject lend- verb me- indirect object some money- direct object

Homework- 7-10

Biology Chapter - 03 Classification of animals

Today we will discuss about vertebrates those have backbone which are divided into five main categories

1 Pisces2 Amphibian3 Reptilia4 Aves5 Mammalia

Q11 Write characteristics and examples of each categories of vertebrates

Vertebrates

Characteristics Example

Pisces( Fish)

a) Live in water

String ray Rahu Electric ray Sea horse etc

b) Body is streamlined which helps them swim easily

c) Body is covered with scales

d) Swim with the help of their fins

e) Breathe through gills

f) Lay eggs in water

Amphibian a) Live both on land and in water

SalamanderFrogToad

b) Body is covered with thin

slippery and moist skin

c) With help of webbed feet they can swim easily in water

d) Breathe through lungs on land and through gills ana moist skin in water

e) Lay eggs in water

Reptilia a) Mostly Live on land

Crocodile Tortoise Lizard Snake Turtle

b) Skin dry and with covered with scales

c) Breathe through lungs

d) Some have no limbs some have two pars of limbs They crawl on land with the help of legs

e) Lay soft shelled eggs on land

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৬কহিবতাndashধলামহিরকহিবndashরবীনদরনাথ ঠাকরকহিবতার সরাংশ - শদধাচাগের শহিচবগেc প7া অচamp না ঈশবর পরাহিeর এক ভরানত পরয়াস যবতা যকান রদধদবার যবালগেয় যনই যবতা আগেছ সাধাররণ মানগেরষর শরগেমর মগেধয তাগের অহিত সাধাররণ দৈনহিন 7ীবন াপগেনর মগেধয চাহিরষ শরহিমক এগের বহিলষঠ বগেকর মাগে0ই যবতার সথান তাই কহিব বগেলগেছন শহিচ বসন তযা কগের ধলা মহিলন বগেc তাগের পাগেশ এগেস া াডাগেলই পাওয়া াগেব যবতার সপশamp এই 7ত সংসাগের মহিG বগেল হিকছই যনই সবয়ং যবতা আবদধ এই 7ত সংসাগের 7গেতর কমamp গেজঞ সাহিমল গেলই সপশamp পাওয়া াগেব যবতার

পরশন ndash আগেলাচয কহিবতায় কহিব সমপগেকamp যলগেখাউততর ndash সবনামধনয কহিব রবীনদরনাথ ঠাকর শধ মাতর বাংলা সাহিগেতয নয় হিবশব সাহিতয রবাগের হিবশব কহিব নাগেম খযাত

পরশন ndash কহিবতার মল ভাব যলগেখাউততর ndash শহিচ বসগেন যবালগেয় প7া অচamp নায় নয় 7গেতর কমamp গেজঞ ঈশবর পরাহিe সমভব

GEOGRAPHY

ATMOSPHERE Stratosphere Stratosphere extending from

the tropopause till about 50 km from the Earthrsquos surface

This layer of the atmosphere provides ideal flying conditions for aircraft

Within the stratosphere lies a layer that has rich concentration of ozone and is known as ozonosphere

Ozone is vital for our survival as it absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiations emitted by the Sun This causes the temperature of this layer to increase

The upper limit of this layer is marked by the stratopause where the temperature begins to fall with altitude again

Why stratosphere provides ideal flying Conditions for aircraft

Ans ndash stratosphere provides ideal flying conditions for aircraft because absence of water vapour makes free from weather disturbances

Ultraviolet ultraviolet light is beyond the normal range of colours that humans can see Too much ultraviolet light can be bad for your skin It is often simply called UV rays

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Number System

Chapter Rational Number

Study item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equal

In this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the rule

Study item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equal

In this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2

When the two rational numbers whose denominator is unequal

Suppose ab and cd are two rational numbers

Therefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd)

= ab + (-cd)

Study item Multiplication of rational numbers

Multiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbers Therefore Multiplication of two rational numbers

= product of their numerators product of their denominators

Multiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverse

Study item Division of rational numbers

If ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dc

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY MATTER Anything that has weight and

occupies space is called matter Matter has mass and occupies space Matter is made up of atoms and molecules Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existence

Properties of particles of matter

Particles of matter have space in between them

Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating

Particles of matter attract each other

Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

Define

(a) Matter

Solution

(a) Matter is anything that occupies space has space and can be perceived by our senses

Example Air Book

(b) Intermolecular force of attraction

Solution

(b) Due to intermolecular force of attraction the molecules of matter are always in motion and attract each other with a force which they are held together

BIOLOGY Chapter - 05 Endocrine System and Adolescence

Today we will start Unit II Syllabus with chapter 5 Endocrine System which is made up of Endocrine gland and their secretion hormone This system is the chemical coordination system of our body

Q1 Write difference between Endocrine gland and exocrine gland

Endocrine gland

Exocrine gland

i) Have special vessel to carry their secretions

i) There is no special vessels secretions are directly poured in blood

stream ii) Gland

release their secretion directly to target organs

ii) Duct less glands release their secretion into the blood

iii) Ex salivary glands Liver Sweat gland etc

iii) Ex Pituitary Thyroid etc

Q2 Which gland is known as mixed gland and why

Pancreas is known as mixed gland because from its exocrine part carbohydrate protein and fat digestive enzymes are secreted and transferred through common bile duct into duodenum From its endocrine part hormones are secreted and transported through blood

Q3 What is hormone Hormones are chemical substance that

regulate the growth or functioning of a specific tissue or organ eg Insulin Thyroxin etc

Q4 How many endocrine glands are present in human body Name them

There are five main endocrine glands are present in human bodyi) Pituitaryii) Thyroid iii) Pancreas iv) Adrenal v) Testes( only in male) vi) Ovaries ( only in female)

English Language

Active amp Passive Voice

Solved Active amp Passive Voice-

Active Voice Passive Voice1) It is time to play the match It is time for the match to be played2) I know him He is known to me3) His conduct will surprise me I shall be surprised at his conduct4) May I take your book May your book be taken by me5) What do you want What is wanted by you6) His failure disgusted his parents His parents were disgusted at his failure7) One should help the poor The poor should be helped8) God help those who help themselves Those who help themselves are helped by God9) One must endure what one cannot cure What cannot be cured must be endured10) They say that honesty is the best policy It is said that honesty is the best policy11) He had to pay the fine The fine had to be paid by him12) What does the box contain What is contained in the box13) Please help me You are requested to help me14) I want you to sell this house I want this house to be sold by you

15) The mill grinds corn Corn is ground in the mill16) I expect you to help her I expect her to be helped by you

MATHEMATICS Ch 8Profit Loss

and Discount

CP = Cost price

SP = Selling price

Profit When the selling price (SP) of an article is more than its cost price (CP)the article is said to be sold at a profit (gain) and Profit = SP ndash CP

Loss When the selling price (SP) of an article is less than its cost price (CP) the article is said to be sold at a loss and Loss = CP ndash SP

CP = SP ndash Profit

(When there is profit)

CP = SP + Loss

(When there is loss)

SP = CP + Profit

(When there is profit)

SP = CP ndash Loss

(When there is loss)

Profit (Gain) =

( ProfitC P

times100) Loss = ( Loss

C Ptimes100)

Note Profit and Loss

are always calculated

on CP (Cost price)

Over headed Expenses

When an article is purchased at one place and is taken to some other place additional money for transformation labour packing etc is to be spent This additional money spent is termed as Overheads or Over headed expenses

Exercise ndash 8(A)1 Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs 40 and sold them at Rs 475 per note-book Find her gain percent

Solution Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs40

there4 CP per note-book is = Rs( 4010 ) = Rs4

Again SP of each note-book is Rs475there4 Gain on each note-book = Rs(475minus400 ) = Rs075

there4 Gain = ( GainC P

times100)

= ( 0754

times 100) = ( 754 )

= 18 34

there4Gain = 18 34

5 An article is bought from Jaipur for Rs 4800 and is sold in Delhi for Rs5 820 If Rs 1200 is spent on its transportations etc find the loss or the gain as percent

Solution Cost of an article Rs 4800Transportation cost Rs1200 Total cost price Rs6000Again SP of that article Rs5820 [ SP lt CP]there4 Loss = Rs(6000 ndash 5820) = Rs180

there4 Loss = ( 1806000

times 100) = 3

there4 Loss = 3

The overheads (if any) incurred is added to the actual cost price to get the total cost price of the article and then the profit or loss is calculated on this total cost price

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Computer Application

Chapter 5 Operators in Java

helliphelliphellipContinue from last class

7 State the different types of binary arithmetic operators Also state their hierarchy of operations

Ans These are operators that work on two operands The operator is placed between the operands The symbols that are used as binary arithmetic operators are

+ For performing addition- For performing subtraction For performing multiplication For performing division For getting the remainder when divided

Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operators -

1 First BracketsParenthesis In Java the expression in bracket is done first However brackets in an expression should only be first bracket ( ) Nested brackets can also be used but in that case the expressions in the innermost bracket are done first and then the subsequent outer level brackets Eg (5+6(7-3)) will give 29 Notice that only first-bracket is used

2 Then or whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

3 Then + or ndash whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

8 What is Operator Associatively What is the operator associatively of prefixpostfix incrementdecrement operators

Ans Operator Associatively is a property that determines how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses ie in what order each operator is evaluated

9 What are short hand operators Explain with an example

Ans Java provides special operators that can be used to combine an arithmetic operation with an assignment For example the expression a = a+4 can be written

as a += 4 As this operator is a shorter way of expressing an expression it is also sometimes called Short hand operators

10 What is an accumulator

Ans An accumulator is a variable that the program uses to calculate a sum or product of a series of values

English language

Articles Articles come before nouns

There are two kinds of Articles

Indefinite Article

Definite Article

Omission of articles

bull Before names of substances and abstract nouns used in a general sense

bull Before plural countable nouns

bull Before names of metals

bull Before languages

bull Before school college university church hospital prison when they are used for their primary purpose

Fill in the blanks with Articles- Exercise 3

1 ___ rich are happy

2 I have ___ black cat

3 Dr Hill is ___ European

4 Wisdom is ___ gift of heaven

5 ___ elephant is a useful animal

Bengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoনীর ধাগের হিন7ampগেন বগেস বগেস শঙকর এইসব কথাই ভাবহিছলrdquo ক) শঙকর যক খ) নীর ধাগের শঙকর বগেস বগেস হিন7ampগেন কী ভাবহিছল) শঙকগেরর মন কী চায় উঃ- ক) আগেলাচয অংশটি হিবভহিতভরষরণ বগেযাপাধযাগেয়র lsquoচা াগের পাাডrsquo নামক উপনযাস যথগেক যনওয়া গেয়গেছ শঙকর অ7 পাডাাাগেয়র যছগেলএফএ পাস হিগেয় গরাগেম বাস করগেছকাগে7র মগেধয বনধবানধগেবর সগে_ আডডা যওয়া পগের আারাগেনত লমবা ঘম আর হিবগেকগেল পালঘাগেট মাছ ধরগেত াওয়া শঙকর যখলাধগেলাগেত সাাতাগের এমনহিক যঘাডায় চডগেত যস সমান পারশv

খ) শঙকগেরর বাবার শরীর খারাপ তাই মা শঙকরগেক একটা চাকরীর যচষটা করগেত বগেল হিনরপায় গেয় শঙকরগেক চাকরীর কথা ভাবগেত য় বাধয গেয় শঙকরগেক চটকগেল কা7 হিনগেত গেব হিকনত এগেত য তার সবপন যভগেঙ াগেব তাও যস ব0গেত পাগের যশগেরষ শঙকর গেব চটকগেলর বাব সকাগেলই যভা া বা7গেল হিনগেকগেলর যকৌটগেত খাবার হিক পান হিনগেয় ছটগেত গেব কগেল-আবার বাগেরাটার সময় গেটা যখগেয়ই আবার রওনা- ওহিগেক যসই ছটার যভা া বা7গেল ছটি তার তা7া তরন মন এসব কথা ভাবগেত পাগের না ভাবগেত যগেলই তারা সারাকষন হিবগেzাী গেয় ওগেঠ যরগেসর যঘাডা হিকনা ছযাকডা াহিড টানগেব হিন7ampগেন বগেস শঙকর এসব কথাই ভাবহিছল )শঙকগেরর মন চায় উগেড যগেত চায় পহিথবীর র র অ7ানা অগেচনা যশ শত সসর ঃসাহিসক কাগে7র মগেধয হিলহিভংগে|ান |যানহিল মাকamp গেকাগেপাগেলার মগেতা এর 7নয যছাটগেবলা যথগেক যস হিনগে7গেক দৈতহির কগেরগেছ- হিও যস একথা যভগেব যগেখহিন যস অনয যগেশর পগেকষ না ঘটগেত পাগের বাঙাহিল যছগেলর পগেকষ তা ঘটা এগেকবাগেরই অসমভব তারা দৈতহির গেয়গেছ যকউ যকরানী উহিকল যকউ ডাGার আবার যকউ সকল মা|ার বার 7নয তাই অজঞাত পাগের পাহিড যওয়া তাগের পগেকষ রাশা তগেব শঙকর একট আলাা ধাগেতর রাগেত ওগেয়|মাগেকamp র বগেডা ভগোগেলর বইখানা খগেল বগেস যসই বই তাগেক অহিভাতরী ওয়ার যনশায় উদবদধ কগের

Hindi(2nd language)

पतर हमार ीवन म पतरो का निवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवततम साधन ह जिस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत

अनौपचारिक पतर

1 अपन पिपताजी को पतर लिखिए औ बताइए पिक गत

उस पतर दवारा लिलखकर आसानी स भा ा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

पीकषा म आप की उपबधिया कया कया थी

103 सदाबहा बाजा

कोकाता -65

दिदनाक -862020

आदणीय पिपताजी

साद चण सपरश

पीकषाओ स पह आपका पतर मिमा था म उसका उतत ना द पाई कयोपिक वह समय पीकषा की तयारियो का था मन ब महनत स सभी पिवषय तया पिकए कपयट म कछ कमी थी सो मन अग स टयरशन क उसकी तयाी पी क ी मी पीकषा क ही समापत हई ह सभी पप अचछ हए ह आरशा ह पिक 90 क आसपास नब आ जाएगी जब आप इतन अक दग तो आशचय कग कयोपिक आप यह मानत ह पिक म अमिCक महनत नही कती ह म जानती ह पिक आप ऐसा इसलिए कहत ह पिक म औ अमिCक महनत कर

इस वष की पीकषा म मन वासतव म बहत अमिCक परिशरम पिकया ह म यहा एक हफता रक क ही आऊगी मझ पढाई स सबमिCत कछ काय ह रशष करश ह ताजी को चण सपरश औ छोट भाई को पया

आपकी आजञाकाी पतरी

सीमा

Geography Geographical grids ndash Latitudes and Longitudes

THE EARTHS GRID

A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

One series of lines is drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole called meridians of longitude while the other series of lines drawn parallel to the Equator are called parallels of latitude

GEOGRAPHIC GRID

This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Latitudes are east to west lines which

Q1 Define Grid

A1 A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

Q2 What do you mean by geographical grid

A2 This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Q3 Find out the latitude and longitude of any place with an example

A3 The position of Delhi is indicated by

are parallel to one another

Meridians are north to south lines

Parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles

These lines form a grid of reference lines for locating places on the Earth It is referred to as Earths own grid

Example The position of Delhi is indicated by 28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at an angular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The position of Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

EQUATOR

The Equator is the imaginary line which lies midway between the two poles The Equator (0deg) is the longest line of latitude The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

LATITUDES The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees Therefore lines of latitude are calledparallels of latitude

CLACULATION OF ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE

1ordm Latitude is equal to

=

28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at anangular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The positionof Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

Q4 Which is the largest latitude of the world

A4 The Equator (0ordm) is the largest latitude of the world which lies midway between the two poles The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

Q5 Define Latitude Write its two characteristics

A5 The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees

All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

There are 179 latitudes on the Earth

Q6 Name the main latitudes of the Earth

A6 The main latitudes of the Earth are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

Q7 Explian the different heat zone of the Earth

A7There is three main heat zones in the Earth They are as follows

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

slippery and moist skin

c) With help of webbed feet they can swim easily in water

d) Breathe through lungs on land and through gills ana moist skin in water

e) Lay eggs in water

Reptilia a) Mostly Live on land

Crocodile Tortoise Lizard Snake Turtle

b) Skin dry and with covered with scales

c) Breathe through lungs

d) Some have no limbs some have two pars of limbs They crawl on land with the help of legs

e) Lay soft shelled eggs on land

Bengali বইndashবাংলা সাহিতয পহিরচয়

পাঠndash৬কহিবতাndashধলামহিরকহিবndashরবীনদরনাথ ঠাকরকহিবতার সরাংশ - শদধাচাগের শহিচবগেc প7া অচamp না ঈশবর পরাহিeর এক ভরানত পরয়াস যবতা যকান রদধদবার যবালগেয় যনই যবতা আগেছ সাধাররণ মানগেরষর শরগেমর মগেধয তাগের অহিত সাধাররণ দৈনহিন 7ীবন াপগেনর মগেধয চাহিরষ শরহিমক এগের বহিলষঠ বগেকর মাগে0ই যবতার সথান তাই কহিব বগেলগেছন শহিচ বসন তযা কগের ধলা মহিলন বগেc তাগের পাগেশ এগেস া াডাগেলই পাওয়া াগেব যবতার সপশamp এই 7ত সংসাগের মহিG বগেল হিকছই যনই সবয়ং যবতা আবদধ এই 7ত সংসাগের 7গেতর কমamp গেজঞ সাহিমল গেলই সপশamp পাওয়া াগেব যবতার

পরশন ndash আগেলাচয কহিবতায় কহিব সমপগেকamp যলগেখাউততর ndash সবনামধনয কহিব রবীনদরনাথ ঠাকর শধ মাতর বাংলা সাহিগেতয নয় হিবশব সাহিতয রবাগের হিবশব কহিব নাগেম খযাত

পরশন ndash কহিবতার মল ভাব যলগেখাউততর ndash শহিচ বসগেন যবালগেয় প7া অচamp নায় নয় 7গেতর কমamp গেজঞ ঈশবর পরাহিe সমভব

GEOGRAPHY

ATMOSPHERE Stratosphere Stratosphere extending from

the tropopause till about 50 km from the Earthrsquos surface

This layer of the atmosphere provides ideal flying conditions for aircraft

Within the stratosphere lies a layer that has rich concentration of ozone and is known as ozonosphere

Ozone is vital for our survival as it absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiations emitted by the Sun This causes the temperature of this layer to increase

The upper limit of this layer is marked by the stratopause where the temperature begins to fall with altitude again

Why stratosphere provides ideal flying Conditions for aircraft

Ans ndash stratosphere provides ideal flying conditions for aircraft because absence of water vapour makes free from weather disturbances

Ultraviolet ultraviolet light is beyond the normal range of colours that humans can see Too much ultraviolet light can be bad for your skin It is often simply called UV rays

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Number System

Chapter Rational Number

Study item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equal

In this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the rule

Study item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equal

In this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2

When the two rational numbers whose denominator is unequal

Suppose ab and cd are two rational numbers

Therefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd)

= ab + (-cd)

Study item Multiplication of rational numbers

Multiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbers Therefore Multiplication of two rational numbers

= product of their numerators product of their denominators

Multiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverse

Study item Division of rational numbers

If ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dc

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY MATTER Anything that has weight and

occupies space is called matter Matter has mass and occupies space Matter is made up of atoms and molecules Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existence

Properties of particles of matter

Particles of matter have space in between them

Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating

Particles of matter attract each other

Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

Define

(a) Matter

Solution

(a) Matter is anything that occupies space has space and can be perceived by our senses

Example Air Book

(b) Intermolecular force of attraction

Solution

(b) Due to intermolecular force of attraction the molecules of matter are always in motion and attract each other with a force which they are held together

BIOLOGY Chapter - 05 Endocrine System and Adolescence

Today we will start Unit II Syllabus with chapter 5 Endocrine System which is made up of Endocrine gland and their secretion hormone This system is the chemical coordination system of our body

Q1 Write difference between Endocrine gland and exocrine gland

Endocrine gland

Exocrine gland

i) Have special vessel to carry their secretions

i) There is no special vessels secretions are directly poured in blood

stream ii) Gland

release their secretion directly to target organs

ii) Duct less glands release their secretion into the blood

iii) Ex salivary glands Liver Sweat gland etc

iii) Ex Pituitary Thyroid etc

Q2 Which gland is known as mixed gland and why

Pancreas is known as mixed gland because from its exocrine part carbohydrate protein and fat digestive enzymes are secreted and transferred through common bile duct into duodenum From its endocrine part hormones are secreted and transported through blood

Q3 What is hormone Hormones are chemical substance that

regulate the growth or functioning of a specific tissue or organ eg Insulin Thyroxin etc

Q4 How many endocrine glands are present in human body Name them

There are five main endocrine glands are present in human bodyi) Pituitaryii) Thyroid iii) Pancreas iv) Adrenal v) Testes( only in male) vi) Ovaries ( only in female)

English Language

Active amp Passive Voice

Solved Active amp Passive Voice-

Active Voice Passive Voice1) It is time to play the match It is time for the match to be played2) I know him He is known to me3) His conduct will surprise me I shall be surprised at his conduct4) May I take your book May your book be taken by me5) What do you want What is wanted by you6) His failure disgusted his parents His parents were disgusted at his failure7) One should help the poor The poor should be helped8) God help those who help themselves Those who help themselves are helped by God9) One must endure what one cannot cure What cannot be cured must be endured10) They say that honesty is the best policy It is said that honesty is the best policy11) He had to pay the fine The fine had to be paid by him12) What does the box contain What is contained in the box13) Please help me You are requested to help me14) I want you to sell this house I want this house to be sold by you

15) The mill grinds corn Corn is ground in the mill16) I expect you to help her I expect her to be helped by you

MATHEMATICS Ch 8Profit Loss

and Discount

CP = Cost price

SP = Selling price

Profit When the selling price (SP) of an article is more than its cost price (CP)the article is said to be sold at a profit (gain) and Profit = SP ndash CP

Loss When the selling price (SP) of an article is less than its cost price (CP) the article is said to be sold at a loss and Loss = CP ndash SP

CP = SP ndash Profit

(When there is profit)

CP = SP + Loss

(When there is loss)

SP = CP + Profit

(When there is profit)

SP = CP ndash Loss

(When there is loss)

Profit (Gain) =

( ProfitC P

times100) Loss = ( Loss

C Ptimes100)

Note Profit and Loss

are always calculated

on CP (Cost price)

Over headed Expenses

When an article is purchased at one place and is taken to some other place additional money for transformation labour packing etc is to be spent This additional money spent is termed as Overheads or Over headed expenses

Exercise ndash 8(A)1 Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs 40 and sold them at Rs 475 per note-book Find her gain percent

Solution Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs40

there4 CP per note-book is = Rs( 4010 ) = Rs4

Again SP of each note-book is Rs475there4 Gain on each note-book = Rs(475minus400 ) = Rs075

there4 Gain = ( GainC P

times100)

= ( 0754

times 100) = ( 754 )

= 18 34

there4Gain = 18 34

5 An article is bought from Jaipur for Rs 4800 and is sold in Delhi for Rs5 820 If Rs 1200 is spent on its transportations etc find the loss or the gain as percent

Solution Cost of an article Rs 4800Transportation cost Rs1200 Total cost price Rs6000Again SP of that article Rs5820 [ SP lt CP]there4 Loss = Rs(6000 ndash 5820) = Rs180

there4 Loss = ( 1806000

times 100) = 3

there4 Loss = 3

The overheads (if any) incurred is added to the actual cost price to get the total cost price of the article and then the profit or loss is calculated on this total cost price

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Computer Application

Chapter 5 Operators in Java

helliphelliphellipContinue from last class

7 State the different types of binary arithmetic operators Also state their hierarchy of operations

Ans These are operators that work on two operands The operator is placed between the operands The symbols that are used as binary arithmetic operators are

+ For performing addition- For performing subtraction For performing multiplication For performing division For getting the remainder when divided

Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operators -

1 First BracketsParenthesis In Java the expression in bracket is done first However brackets in an expression should only be first bracket ( ) Nested brackets can also be used but in that case the expressions in the innermost bracket are done first and then the subsequent outer level brackets Eg (5+6(7-3)) will give 29 Notice that only first-bracket is used

2 Then or whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

3 Then + or ndash whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

8 What is Operator Associatively What is the operator associatively of prefixpostfix incrementdecrement operators

Ans Operator Associatively is a property that determines how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses ie in what order each operator is evaluated

9 What are short hand operators Explain with an example

Ans Java provides special operators that can be used to combine an arithmetic operation with an assignment For example the expression a = a+4 can be written

as a += 4 As this operator is a shorter way of expressing an expression it is also sometimes called Short hand operators

10 What is an accumulator

Ans An accumulator is a variable that the program uses to calculate a sum or product of a series of values

English language

Articles Articles come before nouns

There are two kinds of Articles

Indefinite Article

Definite Article

Omission of articles

bull Before names of substances and abstract nouns used in a general sense

bull Before plural countable nouns

bull Before names of metals

bull Before languages

bull Before school college university church hospital prison when they are used for their primary purpose

Fill in the blanks with Articles- Exercise 3

1 ___ rich are happy

2 I have ___ black cat

3 Dr Hill is ___ European

4 Wisdom is ___ gift of heaven

5 ___ elephant is a useful animal

Bengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoনীর ধাগের হিন7ampগেন বগেস বগেস শঙকর এইসব কথাই ভাবহিছলrdquo ক) শঙকর যক খ) নীর ধাগের শঙকর বগেস বগেস হিন7ampগেন কী ভাবহিছল) শঙকগেরর মন কী চায় উঃ- ক) আগেলাচয অংশটি হিবভহিতভরষরণ বগেযাপাধযাগেয়র lsquoচা াগের পাাডrsquo নামক উপনযাস যথগেক যনওয়া গেয়গেছ শঙকর অ7 পাডাাাগেয়র যছগেলএফএ পাস হিগেয় গরাগেম বাস করগেছকাগে7র মগেধয বনধবানধগেবর সগে_ আডডা যওয়া পগের আারাগেনত লমবা ঘম আর হিবগেকগেল পালঘাগেট মাছ ধরগেত াওয়া শঙকর যখলাধগেলাগেত সাাতাগের এমনহিক যঘাডায় চডগেত যস সমান পারশv

খ) শঙকগেরর বাবার শরীর খারাপ তাই মা শঙকরগেক একটা চাকরীর যচষটা করগেত বগেল হিনরপায় গেয় শঙকরগেক চাকরীর কথা ভাবগেত য় বাধয গেয় শঙকরগেক চটকগেল কা7 হিনগেত গেব হিকনত এগেত য তার সবপন যভগেঙ াগেব তাও যস ব0গেত পাগের যশগেরষ শঙকর গেব চটকগেলর বাব সকাগেলই যভা া বা7গেল হিনগেকগেলর যকৌটগেত খাবার হিক পান হিনগেয় ছটগেত গেব কগেল-আবার বাগেরাটার সময় গেটা যখগেয়ই আবার রওনা- ওহিগেক যসই ছটার যভা া বা7গেল ছটি তার তা7া তরন মন এসব কথা ভাবগেত পাগের না ভাবগেত যগেলই তারা সারাকষন হিবগেzাী গেয় ওগেঠ যরগেসর যঘাডা হিকনা ছযাকডা াহিড টানগেব হিন7ampগেন বগেস শঙকর এসব কথাই ভাবহিছল )শঙকগেরর মন চায় উগেড যগেত চায় পহিথবীর র র অ7ানা অগেচনা যশ শত সসর ঃসাহিসক কাগে7র মগেধয হিলহিভংগে|ান |যানহিল মাকamp গেকাগেপাগেলার মগেতা এর 7নয যছাটগেবলা যথগেক যস হিনগে7গেক দৈতহির কগেরগেছ- হিও যস একথা যভগেব যগেখহিন যস অনয যগেশর পগেকষ না ঘটগেত পাগের বাঙাহিল যছগেলর পগেকষ তা ঘটা এগেকবাগেরই অসমভব তারা দৈতহির গেয়গেছ যকউ যকরানী উহিকল যকউ ডাGার আবার যকউ সকল মা|ার বার 7নয তাই অজঞাত পাগের পাহিড যওয়া তাগের পগেকষ রাশা তগেব শঙকর একট আলাা ধাগেতর রাগেত ওগেয়|মাগেকamp র বগেডা ভগোগেলর বইখানা খগেল বগেস যসই বই তাগেক অহিভাতরী ওয়ার যনশায় উদবদধ কগের

Hindi(2nd language)

पतर हमार ीवन म पतरो का निवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवततम साधन ह जिस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत

अनौपचारिक पतर

1 अपन पिपताजी को पतर लिखिए औ बताइए पिक गत

उस पतर दवारा लिलखकर आसानी स भा ा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

पीकषा म आप की उपबधिया कया कया थी

103 सदाबहा बाजा

कोकाता -65

दिदनाक -862020

आदणीय पिपताजी

साद चण सपरश

पीकषाओ स पह आपका पतर मिमा था म उसका उतत ना द पाई कयोपिक वह समय पीकषा की तयारियो का था मन ब महनत स सभी पिवषय तया पिकए कपयट म कछ कमी थी सो मन अग स टयरशन क उसकी तयाी पी क ी मी पीकषा क ही समापत हई ह सभी पप अचछ हए ह आरशा ह पिक 90 क आसपास नब आ जाएगी जब आप इतन अक दग तो आशचय कग कयोपिक आप यह मानत ह पिक म अमिCक महनत नही कती ह म जानती ह पिक आप ऐसा इसलिए कहत ह पिक म औ अमिCक महनत कर

इस वष की पीकषा म मन वासतव म बहत अमिCक परिशरम पिकया ह म यहा एक हफता रक क ही आऊगी मझ पढाई स सबमिCत कछ काय ह रशष करश ह ताजी को चण सपरश औ छोट भाई को पया

आपकी आजञाकाी पतरी

सीमा

Geography Geographical grids ndash Latitudes and Longitudes

THE EARTHS GRID

A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

One series of lines is drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole called meridians of longitude while the other series of lines drawn parallel to the Equator are called parallels of latitude

GEOGRAPHIC GRID

This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Latitudes are east to west lines which

Q1 Define Grid

A1 A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

Q2 What do you mean by geographical grid

A2 This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Q3 Find out the latitude and longitude of any place with an example

A3 The position of Delhi is indicated by

are parallel to one another

Meridians are north to south lines

Parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles

These lines form a grid of reference lines for locating places on the Earth It is referred to as Earths own grid

Example The position of Delhi is indicated by 28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at an angular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The position of Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

EQUATOR

The Equator is the imaginary line which lies midway between the two poles The Equator (0deg) is the longest line of latitude The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

LATITUDES The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees Therefore lines of latitude are calledparallels of latitude

CLACULATION OF ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE

1ordm Latitude is equal to

=

28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at anangular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The positionof Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

Q4 Which is the largest latitude of the world

A4 The Equator (0ordm) is the largest latitude of the world which lies midway between the two poles The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

Q5 Define Latitude Write its two characteristics

A5 The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees

All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

There are 179 latitudes on the Earth

Q6 Name the main latitudes of the Earth

A6 The main latitudes of the Earth are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

Q7 Explian the different heat zone of the Earth

A7There is three main heat zones in the Earth They are as follows

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

GEOGRAPHY

ATMOSPHERE Stratosphere Stratosphere extending from

the tropopause till about 50 km from the Earthrsquos surface

This layer of the atmosphere provides ideal flying conditions for aircraft

Within the stratosphere lies a layer that has rich concentration of ozone and is known as ozonosphere

Ozone is vital for our survival as it absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiations emitted by the Sun This causes the temperature of this layer to increase

The upper limit of this layer is marked by the stratopause where the temperature begins to fall with altitude again

Why stratosphere provides ideal flying Conditions for aircraft

Ans ndash stratosphere provides ideal flying conditions for aircraft because absence of water vapour makes free from weather disturbances

Ultraviolet ultraviolet light is beyond the normal range of colours that humans can see Too much ultraviolet light can be bad for your skin It is often simply called UV rays

Subject ndash Mathematics

Topic Number System

Chapter Rational Number

Study item Addition of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equal

In this case have to keep the denominator same Then add the nmerators

Case ndash 2 When denominators of all the given rational numbers same and then proceed above the rule

Study item Subtraction of rational numbers

Case ndash 1 When denominators are equal

In this case have to keep the denominator same Then subtract the numerators

Case ndash 2

When the two rational numbers whose denominator is unequal

Suppose ab and cd are two rational numbers

Therefore ab ndash cd = ab + (additive inverse of cd)

= ab + (-cd)

Study item Multiplication of rational numbers

Multiplication of rational numbers means product of two or more rational numbers Therefore Multiplication of two rational numbers

= product of their numerators product of their denominators

Multiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverse

Study item Division of rational numbers

If ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dc

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY MATTER Anything that has weight and

occupies space is called matter Matter has mass and occupies space Matter is made up of atoms and molecules Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existence

Properties of particles of matter

Particles of matter have space in between them

Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating

Particles of matter attract each other

Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

Define

(a) Matter

Solution

(a) Matter is anything that occupies space has space and can be perceived by our senses

Example Air Book

(b) Intermolecular force of attraction

Solution

(b) Due to intermolecular force of attraction the molecules of matter are always in motion and attract each other with a force which they are held together

BIOLOGY Chapter - 05 Endocrine System and Adolescence

Today we will start Unit II Syllabus with chapter 5 Endocrine System which is made up of Endocrine gland and their secretion hormone This system is the chemical coordination system of our body

Q1 Write difference between Endocrine gland and exocrine gland

Endocrine gland

Exocrine gland

i) Have special vessel to carry their secretions

i) There is no special vessels secretions are directly poured in blood

stream ii) Gland

release their secretion directly to target organs

ii) Duct less glands release their secretion into the blood

iii) Ex salivary glands Liver Sweat gland etc

iii) Ex Pituitary Thyroid etc

Q2 Which gland is known as mixed gland and why

Pancreas is known as mixed gland because from its exocrine part carbohydrate protein and fat digestive enzymes are secreted and transferred through common bile duct into duodenum From its endocrine part hormones are secreted and transported through blood

Q3 What is hormone Hormones are chemical substance that

regulate the growth or functioning of a specific tissue or organ eg Insulin Thyroxin etc

Q4 How many endocrine glands are present in human body Name them

There are five main endocrine glands are present in human bodyi) Pituitaryii) Thyroid iii) Pancreas iv) Adrenal v) Testes( only in male) vi) Ovaries ( only in female)

English Language

Active amp Passive Voice

Solved Active amp Passive Voice-

Active Voice Passive Voice1) It is time to play the match It is time for the match to be played2) I know him He is known to me3) His conduct will surprise me I shall be surprised at his conduct4) May I take your book May your book be taken by me5) What do you want What is wanted by you6) His failure disgusted his parents His parents were disgusted at his failure7) One should help the poor The poor should be helped8) God help those who help themselves Those who help themselves are helped by God9) One must endure what one cannot cure What cannot be cured must be endured10) They say that honesty is the best policy It is said that honesty is the best policy11) He had to pay the fine The fine had to be paid by him12) What does the box contain What is contained in the box13) Please help me You are requested to help me14) I want you to sell this house I want this house to be sold by you

15) The mill grinds corn Corn is ground in the mill16) I expect you to help her I expect her to be helped by you

MATHEMATICS Ch 8Profit Loss

and Discount

CP = Cost price

SP = Selling price

Profit When the selling price (SP) of an article is more than its cost price (CP)the article is said to be sold at a profit (gain) and Profit = SP ndash CP

Loss When the selling price (SP) of an article is less than its cost price (CP) the article is said to be sold at a loss and Loss = CP ndash SP

CP = SP ndash Profit

(When there is profit)

CP = SP + Loss

(When there is loss)

SP = CP + Profit

(When there is profit)

SP = CP ndash Loss

(When there is loss)

Profit (Gain) =

( ProfitC P

times100) Loss = ( Loss

C Ptimes100)

Note Profit and Loss

are always calculated

on CP (Cost price)

Over headed Expenses

When an article is purchased at one place and is taken to some other place additional money for transformation labour packing etc is to be spent This additional money spent is termed as Overheads or Over headed expenses

Exercise ndash 8(A)1 Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs 40 and sold them at Rs 475 per note-book Find her gain percent

Solution Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs40

there4 CP per note-book is = Rs( 4010 ) = Rs4

Again SP of each note-book is Rs475there4 Gain on each note-book = Rs(475minus400 ) = Rs075

there4 Gain = ( GainC P

times100)

= ( 0754

times 100) = ( 754 )

= 18 34

there4Gain = 18 34

5 An article is bought from Jaipur for Rs 4800 and is sold in Delhi for Rs5 820 If Rs 1200 is spent on its transportations etc find the loss or the gain as percent

Solution Cost of an article Rs 4800Transportation cost Rs1200 Total cost price Rs6000Again SP of that article Rs5820 [ SP lt CP]there4 Loss = Rs(6000 ndash 5820) = Rs180

there4 Loss = ( 1806000

times 100) = 3

there4 Loss = 3

The overheads (if any) incurred is added to the actual cost price to get the total cost price of the article and then the profit or loss is calculated on this total cost price

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Computer Application

Chapter 5 Operators in Java

helliphelliphellipContinue from last class

7 State the different types of binary arithmetic operators Also state their hierarchy of operations

Ans These are operators that work on two operands The operator is placed between the operands The symbols that are used as binary arithmetic operators are

+ For performing addition- For performing subtraction For performing multiplication For performing division For getting the remainder when divided

Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operators -

1 First BracketsParenthesis In Java the expression in bracket is done first However brackets in an expression should only be first bracket ( ) Nested brackets can also be used but in that case the expressions in the innermost bracket are done first and then the subsequent outer level brackets Eg (5+6(7-3)) will give 29 Notice that only first-bracket is used

2 Then or whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

3 Then + or ndash whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

8 What is Operator Associatively What is the operator associatively of prefixpostfix incrementdecrement operators

Ans Operator Associatively is a property that determines how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses ie in what order each operator is evaluated

9 What are short hand operators Explain with an example

Ans Java provides special operators that can be used to combine an arithmetic operation with an assignment For example the expression a = a+4 can be written

as a += 4 As this operator is a shorter way of expressing an expression it is also sometimes called Short hand operators

10 What is an accumulator

Ans An accumulator is a variable that the program uses to calculate a sum or product of a series of values

English language

Articles Articles come before nouns

There are two kinds of Articles

Indefinite Article

Definite Article

Omission of articles

bull Before names of substances and abstract nouns used in a general sense

bull Before plural countable nouns

bull Before names of metals

bull Before languages

bull Before school college university church hospital prison when they are used for their primary purpose

Fill in the blanks with Articles- Exercise 3

1 ___ rich are happy

2 I have ___ black cat

3 Dr Hill is ___ European

4 Wisdom is ___ gift of heaven

5 ___ elephant is a useful animal

Bengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoনীর ধাগের হিন7ampগেন বগেস বগেস শঙকর এইসব কথাই ভাবহিছলrdquo ক) শঙকর যক খ) নীর ধাগের শঙকর বগেস বগেস হিন7ampগেন কী ভাবহিছল) শঙকগেরর মন কী চায় উঃ- ক) আগেলাচয অংশটি হিবভহিতভরষরণ বগেযাপাধযাগেয়র lsquoচা াগের পাাডrsquo নামক উপনযাস যথগেক যনওয়া গেয়গেছ শঙকর অ7 পাডাাাগেয়র যছগেলএফএ পাস হিগেয় গরাগেম বাস করগেছকাগে7র মগেধয বনধবানধগেবর সগে_ আডডা যওয়া পগের আারাগেনত লমবা ঘম আর হিবগেকগেল পালঘাগেট মাছ ধরগেত াওয়া শঙকর যখলাধগেলাগেত সাাতাগের এমনহিক যঘাডায় চডগেত যস সমান পারশv

খ) শঙকগেরর বাবার শরীর খারাপ তাই মা শঙকরগেক একটা চাকরীর যচষটা করগেত বগেল হিনরপায় গেয় শঙকরগেক চাকরীর কথা ভাবগেত য় বাধয গেয় শঙকরগেক চটকগেল কা7 হিনগেত গেব হিকনত এগেত য তার সবপন যভগেঙ াগেব তাও যস ব0গেত পাগের যশগেরষ শঙকর গেব চটকগেলর বাব সকাগেলই যভা া বা7গেল হিনগেকগেলর যকৌটগেত খাবার হিক পান হিনগেয় ছটগেত গেব কগেল-আবার বাগেরাটার সময় গেটা যখগেয়ই আবার রওনা- ওহিগেক যসই ছটার যভা া বা7গেল ছটি তার তা7া তরন মন এসব কথা ভাবগেত পাগের না ভাবগেত যগেলই তারা সারাকষন হিবগেzাী গেয় ওগেঠ যরগেসর যঘাডা হিকনা ছযাকডা াহিড টানগেব হিন7ampগেন বগেস শঙকর এসব কথাই ভাবহিছল )শঙকগেরর মন চায় উগেড যগেত চায় পহিথবীর র র অ7ানা অগেচনা যশ শত সসর ঃসাহিসক কাগে7র মগেধয হিলহিভংগে|ান |যানহিল মাকamp গেকাগেপাগেলার মগেতা এর 7নয যছাটগেবলা যথগেক যস হিনগে7গেক দৈতহির কগেরগেছ- হিও যস একথা যভগেব যগেখহিন যস অনয যগেশর পগেকষ না ঘটগেত পাগের বাঙাহিল যছগেলর পগেকষ তা ঘটা এগেকবাগেরই অসমভব তারা দৈতহির গেয়গেছ যকউ যকরানী উহিকল যকউ ডাGার আবার যকউ সকল মা|ার বার 7নয তাই অজঞাত পাগের পাহিড যওয়া তাগের পগেকষ রাশা তগেব শঙকর একট আলাা ধাগেতর রাগেত ওগেয়|মাগেকamp র বগেডা ভগোগেলর বইখানা খগেল বগেস যসই বই তাগেক অহিভাতরী ওয়ার যনশায় উদবদধ কগের

Hindi(2nd language)

पतर हमार ीवन म पतरो का निवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवततम साधन ह जिस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत

अनौपचारिक पतर

1 अपन पिपताजी को पतर लिखिए औ बताइए पिक गत

उस पतर दवारा लिलखकर आसानी स भा ा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

पीकषा म आप की उपबधिया कया कया थी

103 सदाबहा बाजा

कोकाता -65

दिदनाक -862020

आदणीय पिपताजी

साद चण सपरश

पीकषाओ स पह आपका पतर मिमा था म उसका उतत ना द पाई कयोपिक वह समय पीकषा की तयारियो का था मन ब महनत स सभी पिवषय तया पिकए कपयट म कछ कमी थी सो मन अग स टयरशन क उसकी तयाी पी क ी मी पीकषा क ही समापत हई ह सभी पप अचछ हए ह आरशा ह पिक 90 क आसपास नब आ जाएगी जब आप इतन अक दग तो आशचय कग कयोपिक आप यह मानत ह पिक म अमिCक महनत नही कती ह म जानती ह पिक आप ऐसा इसलिए कहत ह पिक म औ अमिCक महनत कर

इस वष की पीकषा म मन वासतव म बहत अमिCक परिशरम पिकया ह म यहा एक हफता रक क ही आऊगी मझ पढाई स सबमिCत कछ काय ह रशष करश ह ताजी को चण सपरश औ छोट भाई को पया

आपकी आजञाकाी पतरी

सीमा

Geography Geographical grids ndash Latitudes and Longitudes

THE EARTHS GRID

A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

One series of lines is drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole called meridians of longitude while the other series of lines drawn parallel to the Equator are called parallels of latitude

GEOGRAPHIC GRID

This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Latitudes are east to west lines which

Q1 Define Grid

A1 A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

Q2 What do you mean by geographical grid

A2 This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Q3 Find out the latitude and longitude of any place with an example

A3 The position of Delhi is indicated by

are parallel to one another

Meridians are north to south lines

Parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles

These lines form a grid of reference lines for locating places on the Earth It is referred to as Earths own grid

Example The position of Delhi is indicated by 28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at an angular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The position of Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

EQUATOR

The Equator is the imaginary line which lies midway between the two poles The Equator (0deg) is the longest line of latitude The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

LATITUDES The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees Therefore lines of latitude are calledparallels of latitude

CLACULATION OF ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE

1ordm Latitude is equal to

=

28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at anangular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The positionof Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

Q4 Which is the largest latitude of the world

A4 The Equator (0ordm) is the largest latitude of the world which lies midway between the two poles The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

Q5 Define Latitude Write its two characteristics

A5 The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees

All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

There are 179 latitudes on the Earth

Q6 Name the main latitudes of the Earth

A6 The main latitudes of the Earth are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

Q7 Explian the different heat zone of the Earth

A7There is three main heat zones in the Earth They are as follows

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

Multiplicative inverse Reciprocal of a rational number is called multiplicative inverse

Study item Division of rational numbers

If ab and cd are two rational numbers such that cd not equal to zero(0) then ab dividecd = ab times (multiplicative inverse of cd) = ab times dc

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution CHEMISTRY MATTER Anything that has weight and

occupies space is called matter Matter has mass and occupies space Matter is made up of atoms and molecules Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which may or may not have independent existence

Properties of particles of matter

Particles of matter have space in between them

Particles of matter are in a continuous state of motion Particles as they have kinetic energy are continuously moving This kind of movement is zigzag or random This movement goes up on heating

Particles of matter attract each other

Particles of matter attract each other with force this force could be inter-atomic inter molecular

Define

(a) Matter

Solution

(a) Matter is anything that occupies space has space and can be perceived by our senses

Example Air Book

(b) Intermolecular force of attraction

Solution

(b) Due to intermolecular force of attraction the molecules of matter are always in motion and attract each other with a force which they are held together

BIOLOGY Chapter - 05 Endocrine System and Adolescence

Today we will start Unit II Syllabus with chapter 5 Endocrine System which is made up of Endocrine gland and their secretion hormone This system is the chemical coordination system of our body

Q1 Write difference between Endocrine gland and exocrine gland

Endocrine gland

Exocrine gland

i) Have special vessel to carry their secretions

i) There is no special vessels secretions are directly poured in blood

stream ii) Gland

release their secretion directly to target organs

ii) Duct less glands release their secretion into the blood

iii) Ex salivary glands Liver Sweat gland etc

iii) Ex Pituitary Thyroid etc

Q2 Which gland is known as mixed gland and why

Pancreas is known as mixed gland because from its exocrine part carbohydrate protein and fat digestive enzymes are secreted and transferred through common bile duct into duodenum From its endocrine part hormones are secreted and transported through blood

Q3 What is hormone Hormones are chemical substance that

regulate the growth or functioning of a specific tissue or organ eg Insulin Thyroxin etc

Q4 How many endocrine glands are present in human body Name them

There are five main endocrine glands are present in human bodyi) Pituitaryii) Thyroid iii) Pancreas iv) Adrenal v) Testes( only in male) vi) Ovaries ( only in female)

English Language

Active amp Passive Voice

Solved Active amp Passive Voice-

Active Voice Passive Voice1) It is time to play the match It is time for the match to be played2) I know him He is known to me3) His conduct will surprise me I shall be surprised at his conduct4) May I take your book May your book be taken by me5) What do you want What is wanted by you6) His failure disgusted his parents His parents were disgusted at his failure7) One should help the poor The poor should be helped8) God help those who help themselves Those who help themselves are helped by God9) One must endure what one cannot cure What cannot be cured must be endured10) They say that honesty is the best policy It is said that honesty is the best policy11) He had to pay the fine The fine had to be paid by him12) What does the box contain What is contained in the box13) Please help me You are requested to help me14) I want you to sell this house I want this house to be sold by you

15) The mill grinds corn Corn is ground in the mill16) I expect you to help her I expect her to be helped by you

MATHEMATICS Ch 8Profit Loss

and Discount

CP = Cost price

SP = Selling price

Profit When the selling price (SP) of an article is more than its cost price (CP)the article is said to be sold at a profit (gain) and Profit = SP ndash CP

Loss When the selling price (SP) of an article is less than its cost price (CP) the article is said to be sold at a loss and Loss = CP ndash SP

CP = SP ndash Profit

(When there is profit)

CP = SP + Loss

(When there is loss)

SP = CP + Profit

(When there is profit)

SP = CP ndash Loss

(When there is loss)

Profit (Gain) =

( ProfitC P

times100) Loss = ( Loss

C Ptimes100)

Note Profit and Loss

are always calculated

on CP (Cost price)

Over headed Expenses

When an article is purchased at one place and is taken to some other place additional money for transformation labour packing etc is to be spent This additional money spent is termed as Overheads or Over headed expenses

Exercise ndash 8(A)1 Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs 40 and sold them at Rs 475 per note-book Find her gain percent

Solution Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs40

there4 CP per note-book is = Rs( 4010 ) = Rs4

Again SP of each note-book is Rs475there4 Gain on each note-book = Rs(475minus400 ) = Rs075

there4 Gain = ( GainC P

times100)

= ( 0754

times 100) = ( 754 )

= 18 34

there4Gain = 18 34

5 An article is bought from Jaipur for Rs 4800 and is sold in Delhi for Rs5 820 If Rs 1200 is spent on its transportations etc find the loss or the gain as percent

Solution Cost of an article Rs 4800Transportation cost Rs1200 Total cost price Rs6000Again SP of that article Rs5820 [ SP lt CP]there4 Loss = Rs(6000 ndash 5820) = Rs180

there4 Loss = ( 1806000

times 100) = 3

there4 Loss = 3

The overheads (if any) incurred is added to the actual cost price to get the total cost price of the article and then the profit or loss is calculated on this total cost price

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Computer Application

Chapter 5 Operators in Java

helliphelliphellipContinue from last class

7 State the different types of binary arithmetic operators Also state their hierarchy of operations

Ans These are operators that work on two operands The operator is placed between the operands The symbols that are used as binary arithmetic operators are

+ For performing addition- For performing subtraction For performing multiplication For performing division For getting the remainder when divided

Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operators -

1 First BracketsParenthesis In Java the expression in bracket is done first However brackets in an expression should only be first bracket ( ) Nested brackets can also be used but in that case the expressions in the innermost bracket are done first and then the subsequent outer level brackets Eg (5+6(7-3)) will give 29 Notice that only first-bracket is used

2 Then or whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

3 Then + or ndash whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

8 What is Operator Associatively What is the operator associatively of prefixpostfix incrementdecrement operators

Ans Operator Associatively is a property that determines how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses ie in what order each operator is evaluated

9 What are short hand operators Explain with an example

Ans Java provides special operators that can be used to combine an arithmetic operation with an assignment For example the expression a = a+4 can be written

as a += 4 As this operator is a shorter way of expressing an expression it is also sometimes called Short hand operators

10 What is an accumulator

Ans An accumulator is a variable that the program uses to calculate a sum or product of a series of values

English language

Articles Articles come before nouns

There are two kinds of Articles

Indefinite Article

Definite Article

Omission of articles

bull Before names of substances and abstract nouns used in a general sense

bull Before plural countable nouns

bull Before names of metals

bull Before languages

bull Before school college university church hospital prison when they are used for their primary purpose

Fill in the blanks with Articles- Exercise 3

1 ___ rich are happy

2 I have ___ black cat

3 Dr Hill is ___ European

4 Wisdom is ___ gift of heaven

5 ___ elephant is a useful animal

Bengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoনীর ধাগের হিন7ampগেন বগেস বগেস শঙকর এইসব কথাই ভাবহিছলrdquo ক) শঙকর যক খ) নীর ধাগের শঙকর বগেস বগেস হিন7ampগেন কী ভাবহিছল) শঙকগেরর মন কী চায় উঃ- ক) আগেলাচয অংশটি হিবভহিতভরষরণ বগেযাপাধযাগেয়র lsquoচা াগের পাাডrsquo নামক উপনযাস যথগেক যনওয়া গেয়গেছ শঙকর অ7 পাডাাাগেয়র যছগেলএফএ পাস হিগেয় গরাগেম বাস করগেছকাগে7র মগেধয বনধবানধগেবর সগে_ আডডা যওয়া পগের আারাগেনত লমবা ঘম আর হিবগেকগেল পালঘাগেট মাছ ধরগেত াওয়া শঙকর যখলাধগেলাগেত সাাতাগের এমনহিক যঘাডায় চডগেত যস সমান পারশv

খ) শঙকগেরর বাবার শরীর খারাপ তাই মা শঙকরগেক একটা চাকরীর যচষটা করগেত বগেল হিনরপায় গেয় শঙকরগেক চাকরীর কথা ভাবগেত য় বাধয গেয় শঙকরগেক চটকগেল কা7 হিনগেত গেব হিকনত এগেত য তার সবপন যভগেঙ াগেব তাও যস ব0গেত পাগের যশগেরষ শঙকর গেব চটকগেলর বাব সকাগেলই যভা া বা7গেল হিনগেকগেলর যকৌটগেত খাবার হিক পান হিনগেয় ছটগেত গেব কগেল-আবার বাগেরাটার সময় গেটা যখগেয়ই আবার রওনা- ওহিগেক যসই ছটার যভা া বা7গেল ছটি তার তা7া তরন মন এসব কথা ভাবগেত পাগের না ভাবগেত যগেলই তারা সারাকষন হিবগেzাী গেয় ওগেঠ যরগেসর যঘাডা হিকনা ছযাকডা াহিড টানগেব হিন7ampগেন বগেস শঙকর এসব কথাই ভাবহিছল )শঙকগেরর মন চায় উগেড যগেত চায় পহিথবীর র র অ7ানা অগেচনা যশ শত সসর ঃসাহিসক কাগে7র মগেধয হিলহিভংগে|ান |যানহিল মাকamp গেকাগেপাগেলার মগেতা এর 7নয যছাটগেবলা যথগেক যস হিনগে7গেক দৈতহির কগেরগেছ- হিও যস একথা যভগেব যগেখহিন যস অনয যগেশর পগেকষ না ঘটগেত পাগের বাঙাহিল যছগেলর পগেকষ তা ঘটা এগেকবাগেরই অসমভব তারা দৈতহির গেয়গেছ যকউ যকরানী উহিকল যকউ ডাGার আবার যকউ সকল মা|ার বার 7নয তাই অজঞাত পাগের পাহিড যওয়া তাগের পগেকষ রাশা তগেব শঙকর একট আলাা ধাগেতর রাগেত ওগেয়|মাগেকamp র বগেডা ভগোগেলর বইখানা খগেল বগেস যসই বই তাগেক অহিভাতরী ওয়ার যনশায় উদবদধ কগের

Hindi(2nd language)

पतर हमार ीवन म पतरो का निवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवततम साधन ह जिस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत

अनौपचारिक पतर

1 अपन पिपताजी को पतर लिखिए औ बताइए पिक गत

उस पतर दवारा लिलखकर आसानी स भा ा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

पीकषा म आप की उपबधिया कया कया थी

103 सदाबहा बाजा

कोकाता -65

दिदनाक -862020

आदणीय पिपताजी

साद चण सपरश

पीकषाओ स पह आपका पतर मिमा था म उसका उतत ना द पाई कयोपिक वह समय पीकषा की तयारियो का था मन ब महनत स सभी पिवषय तया पिकए कपयट म कछ कमी थी सो मन अग स टयरशन क उसकी तयाी पी क ी मी पीकषा क ही समापत हई ह सभी पप अचछ हए ह आरशा ह पिक 90 क आसपास नब आ जाएगी जब आप इतन अक दग तो आशचय कग कयोपिक आप यह मानत ह पिक म अमिCक महनत नही कती ह म जानती ह पिक आप ऐसा इसलिए कहत ह पिक म औ अमिCक महनत कर

इस वष की पीकषा म मन वासतव म बहत अमिCक परिशरम पिकया ह म यहा एक हफता रक क ही आऊगी मझ पढाई स सबमिCत कछ काय ह रशष करश ह ताजी को चण सपरश औ छोट भाई को पया

आपकी आजञाकाी पतरी

सीमा

Geography Geographical grids ndash Latitudes and Longitudes

THE EARTHS GRID

A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

One series of lines is drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole called meridians of longitude while the other series of lines drawn parallel to the Equator are called parallels of latitude

GEOGRAPHIC GRID

This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Latitudes are east to west lines which

Q1 Define Grid

A1 A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

Q2 What do you mean by geographical grid

A2 This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Q3 Find out the latitude and longitude of any place with an example

A3 The position of Delhi is indicated by

are parallel to one another

Meridians are north to south lines

Parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles

These lines form a grid of reference lines for locating places on the Earth It is referred to as Earths own grid

Example The position of Delhi is indicated by 28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at an angular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The position of Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

EQUATOR

The Equator is the imaginary line which lies midway between the two poles The Equator (0deg) is the longest line of latitude The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

LATITUDES The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees Therefore lines of latitude are calledparallels of latitude

CLACULATION OF ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE

1ordm Latitude is equal to

=

28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at anangular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The positionof Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

Q4 Which is the largest latitude of the world

A4 The Equator (0ordm) is the largest latitude of the world which lies midway between the two poles The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

Q5 Define Latitude Write its two characteristics

A5 The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees

All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

There are 179 latitudes on the Earth

Q6 Name the main latitudes of the Earth

A6 The main latitudes of the Earth are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

Q7 Explian the different heat zone of the Earth

A7There is three main heat zones in the Earth They are as follows

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

stream ii) Gland

release their secretion directly to target organs

ii) Duct less glands release their secretion into the blood

iii) Ex salivary glands Liver Sweat gland etc

iii) Ex Pituitary Thyroid etc

Q2 Which gland is known as mixed gland and why

Pancreas is known as mixed gland because from its exocrine part carbohydrate protein and fat digestive enzymes are secreted and transferred through common bile duct into duodenum From its endocrine part hormones are secreted and transported through blood

Q3 What is hormone Hormones are chemical substance that

regulate the growth or functioning of a specific tissue or organ eg Insulin Thyroxin etc

Q4 How many endocrine glands are present in human body Name them

There are five main endocrine glands are present in human bodyi) Pituitaryii) Thyroid iii) Pancreas iv) Adrenal v) Testes( only in male) vi) Ovaries ( only in female)

English Language

Active amp Passive Voice

Solved Active amp Passive Voice-

Active Voice Passive Voice1) It is time to play the match It is time for the match to be played2) I know him He is known to me3) His conduct will surprise me I shall be surprised at his conduct4) May I take your book May your book be taken by me5) What do you want What is wanted by you6) His failure disgusted his parents His parents were disgusted at his failure7) One should help the poor The poor should be helped8) God help those who help themselves Those who help themselves are helped by God9) One must endure what one cannot cure What cannot be cured must be endured10) They say that honesty is the best policy It is said that honesty is the best policy11) He had to pay the fine The fine had to be paid by him12) What does the box contain What is contained in the box13) Please help me You are requested to help me14) I want you to sell this house I want this house to be sold by you

15) The mill grinds corn Corn is ground in the mill16) I expect you to help her I expect her to be helped by you

MATHEMATICS Ch 8Profit Loss

and Discount

CP = Cost price

SP = Selling price

Profit When the selling price (SP) of an article is more than its cost price (CP)the article is said to be sold at a profit (gain) and Profit = SP ndash CP

Loss When the selling price (SP) of an article is less than its cost price (CP) the article is said to be sold at a loss and Loss = CP ndash SP

CP = SP ndash Profit

(When there is profit)

CP = SP + Loss

(When there is loss)

SP = CP + Profit

(When there is profit)

SP = CP ndash Loss

(When there is loss)

Profit (Gain) =

( ProfitC P

times100) Loss = ( Loss

C Ptimes100)

Note Profit and Loss

are always calculated

on CP (Cost price)

Over headed Expenses

When an article is purchased at one place and is taken to some other place additional money for transformation labour packing etc is to be spent This additional money spent is termed as Overheads or Over headed expenses

Exercise ndash 8(A)1 Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs 40 and sold them at Rs 475 per note-book Find her gain percent

Solution Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs40

there4 CP per note-book is = Rs( 4010 ) = Rs4

Again SP of each note-book is Rs475there4 Gain on each note-book = Rs(475minus400 ) = Rs075

there4 Gain = ( GainC P

times100)

= ( 0754

times 100) = ( 754 )

= 18 34

there4Gain = 18 34

5 An article is bought from Jaipur for Rs 4800 and is sold in Delhi for Rs5 820 If Rs 1200 is spent on its transportations etc find the loss or the gain as percent

Solution Cost of an article Rs 4800Transportation cost Rs1200 Total cost price Rs6000Again SP of that article Rs5820 [ SP lt CP]there4 Loss = Rs(6000 ndash 5820) = Rs180

there4 Loss = ( 1806000

times 100) = 3

there4 Loss = 3

The overheads (if any) incurred is added to the actual cost price to get the total cost price of the article and then the profit or loss is calculated on this total cost price

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Computer Application

Chapter 5 Operators in Java

helliphelliphellipContinue from last class

7 State the different types of binary arithmetic operators Also state their hierarchy of operations

Ans These are operators that work on two operands The operator is placed between the operands The symbols that are used as binary arithmetic operators are

+ For performing addition- For performing subtraction For performing multiplication For performing division For getting the remainder when divided

Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operators -

1 First BracketsParenthesis In Java the expression in bracket is done first However brackets in an expression should only be first bracket ( ) Nested brackets can also be used but in that case the expressions in the innermost bracket are done first and then the subsequent outer level brackets Eg (5+6(7-3)) will give 29 Notice that only first-bracket is used

2 Then or whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

3 Then + or ndash whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

8 What is Operator Associatively What is the operator associatively of prefixpostfix incrementdecrement operators

Ans Operator Associatively is a property that determines how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses ie in what order each operator is evaluated

9 What are short hand operators Explain with an example

Ans Java provides special operators that can be used to combine an arithmetic operation with an assignment For example the expression a = a+4 can be written

as a += 4 As this operator is a shorter way of expressing an expression it is also sometimes called Short hand operators

10 What is an accumulator

Ans An accumulator is a variable that the program uses to calculate a sum or product of a series of values

English language

Articles Articles come before nouns

There are two kinds of Articles

Indefinite Article

Definite Article

Omission of articles

bull Before names of substances and abstract nouns used in a general sense

bull Before plural countable nouns

bull Before names of metals

bull Before languages

bull Before school college university church hospital prison when they are used for their primary purpose

Fill in the blanks with Articles- Exercise 3

1 ___ rich are happy

2 I have ___ black cat

3 Dr Hill is ___ European

4 Wisdom is ___ gift of heaven

5 ___ elephant is a useful animal

Bengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoনীর ধাগের হিন7ampগেন বগেস বগেস শঙকর এইসব কথাই ভাবহিছলrdquo ক) শঙকর যক খ) নীর ধাগের শঙকর বগেস বগেস হিন7ampগেন কী ভাবহিছল) শঙকগেরর মন কী চায় উঃ- ক) আগেলাচয অংশটি হিবভহিতভরষরণ বগেযাপাধযাগেয়র lsquoচা াগের পাাডrsquo নামক উপনযাস যথগেক যনওয়া গেয়গেছ শঙকর অ7 পাডাাাগেয়র যছগেলএফএ পাস হিগেয় গরাগেম বাস করগেছকাগে7র মগেধয বনধবানধগেবর সগে_ আডডা যওয়া পগের আারাগেনত লমবা ঘম আর হিবগেকগেল পালঘাগেট মাছ ধরগেত াওয়া শঙকর যখলাধগেলাগেত সাাতাগের এমনহিক যঘাডায় চডগেত যস সমান পারশv

খ) শঙকগেরর বাবার শরীর খারাপ তাই মা শঙকরগেক একটা চাকরীর যচষটা করগেত বগেল হিনরপায় গেয় শঙকরগেক চাকরীর কথা ভাবগেত য় বাধয গেয় শঙকরগেক চটকগেল কা7 হিনগেত গেব হিকনত এগেত য তার সবপন যভগেঙ াগেব তাও যস ব0গেত পাগের যশগেরষ শঙকর গেব চটকগেলর বাব সকাগেলই যভা া বা7গেল হিনগেকগেলর যকৌটগেত খাবার হিক পান হিনগেয় ছটগেত গেব কগেল-আবার বাগেরাটার সময় গেটা যখগেয়ই আবার রওনা- ওহিগেক যসই ছটার যভা া বা7গেল ছটি তার তা7া তরন মন এসব কথা ভাবগেত পাগের না ভাবগেত যগেলই তারা সারাকষন হিবগেzাী গেয় ওগেঠ যরগেসর যঘাডা হিকনা ছযাকডা াহিড টানগেব হিন7ampগেন বগেস শঙকর এসব কথাই ভাবহিছল )শঙকগেরর মন চায় উগেড যগেত চায় পহিথবীর র র অ7ানা অগেচনা যশ শত সসর ঃসাহিসক কাগে7র মগেধয হিলহিভংগে|ান |যানহিল মাকamp গেকাগেপাগেলার মগেতা এর 7নয যছাটগেবলা যথগেক যস হিনগে7গেক দৈতহির কগেরগেছ- হিও যস একথা যভগেব যগেখহিন যস অনয যগেশর পগেকষ না ঘটগেত পাগের বাঙাহিল যছগেলর পগেকষ তা ঘটা এগেকবাগেরই অসমভব তারা দৈতহির গেয়গেছ যকউ যকরানী উহিকল যকউ ডাGার আবার যকউ সকল মা|ার বার 7নয তাই অজঞাত পাগের পাহিড যওয়া তাগের পগেকষ রাশা তগেব শঙকর একট আলাা ধাগেতর রাগেত ওগেয়|মাগেকamp র বগেডা ভগোগেলর বইখানা খগেল বগেস যসই বই তাগেক অহিভাতরী ওয়ার যনশায় উদবদধ কগের

Hindi(2nd language)

पतर हमार ीवन म पतरो का निवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवततम साधन ह जिस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत

अनौपचारिक पतर

1 अपन पिपताजी को पतर लिखिए औ बताइए पिक गत

उस पतर दवारा लिलखकर आसानी स भा ा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

पीकषा म आप की उपबधिया कया कया थी

103 सदाबहा बाजा

कोकाता -65

दिदनाक -862020

आदणीय पिपताजी

साद चण सपरश

पीकषाओ स पह आपका पतर मिमा था म उसका उतत ना द पाई कयोपिक वह समय पीकषा की तयारियो का था मन ब महनत स सभी पिवषय तया पिकए कपयट म कछ कमी थी सो मन अग स टयरशन क उसकी तयाी पी क ी मी पीकषा क ही समापत हई ह सभी पप अचछ हए ह आरशा ह पिक 90 क आसपास नब आ जाएगी जब आप इतन अक दग तो आशचय कग कयोपिक आप यह मानत ह पिक म अमिCक महनत नही कती ह म जानती ह पिक आप ऐसा इसलिए कहत ह पिक म औ अमिCक महनत कर

इस वष की पीकषा म मन वासतव म बहत अमिCक परिशरम पिकया ह म यहा एक हफता रक क ही आऊगी मझ पढाई स सबमिCत कछ काय ह रशष करश ह ताजी को चण सपरश औ छोट भाई को पया

आपकी आजञाकाी पतरी

सीमा

Geography Geographical grids ndash Latitudes and Longitudes

THE EARTHS GRID

A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

One series of lines is drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole called meridians of longitude while the other series of lines drawn parallel to the Equator are called parallels of latitude

GEOGRAPHIC GRID

This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Latitudes are east to west lines which

Q1 Define Grid

A1 A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

Q2 What do you mean by geographical grid

A2 This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Q3 Find out the latitude and longitude of any place with an example

A3 The position of Delhi is indicated by

are parallel to one another

Meridians are north to south lines

Parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles

These lines form a grid of reference lines for locating places on the Earth It is referred to as Earths own grid

Example The position of Delhi is indicated by 28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at an angular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The position of Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

EQUATOR

The Equator is the imaginary line which lies midway between the two poles The Equator (0deg) is the longest line of latitude The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

LATITUDES The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees Therefore lines of latitude are calledparallels of latitude

CLACULATION OF ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE

1ordm Latitude is equal to

=

28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at anangular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The positionof Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

Q4 Which is the largest latitude of the world

A4 The Equator (0ordm) is the largest latitude of the world which lies midway between the two poles The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

Q5 Define Latitude Write its two characteristics

A5 The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees

All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

There are 179 latitudes on the Earth

Q6 Name the main latitudes of the Earth

A6 The main latitudes of the Earth are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

Q7 Explian the different heat zone of the Earth

A7There is three main heat zones in the Earth They are as follows

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

15) The mill grinds corn Corn is ground in the mill16) I expect you to help her I expect her to be helped by you

MATHEMATICS Ch 8Profit Loss

and Discount

CP = Cost price

SP = Selling price

Profit When the selling price (SP) of an article is more than its cost price (CP)the article is said to be sold at a profit (gain) and Profit = SP ndash CP

Loss When the selling price (SP) of an article is less than its cost price (CP) the article is said to be sold at a loss and Loss = CP ndash SP

CP = SP ndash Profit

(When there is profit)

CP = SP + Loss

(When there is loss)

SP = CP + Profit

(When there is profit)

SP = CP ndash Loss

(When there is loss)

Profit (Gain) =

( ProfitC P

times100) Loss = ( Loss

C Ptimes100)

Note Profit and Loss

are always calculated

on CP (Cost price)

Over headed Expenses

When an article is purchased at one place and is taken to some other place additional money for transformation labour packing etc is to be spent This additional money spent is termed as Overheads or Over headed expenses

Exercise ndash 8(A)1 Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs 40 and sold them at Rs 475 per note-book Find her gain percent

Solution Megha bought 10 note-books for Rs40

there4 CP per note-book is = Rs( 4010 ) = Rs4

Again SP of each note-book is Rs475there4 Gain on each note-book = Rs(475minus400 ) = Rs075

there4 Gain = ( GainC P

times100)

= ( 0754

times 100) = ( 754 )

= 18 34

there4Gain = 18 34

5 An article is bought from Jaipur for Rs 4800 and is sold in Delhi for Rs5 820 If Rs 1200 is spent on its transportations etc find the loss or the gain as percent

Solution Cost of an article Rs 4800Transportation cost Rs1200 Total cost price Rs6000Again SP of that article Rs5820 [ SP lt CP]there4 Loss = Rs(6000 ndash 5820) = Rs180

there4 Loss = ( 1806000

times 100) = 3

there4 Loss = 3

The overheads (if any) incurred is added to the actual cost price to get the total cost price of the article and then the profit or loss is calculated on this total cost price

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Computer Application

Chapter 5 Operators in Java

helliphelliphellipContinue from last class

7 State the different types of binary arithmetic operators Also state their hierarchy of operations

Ans These are operators that work on two operands The operator is placed between the operands The symbols that are used as binary arithmetic operators are

+ For performing addition- For performing subtraction For performing multiplication For performing division For getting the remainder when divided

Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operators -

1 First BracketsParenthesis In Java the expression in bracket is done first However brackets in an expression should only be first bracket ( ) Nested brackets can also be used but in that case the expressions in the innermost bracket are done first and then the subsequent outer level brackets Eg (5+6(7-3)) will give 29 Notice that only first-bracket is used

2 Then or whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

3 Then + or ndash whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

8 What is Operator Associatively What is the operator associatively of prefixpostfix incrementdecrement operators

Ans Operator Associatively is a property that determines how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses ie in what order each operator is evaluated

9 What are short hand operators Explain with an example

Ans Java provides special operators that can be used to combine an arithmetic operation with an assignment For example the expression a = a+4 can be written

as a += 4 As this operator is a shorter way of expressing an expression it is also sometimes called Short hand operators

10 What is an accumulator

Ans An accumulator is a variable that the program uses to calculate a sum or product of a series of values

English language

Articles Articles come before nouns

There are two kinds of Articles

Indefinite Article

Definite Article

Omission of articles

bull Before names of substances and abstract nouns used in a general sense

bull Before plural countable nouns

bull Before names of metals

bull Before languages

bull Before school college university church hospital prison when they are used for their primary purpose

Fill in the blanks with Articles- Exercise 3

1 ___ rich are happy

2 I have ___ black cat

3 Dr Hill is ___ European

4 Wisdom is ___ gift of heaven

5 ___ elephant is a useful animal

Bengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoনীর ধাগের হিন7ampগেন বগেস বগেস শঙকর এইসব কথাই ভাবহিছলrdquo ক) শঙকর যক খ) নীর ধাগের শঙকর বগেস বগেস হিন7ampগেন কী ভাবহিছল) শঙকগেরর মন কী চায় উঃ- ক) আগেলাচয অংশটি হিবভহিতভরষরণ বগেযাপাধযাগেয়র lsquoচা াগের পাাডrsquo নামক উপনযাস যথগেক যনওয়া গেয়গেছ শঙকর অ7 পাডাাাগেয়র যছগেলএফএ পাস হিগেয় গরাগেম বাস করগেছকাগে7র মগেধয বনধবানধগেবর সগে_ আডডা যওয়া পগের আারাগেনত লমবা ঘম আর হিবগেকগেল পালঘাগেট মাছ ধরগেত াওয়া শঙকর যখলাধগেলাগেত সাাতাগের এমনহিক যঘাডায় চডগেত যস সমান পারশv

খ) শঙকগেরর বাবার শরীর খারাপ তাই মা শঙকরগেক একটা চাকরীর যচষটা করগেত বগেল হিনরপায় গেয় শঙকরগেক চাকরীর কথা ভাবগেত য় বাধয গেয় শঙকরগেক চটকগেল কা7 হিনগেত গেব হিকনত এগেত য তার সবপন যভগেঙ াগেব তাও যস ব0গেত পাগের যশগেরষ শঙকর গেব চটকগেলর বাব সকাগেলই যভা া বা7গেল হিনগেকগেলর যকৌটগেত খাবার হিক পান হিনগেয় ছটগেত গেব কগেল-আবার বাগেরাটার সময় গেটা যখগেয়ই আবার রওনা- ওহিগেক যসই ছটার যভা া বা7গেল ছটি তার তা7া তরন মন এসব কথা ভাবগেত পাগের না ভাবগেত যগেলই তারা সারাকষন হিবগেzাী গেয় ওগেঠ যরগেসর যঘাডা হিকনা ছযাকডা াহিড টানগেব হিন7ampগেন বগেস শঙকর এসব কথাই ভাবহিছল )শঙকগেরর মন চায় উগেড যগেত চায় পহিথবীর র র অ7ানা অগেচনা যশ শত সসর ঃসাহিসক কাগে7র মগেধয হিলহিভংগে|ান |যানহিল মাকamp গেকাগেপাগেলার মগেতা এর 7নয যছাটগেবলা যথগেক যস হিনগে7গেক দৈতহির কগেরগেছ- হিও যস একথা যভগেব যগেখহিন যস অনয যগেশর পগেকষ না ঘটগেত পাগের বাঙাহিল যছগেলর পগেকষ তা ঘটা এগেকবাগেরই অসমভব তারা দৈতহির গেয়গেছ যকউ যকরানী উহিকল যকউ ডাGার আবার যকউ সকল মা|ার বার 7নয তাই অজঞাত পাগের পাহিড যওয়া তাগের পগেকষ রাশা তগেব শঙকর একট আলাা ধাগেতর রাগেত ওগেয়|মাগেকamp র বগেডা ভগোগেলর বইখানা খগেল বগেস যসই বই তাগেক অহিভাতরী ওয়ার যনশায় উদবদধ কগের

Hindi(2nd language)

पतर हमार ीवन म पतरो का निवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवततम साधन ह जिस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत

अनौपचारिक पतर

1 अपन पिपताजी को पतर लिखिए औ बताइए पिक गत

उस पतर दवारा लिलखकर आसानी स भा ा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

पीकषा म आप की उपबधिया कया कया थी

103 सदाबहा बाजा

कोकाता -65

दिदनाक -862020

आदणीय पिपताजी

साद चण सपरश

पीकषाओ स पह आपका पतर मिमा था म उसका उतत ना द पाई कयोपिक वह समय पीकषा की तयारियो का था मन ब महनत स सभी पिवषय तया पिकए कपयट म कछ कमी थी सो मन अग स टयरशन क उसकी तयाी पी क ी मी पीकषा क ही समापत हई ह सभी पप अचछ हए ह आरशा ह पिक 90 क आसपास नब आ जाएगी जब आप इतन अक दग तो आशचय कग कयोपिक आप यह मानत ह पिक म अमिCक महनत नही कती ह म जानती ह पिक आप ऐसा इसलिए कहत ह पिक म औ अमिCक महनत कर

इस वष की पीकषा म मन वासतव म बहत अमिCक परिशरम पिकया ह म यहा एक हफता रक क ही आऊगी मझ पढाई स सबमिCत कछ काय ह रशष करश ह ताजी को चण सपरश औ छोट भाई को पया

आपकी आजञाकाी पतरी

सीमा

Geography Geographical grids ndash Latitudes and Longitudes

THE EARTHS GRID

A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

One series of lines is drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole called meridians of longitude while the other series of lines drawn parallel to the Equator are called parallels of latitude

GEOGRAPHIC GRID

This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Latitudes are east to west lines which

Q1 Define Grid

A1 A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

Q2 What do you mean by geographical grid

A2 This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Q3 Find out the latitude and longitude of any place with an example

A3 The position of Delhi is indicated by

are parallel to one another

Meridians are north to south lines

Parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles

These lines form a grid of reference lines for locating places on the Earth It is referred to as Earths own grid

Example The position of Delhi is indicated by 28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at an angular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The position of Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

EQUATOR

The Equator is the imaginary line which lies midway between the two poles The Equator (0deg) is the longest line of latitude The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

LATITUDES The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees Therefore lines of latitude are calledparallels of latitude

CLACULATION OF ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE

1ordm Latitude is equal to

=

28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at anangular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The positionof Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

Q4 Which is the largest latitude of the world

A4 The Equator (0ordm) is the largest latitude of the world which lies midway between the two poles The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

Q5 Define Latitude Write its two characteristics

A5 The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees

All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

There are 179 latitudes on the Earth

Q6 Name the main latitudes of the Earth

A6 The main latitudes of the Earth are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

Q7 Explian the different heat zone of the Earth

A7There is three main heat zones in the Earth They are as follows

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

The overheads (if any) incurred is added to the actual cost price to get the total cost price of the article and then the profit or loss is calculated on this total cost price

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Computer Application

Chapter 5 Operators in Java

helliphelliphellipContinue from last class

7 State the different types of binary arithmetic operators Also state their hierarchy of operations

Ans These are operators that work on two operands The operator is placed between the operands The symbols that are used as binary arithmetic operators are

+ For performing addition- For performing subtraction For performing multiplication For performing division For getting the remainder when divided

Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operators -

1 First BracketsParenthesis In Java the expression in bracket is done first However brackets in an expression should only be first bracket ( ) Nested brackets can also be used but in that case the expressions in the innermost bracket are done first and then the subsequent outer level brackets Eg (5+6(7-3)) will give 29 Notice that only first-bracket is used

2 Then or whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

3 Then + or ndash whichever comes first while evaluating from left to right will get evaluated first

8 What is Operator Associatively What is the operator associatively of prefixpostfix incrementdecrement operators

Ans Operator Associatively is a property that determines how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses ie in what order each operator is evaluated

9 What are short hand operators Explain with an example

Ans Java provides special operators that can be used to combine an arithmetic operation with an assignment For example the expression a = a+4 can be written

as a += 4 As this operator is a shorter way of expressing an expression it is also sometimes called Short hand operators

10 What is an accumulator

Ans An accumulator is a variable that the program uses to calculate a sum or product of a series of values

English language

Articles Articles come before nouns

There are two kinds of Articles

Indefinite Article

Definite Article

Omission of articles

bull Before names of substances and abstract nouns used in a general sense

bull Before plural countable nouns

bull Before names of metals

bull Before languages

bull Before school college university church hospital prison when they are used for their primary purpose

Fill in the blanks with Articles- Exercise 3

1 ___ rich are happy

2 I have ___ black cat

3 Dr Hill is ___ European

4 Wisdom is ___ gift of heaven

5 ___ elephant is a useful animal

Bengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoনীর ধাগের হিন7ampগেন বগেস বগেস শঙকর এইসব কথাই ভাবহিছলrdquo ক) শঙকর যক খ) নীর ধাগের শঙকর বগেস বগেস হিন7ampগেন কী ভাবহিছল) শঙকগেরর মন কী চায় উঃ- ক) আগেলাচয অংশটি হিবভহিতভরষরণ বগেযাপাধযাগেয়র lsquoচা াগের পাাডrsquo নামক উপনযাস যথগেক যনওয়া গেয়গেছ শঙকর অ7 পাডাাাগেয়র যছগেলএফএ পাস হিগেয় গরাগেম বাস করগেছকাগে7র মগেধয বনধবানধগেবর সগে_ আডডা যওয়া পগের আারাগেনত লমবা ঘম আর হিবগেকগেল পালঘাগেট মাছ ধরগেত াওয়া শঙকর যখলাধগেলাগেত সাাতাগের এমনহিক যঘাডায় চডগেত যস সমান পারশv

খ) শঙকগেরর বাবার শরীর খারাপ তাই মা শঙকরগেক একটা চাকরীর যচষটা করগেত বগেল হিনরপায় গেয় শঙকরগেক চাকরীর কথা ভাবগেত য় বাধয গেয় শঙকরগেক চটকগেল কা7 হিনগেত গেব হিকনত এগেত য তার সবপন যভগেঙ াগেব তাও যস ব0গেত পাগের যশগেরষ শঙকর গেব চটকগেলর বাব সকাগেলই যভা া বা7গেল হিনগেকগেলর যকৌটগেত খাবার হিক পান হিনগেয় ছটগেত গেব কগেল-আবার বাগেরাটার সময় গেটা যখগেয়ই আবার রওনা- ওহিগেক যসই ছটার যভা া বা7গেল ছটি তার তা7া তরন মন এসব কথা ভাবগেত পাগের না ভাবগেত যগেলই তারা সারাকষন হিবগেzাী গেয় ওগেঠ যরগেসর যঘাডা হিকনা ছযাকডা াহিড টানগেব হিন7ampগেন বগেস শঙকর এসব কথাই ভাবহিছল )শঙকগেরর মন চায় উগেড যগেত চায় পহিথবীর র র অ7ানা অগেচনা যশ শত সসর ঃসাহিসক কাগে7র মগেধয হিলহিভংগে|ান |যানহিল মাকamp গেকাগেপাগেলার মগেতা এর 7নয যছাটগেবলা যথগেক যস হিনগে7গেক দৈতহির কগেরগেছ- হিও যস একথা যভগেব যগেখহিন যস অনয যগেশর পগেকষ না ঘটগেত পাগের বাঙাহিল যছগেলর পগেকষ তা ঘটা এগেকবাগেরই অসমভব তারা দৈতহির গেয়গেছ যকউ যকরানী উহিকল যকউ ডাGার আবার যকউ সকল মা|ার বার 7নয তাই অজঞাত পাগের পাহিড যওয়া তাগের পগেকষ রাশা তগেব শঙকর একট আলাা ধাগেতর রাগেত ওগেয়|মাগেকamp র বগেডা ভগোগেলর বইখানা খগেল বগেস যসই বই তাগেক অহিভাতরী ওয়ার যনশায় উদবদধ কগের

Hindi(2nd language)

पतर हमार ीवन म पतरो का निवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवततम साधन ह जिस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत

अनौपचारिक पतर

1 अपन पिपताजी को पतर लिखिए औ बताइए पिक गत

उस पतर दवारा लिलखकर आसानी स भा ा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

पीकषा म आप की उपबधिया कया कया थी

103 सदाबहा बाजा

कोकाता -65

दिदनाक -862020

आदणीय पिपताजी

साद चण सपरश

पीकषाओ स पह आपका पतर मिमा था म उसका उतत ना द पाई कयोपिक वह समय पीकषा की तयारियो का था मन ब महनत स सभी पिवषय तया पिकए कपयट म कछ कमी थी सो मन अग स टयरशन क उसकी तयाी पी क ी मी पीकषा क ही समापत हई ह सभी पप अचछ हए ह आरशा ह पिक 90 क आसपास नब आ जाएगी जब आप इतन अक दग तो आशचय कग कयोपिक आप यह मानत ह पिक म अमिCक महनत नही कती ह म जानती ह पिक आप ऐसा इसलिए कहत ह पिक म औ अमिCक महनत कर

इस वष की पीकषा म मन वासतव म बहत अमिCक परिशरम पिकया ह म यहा एक हफता रक क ही आऊगी मझ पढाई स सबमिCत कछ काय ह रशष करश ह ताजी को चण सपरश औ छोट भाई को पया

आपकी आजञाकाी पतरी

सीमा

Geography Geographical grids ndash Latitudes and Longitudes

THE EARTHS GRID

A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

One series of lines is drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole called meridians of longitude while the other series of lines drawn parallel to the Equator are called parallels of latitude

GEOGRAPHIC GRID

This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Latitudes are east to west lines which

Q1 Define Grid

A1 A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

Q2 What do you mean by geographical grid

A2 This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Q3 Find out the latitude and longitude of any place with an example

A3 The position of Delhi is indicated by

are parallel to one another

Meridians are north to south lines

Parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles

These lines form a grid of reference lines for locating places on the Earth It is referred to as Earths own grid

Example The position of Delhi is indicated by 28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at an angular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The position of Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

EQUATOR

The Equator is the imaginary line which lies midway between the two poles The Equator (0deg) is the longest line of latitude The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

LATITUDES The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees Therefore lines of latitude are calledparallels of latitude

CLACULATION OF ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE

1ordm Latitude is equal to

=

28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at anangular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The positionof Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

Q4 Which is the largest latitude of the world

A4 The Equator (0ordm) is the largest latitude of the world which lies midway between the two poles The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

Q5 Define Latitude Write its two characteristics

A5 The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees

All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

There are 179 latitudes on the Earth

Q6 Name the main latitudes of the Earth

A6 The main latitudes of the Earth are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

Q7 Explian the different heat zone of the Earth

A7There is three main heat zones in the Earth They are as follows

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

as a += 4 As this operator is a shorter way of expressing an expression it is also sometimes called Short hand operators

10 What is an accumulator

Ans An accumulator is a variable that the program uses to calculate a sum or product of a series of values

English language

Articles Articles come before nouns

There are two kinds of Articles

Indefinite Article

Definite Article

Omission of articles

bull Before names of substances and abstract nouns used in a general sense

bull Before plural countable nouns

bull Before names of metals

bull Before languages

bull Before school college university church hospital prison when they are used for their primary purpose

Fill in the blanks with Articles- Exercise 3

1 ___ rich are happy

2 I have ___ black cat

3 Dr Hill is ___ European

4 Wisdom is ___ gift of heaven

5 ___ elephant is a useful animal

Bengali(2nd language)

চা দের পহড়

বিভবিভষণ দেপধয়

পরথম অধয়

ldquoনীর ধাগের হিন7ampগেন বগেস বগেস শঙকর এইসব কথাই ভাবহিছলrdquo ক) শঙকর যক খ) নীর ধাগের শঙকর বগেস বগেস হিন7ampগেন কী ভাবহিছল) শঙকগেরর মন কী চায় উঃ- ক) আগেলাচয অংশটি হিবভহিতভরষরণ বগেযাপাধযাগেয়র lsquoচা াগের পাাডrsquo নামক উপনযাস যথগেক যনওয়া গেয়গেছ শঙকর অ7 পাডাাাগেয়র যছগেলএফএ পাস হিগেয় গরাগেম বাস করগেছকাগে7র মগেধয বনধবানধগেবর সগে_ আডডা যওয়া পগের আারাগেনত লমবা ঘম আর হিবগেকগেল পালঘাগেট মাছ ধরগেত াওয়া শঙকর যখলাধগেলাগেত সাাতাগের এমনহিক যঘাডায় চডগেত যস সমান পারশv

খ) শঙকগেরর বাবার শরীর খারাপ তাই মা শঙকরগেক একটা চাকরীর যচষটা করগেত বগেল হিনরপায় গেয় শঙকরগেক চাকরীর কথা ভাবগেত য় বাধয গেয় শঙকরগেক চটকগেল কা7 হিনগেত গেব হিকনত এগেত য তার সবপন যভগেঙ াগেব তাও যস ব0গেত পাগের যশগেরষ শঙকর গেব চটকগেলর বাব সকাগেলই যভা া বা7গেল হিনগেকগেলর যকৌটগেত খাবার হিক পান হিনগেয় ছটগেত গেব কগেল-আবার বাগেরাটার সময় গেটা যখগেয়ই আবার রওনা- ওহিগেক যসই ছটার যভা া বা7গেল ছটি তার তা7া তরন মন এসব কথা ভাবগেত পাগের না ভাবগেত যগেলই তারা সারাকষন হিবগেzাী গেয় ওগেঠ যরগেসর যঘাডা হিকনা ছযাকডা াহিড টানগেব হিন7ampগেন বগেস শঙকর এসব কথাই ভাবহিছল )শঙকগেরর মন চায় উগেড যগেত চায় পহিথবীর র র অ7ানা অগেচনা যশ শত সসর ঃসাহিসক কাগে7র মগেধয হিলহিভংগে|ান |যানহিল মাকamp গেকাগেপাগেলার মগেতা এর 7নয যছাটগেবলা যথগেক যস হিনগে7গেক দৈতহির কগেরগেছ- হিও যস একথা যভগেব যগেখহিন যস অনয যগেশর পগেকষ না ঘটগেত পাগের বাঙাহিল যছগেলর পগেকষ তা ঘটা এগেকবাগেরই অসমভব তারা দৈতহির গেয়গেছ যকউ যকরানী উহিকল যকউ ডাGার আবার যকউ সকল মা|ার বার 7নয তাই অজঞাত পাগের পাহিড যওয়া তাগের পগেকষ রাশা তগেব শঙকর একট আলাা ধাগেতর রাগেত ওগেয়|মাগেকamp র বগেডা ভগোগেলর বইখানা খগেল বগেস যসই বই তাগেক অহিভাতরী ওয়ার যনশায় উদবদধ কগের

Hindi(2nd language)

पतर हमार ीवन म पतरो का निवशष महततव ह या मन क उगा रो को परकट करन का सवततम साधन ह जिस बात की सकोच चस हम कह नही सकत

अनौपचारिक पतर

1 अपन पिपताजी को पतर लिखिए औ बताइए पिक गत

उस पतर दवारा लिलखकर आसानी स भा ा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

पीकषा म आप की उपबधिया कया कया थी

103 सदाबहा बाजा

कोकाता -65

दिदनाक -862020

आदणीय पिपताजी

साद चण सपरश

पीकषाओ स पह आपका पतर मिमा था म उसका उतत ना द पाई कयोपिक वह समय पीकषा की तयारियो का था मन ब महनत स सभी पिवषय तया पिकए कपयट म कछ कमी थी सो मन अग स टयरशन क उसकी तयाी पी क ी मी पीकषा क ही समापत हई ह सभी पप अचछ हए ह आरशा ह पिक 90 क आसपास नब आ जाएगी जब आप इतन अक दग तो आशचय कग कयोपिक आप यह मानत ह पिक म अमिCक महनत नही कती ह म जानती ह पिक आप ऐसा इसलिए कहत ह पिक म औ अमिCक महनत कर

इस वष की पीकषा म मन वासतव म बहत अमिCक परिशरम पिकया ह म यहा एक हफता रक क ही आऊगी मझ पढाई स सबमिCत कछ काय ह रशष करश ह ताजी को चण सपरश औ छोट भाई को पया

आपकी आजञाकाी पतरी

सीमा

Geography Geographical grids ndash Latitudes and Longitudes

THE EARTHS GRID

A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

One series of lines is drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole called meridians of longitude while the other series of lines drawn parallel to the Equator are called parallels of latitude

GEOGRAPHIC GRID

This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Latitudes are east to west lines which

Q1 Define Grid

A1 A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

Q2 What do you mean by geographical grid

A2 This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Q3 Find out the latitude and longitude of any place with an example

A3 The position of Delhi is indicated by

are parallel to one another

Meridians are north to south lines

Parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles

These lines form a grid of reference lines for locating places on the Earth It is referred to as Earths own grid

Example The position of Delhi is indicated by 28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at an angular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The position of Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

EQUATOR

The Equator is the imaginary line which lies midway between the two poles The Equator (0deg) is the longest line of latitude The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

LATITUDES The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees Therefore lines of latitude are calledparallels of latitude

CLACULATION OF ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE

1ordm Latitude is equal to

=

28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at anangular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The positionof Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

Q4 Which is the largest latitude of the world

A4 The Equator (0ordm) is the largest latitude of the world which lies midway between the two poles The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

Q5 Define Latitude Write its two characteristics

A5 The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees

All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

There are 179 latitudes on the Earth

Q6 Name the main latitudes of the Earth

A6 The main latitudes of the Earth are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

Q7 Explian the different heat zone of the Earth

A7There is three main heat zones in the Earth They are as follows

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

उस पतर दवारा लिलखकर आसानी स भा ा सकता ह

पतर ो तरह क होत ह ndash

1 औपचारिरक पतर

2 अनौपचारिरक पतर

पीकषा म आप की उपबधिया कया कया थी

103 सदाबहा बाजा

कोकाता -65

दिदनाक -862020

आदणीय पिपताजी

साद चण सपरश

पीकषाओ स पह आपका पतर मिमा था म उसका उतत ना द पाई कयोपिक वह समय पीकषा की तयारियो का था मन ब महनत स सभी पिवषय तया पिकए कपयट म कछ कमी थी सो मन अग स टयरशन क उसकी तयाी पी क ी मी पीकषा क ही समापत हई ह सभी पप अचछ हए ह आरशा ह पिक 90 क आसपास नब आ जाएगी जब आप इतन अक दग तो आशचय कग कयोपिक आप यह मानत ह पिक म अमिCक महनत नही कती ह म जानती ह पिक आप ऐसा इसलिए कहत ह पिक म औ अमिCक महनत कर

इस वष की पीकषा म मन वासतव म बहत अमिCक परिशरम पिकया ह म यहा एक हफता रक क ही आऊगी मझ पढाई स सबमिCत कछ काय ह रशष करश ह ताजी को चण सपरश औ छोट भाई को पया

आपकी आजञाकाी पतरी

सीमा

Geography Geographical grids ndash Latitudes and Longitudes

THE EARTHS GRID

A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

One series of lines is drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole called meridians of longitude while the other series of lines drawn parallel to the Equator are called parallels of latitude

GEOGRAPHIC GRID

This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Latitudes are east to west lines which

Q1 Define Grid

A1 A grid is a series of intersecting or crossing lines used for locating places on a map or a globe

Q2 What do you mean by geographical grid

A2 This network of meridians and parallels is called Earth grid and their intersection enables us to locate any point on Earth with precision

Q3 Find out the latitude and longitude of any place with an example

A3 The position of Delhi is indicated by

are parallel to one another

Meridians are north to south lines

Parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles

These lines form a grid of reference lines for locating places on the Earth It is referred to as Earths own grid

Example The position of Delhi is indicated by 28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at an angular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The position of Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

EQUATOR

The Equator is the imaginary line which lies midway between the two poles The Equator (0deg) is the longest line of latitude The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

LATITUDES The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees Therefore lines of latitude are calledparallels of latitude

CLACULATION OF ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE

1ordm Latitude is equal to

=

28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at anangular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The positionof Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

Q4 Which is the largest latitude of the world

A4 The Equator (0ordm) is the largest latitude of the world which lies midway between the two poles The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

Q5 Define Latitude Write its two characteristics

A5 The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees

All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

There are 179 latitudes on the Earth

Q6 Name the main latitudes of the Earth

A6 The main latitudes of the Earth are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

Q7 Explian the different heat zone of the Earth

A7There is three main heat zones in the Earth They are as follows

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

are parallel to one another

Meridians are north to south lines

Parallels and meridians intersect each other at right angles

These lines form a grid of reference lines for locating places on the Earth It is referred to as Earths own grid

Example The position of Delhi is indicated by 28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at an angular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The position of Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

EQUATOR

The Equator is the imaginary line which lies midway between the two poles The Equator (0deg) is the longest line of latitude The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

LATITUDES The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees Therefore lines of latitude are calledparallels of latitude

CLACULATION OF ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE

1ordm Latitude is equal to

=

28deg40N and 77deg14E This means that Delhi is located at anangular distance of 28deg40 north of the Equator and 77deg14 east of the Greenwich Meridian The positionof Delhi is at the intersection of 28deg4ON latitude and 77deg14 longitude

Q4 Which is the largest latitude of the world

A4 The Equator (0ordm) is the largest latitude of the world which lies midway between the two poles The length of the Equator is equal to the circumference of the Earth

Q5 Define Latitude Write its two characteristics

A5 The latitudes of a place say point A is the angular distance of the point north or south of the Equator measured in degrees

All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

There are 179 latitudes on the Earth

Q6 Name the main latitudes of the Earth

A6 The main latitudes of the Earth are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

Q7 Explian the different heat zone of the Earth

A7There is three main heat zones in the Earth They are as follows

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

=

= 111km approx

Or

1ordm Latitude is equal

=

=

= 69 miles approx

LINES OF LATITUDE

A line of latitude is an imaginary line which joins all places having the same angular distance north or south of the Equator It is measured in degrees All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the Equator

Example

40degN latitude line joins all places situated at an angular distance of 40deg north of the Equator

The main Latitudes are

Equator (0ordm)

Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N)

Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S)

The Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N)

The Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S)

The two poles are points ndash 90degN and 90degs known as North Pole and South Pole

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid Zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

Q8 Mention any two characteristics of each heat zone of the Earth

A8 On the basis of the heat received from the Sun we can divide the Earth into three heat zone They are as follows

The Torrid or Tropical Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Temperate Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Frigid Zone (on the both hemisphere)

The Torrid or Tropical Zone

Sun rays fall directly throughout the year

Due to excessive heat from 5ordmN to 5ordmS latitude is called as Doldrums

The Temperate Zone

Once in a year sun rays fall directly on this zone called as Summer solstice and Winter solstice

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

By observing the sea

By measuring the length of the shadow of a pole

By observing the pole star

LATITUDE AND THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH

From Equator to the Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) is known as Torrid zone

From Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23frac12ordm S) to the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) is called as Temperate zone

From the Arctic Circle (66frac12ordm N) and the Antarctic Circle (66frac12ordm S) to the North Pole and South Pole is known as Frigid Zone

In summers days are longer and nights are shorter but in winter opposite happen

The Frigid Zone

Excessive cold due to slanting Sun rays

The ground freezes deeply in winter and remains frozen for the major part of the year

Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)

Topic Act II Scene 3 Lines 1 to 21 (End of scene)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions amp Answers

There is a pause in the action of the main story now and we must imagine an interval of time during which Bassanio entertains his friends and prepares for departure to Belmont

Now the secondary plot commences which deals with the story of Lorenzo and Jessica the daughter of Shylock This is continued in scenes IV and V Although Shylock is not present here this scene has a distinct effect on our impression of his character when we see the eagerness which Jessica shows to leave her unhappy home

(1) Lorenzo who is thy new masters guest (Line 6-9)

Give him this letter do it secretly

And so farewell I would not have my fatherSee me in talk with thee

(i) What title is given by the speaker to Launcelot prior to this extract Explain the bonding between them

The speaker Jessica daughter of Shylock gives the title lsquomerry devilrsquo to Launcelot

Jessica liked Launcelot as he used to cheer up the house which was like a hell

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

In this scene we meet only Jessica and Launcelot Launcelot comes to bid farewell to Jessica because he is going to leave the service of Shylock Jessica feels sad at heart because she says that her fatherrsquos house was a veritable hell for her but then Launcelot used to make her cheerful and happy

Jessica pays some money to Launcelot and asks him to deliver a letter to Lorenzo Launcelot while parting from Jessica sheds a few drops of tears and says that Jessica is such a sweet and pretty girl that he is sure that someday some Christian young man would kidnap her

When Launcelot goes away Jessica says to herself that she feels ashamed of being the daughter of a person like Shylock and she decides that if she succeeds in running away with Lorenzo she would positively marry him and become a Christian

(ii) Who is the new master of Launcelot Why do Launcelot leave the present service

The new master of Launcelot is Bassanio

Launcelot was working under Shylock who ill-treated him and made him starve Launcelot wanted to quit working for the Jew and work for Bassanio who may treat him better

(iii) What was the speakerrsquos opinion of her father as expressed in this scene

Jessica is ashamed to be Shylockrsquos daughter She consoles herself saying that she is only related to Shylock by blood and not by the behaviour

(iv) What is the purpose of the letter What is its content

Jessica wanted to elope with Lorenzo and the letter was the details on how Jessica will escape from the house

The letter mentioned how Jessica can get out of the house the money and jewels of her father she has packed in a casket and the boyrsquos dress she has to disguise herself while fleeing with Lorenzo

(v) Other than the letter what else had Jessica given to Launcelot earlier

Other than the letter addressed to Lorenzo Jessica had earlier given a ducat to Launcelot

(2) LAUNCELOT Adieu tears exhibit my tongue Most (Line 10-21)

beautiful paganmdashmost sweet Jew

If a Christian did not play the knave and get thee

I am much deceived But adieu these foolish drops

do something drown my manly spirit adieu

JESSICA Farewell good LauncelotAlack what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamd to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his bloodI am not to his manners O Lorenzo

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

If thou keep promise I shall end this strifeBecome a Christian and thy loving wife

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue quoted above

Launcelot has obtained a place among the servants of Bassanio Here he is bidding farewell to young Jessica who is sad at Launcelotrsquos leaving her house Launcelot tells her that in his sorrow even words are failing him

(ii) Who is the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo mentioned in the first sentence of the first speech of the dialogue

Launcelot refers to Shylockrsquos daughter Jessica as the lsquobeautiful paganrsquo The word pagan means one who is not a Christian Since Jessica is a Jewess she is referred to as the lsquomost beautiful paganrsquo

(iii) Explain the meaning of the phrase ldquoif a Christian do not play the knave and get thee I am much deceivedrdquo

Launcelot says to Jessica that some Christian will do a smart thing and carry her away He believes that some Christian would play mischief and acquire Jessica as his wife

(iv) What inference can you draw from the above dialogue about the speakers

From the above dialogue it is clear that both Launcelot and Jessica are sad of being separated from each other The speakers are very emotional Launcelot finds it difficult to hold back his tears and says that his tears are making him lose his courage

(v) What light does the above dialogue throw on the character of Jessica

The above given dialogue shows that she is not a daughter devoted towards her father She is devoid of any love that a daughter usually has for her father She is ashamed of being Shylockrsquos daughter We also come to know that she is in love

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

with a Christian called Lorenzo whom she wishes to marry

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Commercial Studies

Concept of Cost

Let us today discuss about concept of Cost and Elements of CostThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing However the term cost cannot be exactly defined Its interpretation depends upon

1 The nature of the business or industry

2 The context in which it is used

Like to the producer lsquocoat may means the cost of producing an article whereas for the consumer lsquocost means the price which he pays for the article Elements of costThe main elements of cost are 1 Material cost- The

substance from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

2 Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

3 Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect material indirect labour and indirect

1 What is CostAnswerThe term cost generally means the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a given thing

2 What are the main elements of costAnswer

The main elements of cost are (i) Material cost- The substance

from which a product is made is known as material and the expenditure incurred to procure such material is known as material cost

(ii) Labour Cost- Cost incurred for the labour is known as labour cost Labour means the human effort required for converting materials into finished goods

(iii) Overheads Cost- The term lsquooverheard includes indirect

material indirect

EnglishLanguage

Letter ndash Formal

The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred

Subject complain in brief

1 A park in your locality is slowly being used as a rubbish dump Write a letter to the Mayor of your city pointing out the nuisance and danger of this Request that action be taken to stop this immediately

Or

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo

The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquo Yours sincerelyrdquo

2 You being a boarder ordered a set of lab manuals from a famous book shop in the town They sent you a wrong set of books Write a letter to the manager of the book shop

Hindi 2nd lang नया रासताभाग 4 इधर याराम ी क यहा सब को उस पतर का इतार था जिसम मीन की हा या ना होनी थी माताी को इस बात का शक थानिक शाय उनह रिरशता मर नही ह इसलिलए पतर नही लिलखा ह निपताी बोल निक पतर लिलखन म र र हो ही ाती ह मीन अपन कमर म बठी सबकी बात सन रही थी पोसटमन की आवा सनाई पडी तो उस लगा निक शाय अधिमत क यहा स पतर आया ह तभी रोनिहत न बताया निक मरठ स बताया ह निपताी न पतर पढा निफर सब न एक एक

बार पतर पढा और सबक चहर पर उासी छा गई घर म मौन साझा ान स मीन समझ गई निक वह नापस कर ी गई ह उसका दिन रो पडा उसक अर हीन भावना घर कर गई बाहर कमर म माताी और निपताी बात कर रह थ निक

उसकी समझ म नही आ रहा ह निक उनहोन आशा का हाथ कयो मागा ह मीन म दिन ही दिल म निनणJय निकया निक वह अब शाी नही करगी उसन साहलिसक अनितरिरकत करक निपताी स कहा

निपताी आप मरी चिचता ना कर आशा की शाी वही कर मर कारण आप उसकी जिगी कयो खराब कर रह ह निपताी न उस समझाया और सातवना ी निक समा म ऐसा नही होता ह लनिकन मीन न अपना निनणJय सना दिया निक

वह शाी नही करगी और अपन पाव पर खडी होगी मा न भी उस समझाया निक ीवन म शाी करना आवशयक ह निपताी की कछ समझ म नही आ रहा था तभी उनक घनिनषठ धिमतर आए और उनहोन चला ी निक उनह आशा की शाी

उस गह कर नी चानिहए निनशचय यही हआ निक आशा की बात करन एक बार मरठ होकर आए निपताी मरठ पहच तो मायाराम ी क नौकर न उनह बठक म निबठा लिलया कछ समय बा एक और सजजन कार स

उतर कर अर आए और वही बठक म बठ गए बातो ही बातो म पता चला निक व शहर क धनी वयलिकत एनिनमल ह जिनकी पतर पतरी सरिरता का रिरशता अधिमत स पकका हो गया ह व शाी म 500000 रपय लगा रह ह याराम ी क पाव तल धरती खिखसक गई अब वह निबना समय नषट निकए वहा स उठ कर चल दिए हरय म निनराशा और

घणा क भाव लिलए हए घर पहचन पर याराम ी का उास चहरा खकर सभी समझ गए निक आशा क रिरशत क लिलए भी मना हो गई ह

Bengali বাক যযপহিরবতamp ন ইহিতবাচক বাক যয যথগেক যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক যয পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)না নয় হিন নগে ইত যযাহি শবদ G করগেত গেব

1)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ হিছল যছাট (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর)আশরগেমর পহিরহিধ বগেডা হিছলনা

2)রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 অসমভব (যনহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) রগেমগেশর দবারা এই কা7 সমভব নয়

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

3) পরগেয়া7ন যবাগেধ বাক যযযর অন যয পগের যনহিতবাচক রপ গেয় থাগেক

যনহিতবাচক বাক য যথগেক ইহিতবাচক বাগেক য পহিরবতamp ন করার হিনয়ম1)বাক য পহিরবতamp ন গেলও অথamp অপহিরবহিতamp ত থাগেক2)নানয়নগেহিন ইত যাহি যনহিতবাচক শগেবদর যলাপ করগেত গেব

3) সব সময় সত যয কথা বহিলগেব (যনহিতবাচক বাগেক য)উততর) কখনও হিমথ যা কথা বলগেব না

4)কগেবর হিকছ বগেলনা (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) কগেবর চপ থাগেক

5)শহিগের মত যয যনই (ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয)উততর )শহি অমর

6)হিশশ পরথগেম া াটগেত পাগেরনা(ইহিতবাচক বাক যযয )উততর) হিশশ পরথগেম া াটিগেত অসমথamp য়

Biology Chapter -5 Transpiration

Today we will discuss about factors which affects transpiration significance of it

Q7 What about factors which affect transpirationEXTERNAL FACTORS

i) Intensity of sunlight more transpiration occurs in the day

ii) Temperature Increase in temperature allows more to evaporate

iii) Velocity of wind Transpiration increases with velocity of wind

iv) Humidity If it increased in outside air transpiration is reduced

v) Carbon dioxide Increase of CO2 over normal 003 in air decrease of transpiration

vi) Atmospheric pressure Rate of transpiration increases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure

INTERNAL FACTORWater content of the leaves If the water content s less due to insufficient absorption transpiration is reduced

Q8 Write significance of transpiration Transpiration has great significance for plants

i) Cooling effect For evaporation of water latent heat is collected from plant body which reduces plant bodyrsquos temperature

ii) Surface force Transpiration helps in the ascent of sap by producing suction force acting from the top of the plant

iii) Distribution of water and mineral salts Higher the rate of transpiration greater the absorption of water amp solutes from the soil

Computer Application

Chapter 2 Java Program

1 Write a program to input 10 numbers and print the largest prime number if any

Ans import javautil public class Sol28 public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner(Systemin) int inf=0cjmax=0 Systemoutprintln(ldquoEnter 10 integersrdquo) for(i=1ilt=10i++) n=scnextInt() c=0 for(j=1jlt=nj++) if(nj==0) c++ if(c==2) if(f==0)

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

max=n f=1 else if(ngtmax) max=n if(f==0) Systemoutprintln(ldquoNo prime numbers foundrdquo) else Systemoutprintln(ldquoLargest prime numberrdquo+max)

ECO-10 080620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

DEGREES (TYPES) OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDYou must have noticed that when price of salt rises we go on consuming the same quantity of salt In other words quantity demanded of salt does not respond to the change in its price But what happens when price of apples rises We start purchasing less quantity of apples at higher price ie demand for apples responds when their price changes So degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price may differ ie elasticity of demand could also differ In this context the price elasticity of demand is generally classified into following five categories

(i) Perfectly inelastic demand (ed = 0) The demand for a commodity is called perfectly inelastic when quantity demanded does not change at all in response to change in its prices (See table 161) Graphically the demand curve in parallel to y-axis as shown in Fig 161Table 161

Price Quantity d(`Per kg) Demanded price (In kgs) (Rs)

10 2 15 2 d 20 2

Quantity demanded (kg)

(ii) Less than unit elastic demand (ed lt 1) The demand for a commodity is called less than unit elastic or relatively inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price of the commodity (See table 162) Graphically demand curve is steeper as shown in Fig 162 The demand for necessary goods like medicines and food items etc is less than unit elastic

table 162

Price Quantity price(` Per kg) demanded

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

(In kgs)p

20 3 10 4 p1

Quantity demanded (in units)Subject Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice ndash William Shakespeare)Topic Act IV Scene 1 Lines 371 to 418 (Portia helliphelliphellip I wish you well and so I take my leave)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

o Before Shylock could pray for mercy to the Duke the Duke remits the life sentence upon Shylock As far as Shylockrsquos property is concerned the Duke suggests that one-half of it should go to the government while the other half should go to Antonio

o To the above Antonio states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favor done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian The Duke approves both the suggestions and accordingly Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get it signed by Shylock

o Shylock unable to bear the humiliation takes permission to leave the court citing that he is not feeling well He agrees to sign the deed of gift when it is brought to his house

o When the court is adjourned the Duke suggests to Antonio that he should reward the lawyer adequately for her valuable service Bassanio at once offers three thousand ducats to Portia who refuses it stating that she did not come to earn money

(1) (Line 378-394)ANTONIO So please my lord the duke and all the court

To quit the fine for one half of his goods

I am content so he will let me haveThe other half in use to render it

Upon his death unto the gentlemanThat lately stole his daughterTwo things provided moremdashthat for this favourHe presently become a ChristianThe other that he do record a giftHere in the court of all he dies possessdUnto his son Lorenzo and his daughter

DUKE He shall do this or else I do recantThe pardon that I late pronounced here

PORTIA Art thou contented Jew what dost thou saySHYLOCK I am contentPORTIA Clerk draw a deed of gift

SHYLOCK I pray you give me leave to go from henceI am not well send the deed

after meAnd I will sign it

(i) In the beginning of the scene what kind of feeling does the Duke show for Antonio What does Antonio say at the Dukersquos pity

In Venice the Court convenes for Antoniorsquos trial The Duke of Venice greets Antonio and expresses pity for him calling Shylock an inhuman monster who can summon neither pity nor mercy Antonio says that he knows the Duke has done all that he can to lawfully counter Shylockrsquos malicious intentions and that since nothing can be done Antonio will respond to Shylockrsquos rage with a quietness of spirit

(ii) What does the Duke address when he summons Shylock into the courtroom

When the Duke summons Shylock into the courtroom he addresses him saying that he believes that Shylock means only to frighten Antonio by extending this drama to the brink of performance He says that no one believes that Shylock actually means to inflict such a horrible penalty on Antonio who has already suffered the loss of his ships

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

(iii) What does Shylock say about his intentions which are full of malice

Shylock reiterates his intentions and says that should the court deny him his right the cityrsquos very law and freedom will be forfeit Shylock offers no explanations for his insistence other than to say that certain hatreds like certain passions are lodged deep within a personrsquos heart Shylock hates Antonio and for him that is reason enough

(iv) What remark does Gratiano make when Portia gives her judgement against Shylock

When Portia gives her judgement against Shylock Gratiano remarks that as Shylock will have no money in his pocket after his property has been confiscated by the Government he will not be able to purchase any rope for hanging himself and therefore he has to be hanged at the expense of the government(v) What suggestions does Antonio give to the Duke What does Portia ask Nerissa after the Duke approves Antoniorsquos suggestion

Antonio suggests that he would not like to claim any portion of Shylockrsquos property for himself He states that the state can give relief of the fine and Shylock can have half of his estate with the condition that he shall have to draw up a will here in the court leaving his entire possession on his death to his son-in-law Lorenzo and his daughter Jessica As regards the other half of his present property Antonio is willing to employ the same in his business with the condition that he shall handover the same to Lorenzo and Jessica on Shylockrsquos death Antonio further suggests that in view of all the favour done to Shylock he should agree to be a Christian

Portia asks Nerissa to prepare a title deed of gift in favour of Lorenzo and Jessica and get the title deed signed by Shylock

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Partnership Meaning of Partnership Deed

A partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm

1What do you mean by Partnership Deed

AnswerA partnership can be formed by two or more persons by virtue of an agreement to carry on a lawful business and share the profits there from It is a relationship of mutual trust and good faith Such agreement may be oral or written Such written agreement is known as partnership deed which is required to get the firm registered

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

registered

Following are some of the important clauses of a partnership deed

1 Name and address of the firm

2 Nature of the firmrsquos business

3 Name and address of the partners

4 Amount of contribution of each partner

5 Profit sharing ratio 6 Procedure of

admission retirement etc Of partners

7 Duration of partnership if any

8 Name and address of partners

9 Mode of valuation of goodwill

10 Salaries and withdrawals of partners

Notes on Registration of Partnership firmRegistration of partnership firmsRegistration of partnership firm is not compulsory under the law A registered farm enjoys certain benefits The prosedure of registration of partnership firm is very simple A partnership firm can be registered at any time by filing IT form containing certain particulars

The application form contains the following particulars 1 The name of the firm 2 The principal place of business 3 The name of other places where

the business is carried on 4 The date of joining of each partner

in the firm 5 Names and address es of all

partners

Mathematics Quadratic equation

Formation of equation with given rootsIf α and β are the two roots of a quadratic equation then the formula to construct the quadratic equation is xsup2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0That is xsup2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0Conjugate roots of a quadratic equation1) In a quadratic equation with rational co-efficients Irrational roots of a quadratic equation occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (m + radicn) is a root then (m - radicn) is the other root of the same quadratic equation equation2) In a quadratic equation with real co-efficients complex (or imaginary) roots occur in conjugate pairs ie if p+iq be one root then the other root will be p-iq

Example 1 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3 Solution Sum of the roots is = 2 + 3 = 5Product of the roots is= 2 x 3= 6Formation of quadratic equation xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 xsup2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Example 2 If α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0 find the quadratic equation whose roots are (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2Solution Given α and β be the roots of xsup2 + 7x + 12 = 0Then sum of roots = ndashcoefficient of x coefficient of xsup2α + β = -7 1Orα + β = -7product of roots = constant term coefficient of xsup2αβ = 121Or αβ = 12Quadratic equation with roots (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2 isxsup2 - [(α + β)sup2 + (α - β)sup2]x + (α + β)sup2(α - β)sup2 = 0 -----(1)Find the values of (α + β)sup2 and (α - β)sup2(α + β)sup2 = (-7)sup2

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

Or (α + β)sup2 = 49Or (α - β)sup2 = (α + β)sup2 - 4αβOr (α - β)sup2 = (-7)sup2 - 4(12)Or (α - β)sup2 = 49 - 48Or (α - β)sup2 = 1So the required quadratic equation is(1)-----gt xsup2 - [49 + 1]x + 49 1 = 0sdotxsup2 - 50x + 49 = 0

Example 3If one root of a quadratic equation (2 + radic3) then form the equation given that the roots are irrational Solution (2 + radic3) is an irrational number We already know the fact that irrational roots of a quadratic equation will occur in conjugate pairsThat is if (2 + radic3) is one root of a quadratic equation then (2 - radic3) will be the other root of the same equation So (2 + radic3) and (2 - radic3) are the roots of the required quadratic equation

Sum of the roots is = (2 + radic3) + (2 - radic3)= 4

Product of the roots is= (2 + radic3)(2 - radic3)= 2sup2 - radic3sup2= 4 - 3= 1Formation of quadratic equation

xsup2 - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0 i e xsup2 - 4x + 1 = 0

Example 4 Find the quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 - 2i as a root (i = radic-1)SolutionAccording to the problem coefficients of the required quadratic equation are real and its one root is 3 - 2i Hence the other root of the required equation is 3 - 2i (Since the complex roots always occur in pairs so other root is 3 + 2i) Now the sum of the roots of the required equation = 3 - 2i + 3 + 2i = 6

And product of the roots = (3 + 2i)(3 - 2i) = 3sup2 - (2i)sup2 = 9 - 4isup2 = 9 -4(-1) = 9 + 4 = 13

Hence the equation isxsup2 - (Sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0ie xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

Therefore the required equation is xsup2 - 6x + 13 = 0

Biology Chp-7 Plant kingdom

Today we will discuss about vascular plants Angiosperms those have rooted stem leaf flower fruit and seed

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants arose 135 million years ago in the cretaceous

period of Mesozoic era Vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction occurs in these plants Sexual reproduction is a complex process Various events related to this process as underi) Development of male gamete pollen grain in male gametophyteii) Development of female gamete ovule in female gametophyteiii) Pollinationiv) Fertilization and after it formation of fruits and seeds

Economic importanceAngiosperms are an endless source of benefit to humans they provide not only tree basic needs foods clothing and shelters but also a host of other useful products

i) They provide food to the entire living populationii) Natural fibers such as cotton flax jute etc is widely used for

clothing drapes and upholstery etc iii) Paper and indispensable material in modern civilized society

required for the educational and cultural advancements of the people is obtained from plant

iv) Wood is extensively used for furniture and construction workv) From plants rubber dies tanning agents perfumes resins gums oils

etc are obtainedvi) The decorative uses of plants ranged from vast landscaping design

involving great tracts of trees and shrubs to a simple e flower arrangement in a vase

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Grassland biomes Grassland biomes are areas that are continuously dominated and covered by various grass species This is usually the result of the perfect amount of precipitation that allows root plants like grasses to grow and thrive while still not being enough for larger plants like trees to dominate the areaGrassland biomes can be found in the middle latitudes in the interiors of continents The climate there is humid and moist

Types of grasslandsThe grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs There are three main types of grasslandsmdashtemperate grasslands tropical grasslands (also

Answer the following questions briefly Q What are the adaptations of plants in the grasslandsAns - Grassland plant adaptations include deep roots narrow leaves and brightly colored flowers Grassland plants particularly grasses themselves grow from the base of the plant rather than the tips This enables them to survive the fires that commonly occur in the dry hot climate of grasslands

Q What are the adaptations of animals in the grasslandsAns - A few adaptations of animals are

Some animals such as bison have broad flat-topped teeth and digestive systems especially adapted to feed on grasses

Many prairie animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground where they are protected from predators

Many prairie animals are adapted for nocturnal life that is they are active at night which helps conceal their

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

known as savannas) and steppe grasslands

presence from predators The color of many prairie animals

blends in with the plant life which also helps them hide from predators

Computer Science

Java expression

Unary operator

Prefix amp Postfix

Lets write the Java expression for the following- 1 p=a2+bcAnswer p=(aa)+bc Or p=Mathpow(a2)+bc

2 m=a2minusb2

abAnswer m=((aa)-(bb))ab Or m=(Mathpow(a2)-Mathpow(b2))ab

3 s=ut+ 12

a t 2

Answer s= ut+1020aMathpow( t2)

Unary (+) Operator This operator is used before the operand It is just added as a pointer to a variable which results in the same value For example If a=8 then +a will result in 8 If a=-10 then +a will result in -10 Unary (-) Operator This operator is used similarly as Unary plus (+) It is also added before the operand Unary minus (-) reverts the value of an operand For example If a=4 then ndasha will result in -4 If a=0 then ndasha will result in 0 If a= -36 then ndasha will result in 36

Unary Increment and decrement operatorsUnary Increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by one Unary decrement operator (- -) decreases the value of an operant by oneExample 1 x=x+1 By using increment operator it can be written as x++ or ++x 2 p=p-1 By using decrement operator it can be written as p - - or - -p

Now we will discuss Prefix and Postfix When we use increment or decrement operator before the operand it is known as prefix operator This operator works on the principal lsquoCHANGE BRFORE ACTIONrsquo It means the value of the variable changes before the action takes place For example1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=++p 4Answer Here the default value of p is 5 and in the expression the first term is ++p it means we have to increase the value of p by 1 ie (p+1) So the expression will solve the following way P = ++p 4 = 6 4 = 242 if d=11 then what will be the value of t = 4 + ( - - d)Answer t = 4 + (- - d) larr here the value of d should be decrease by 1 = 4 + 10 = 14

Postfix is used after an operand whose value is to be increased or decreased by 1 This works on the principal of lsquoCHANGE AFTER THE ACTIONrsquo It means that the operand will be affected after performing the operation For example

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

1 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p++ 4Answer p= p++ 4 = 5 4 = 202 if p=5 then what will be the value of m= p- - 4Answer m = p - - 4 = 4 4 = 163 if p=5 then what will be the value of p=p - - +4 pAnswer p = p - - +4 p = 5 + 4 4 = 5 + 16 = 21

Home work1 If p=5 then what will be the value of d = ++p + 52 If a=48 then what will be the value of a = a++ + ++a3 If c=2 then what will be the value of d = ++c + c++ +44 If p=12 then what will be the value of n=m + + 5 +- -m5 If y=14 then what will be the value of z=(++y (y ++ + 5))

DATED- 08062020 Topic-UNEMPLOYMENTTYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low workforce When there is an economy-wide decline in aggregate demand for goods and services employment declines and unemployment correspondingly increases Cyclical unemployment mainly occurs during recession or depression This form of unemployment is most commonly known as cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle For instance during the recent global slowdown in late 2008 many workers around the globe lost their jobs

Seasonal UnemploymentThis type of unemployment occurs in a particular time of the year or season and thus is known as seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment is most common in industries like agriculture tourism hotel catering etc

Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to meet his job responsibilities It arises due to long term change in the pattern of demand that changes the basic structure of the economy The person is not able to learn new technologies used in the new expanding economic sectors and they thus may be rendered permanently unemployed For instance when computers were introduced many workers were dislodged because of a mismatch between the existing skills of the workers and the requirement of the job Although jobs were available there was a demand for a new kind of skill and qualification So persons with old skills did not get employment in the changed economic regime and remain unemployed

Frictional UnemploymentFrictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of one job and is searching for another for different reasons such as seeking a better job being fired from a current job or having voluntarily quit a current job It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job During this time he is frictionally unemployed

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

Natural rate of unemploymentThe sum total of frictional and structural unemployment is referred as the natural rate of unemploymentDisguised UnemploymentThe unemployment which is not visible is said to be disguised unemployment It occurs when a person doesnrsquot contribute anything to the output even when visibly working This happens amongst family labor especially in agriculture that is engaged on land but are not contributing to the given level of output Thus their marginal productivity is zero

UnderemploymentWhen a person is engaged in the economic activity but that fail to provide him fully in accordance to his qualification and efforts Thus it is a situation in which a person is employed but not in the desired capacity whether in terms of compensation hours or level of skill and experience While not technically unemployed the underemployed often compete for available jobs

ACCOUNTS-11 DATE-080620 Topic- DEPRECIATIONExpenditure on assets of the business like furniture fixtures and fittings of the shop motor vans machines and equipments are neither good nor expenses of a year Expenditures of this nature give services to the business for many years and therefore called fixed assets If the expenditure on the fixed assets is deducted from the profit of any one year it would be wrong Since their benefit is enjoyed by the business for more than one years The correct thing will be to distribute their cost over the years of their useful life to the business The portion of the cost of fixed assets charged each year as expense is named as depreciation In this lesson you will learn about the meaning and methods of charging depreciation and how depreciation is recorded in the books of accounts together with the preparation of Fixed Assets account

MEANING OF DEPRECIATIONYou already know the meaning of terms assets and liabilities Assets are broadly divided into two categories- current assets (cash debtors or customers balances stock of materials and goods) and fixed assets (buildings furniture and fixtures machinery and plant motor vehicles) Fixed assets are also called long term assets as they provide benefits to the business for more than one year Most fixed assets lose their value over time as these are put in use and as the years pass by The fixed assets lose their usefulness due to arrival of new technologies and change of fashions etc These are then generally required to be replaced as their useful life is over Hence the cost of a fixed asset is allocated over its useful life Each yearrsquos allocation of the cost is charged as depreciation expense for that year For example an office chair is purchased for Rs 2500 and it is estimated that after ten years it will be scraped The useful life of the chair is ten years over which the cost of Rs 2500 will be distributed Each yearrsquos allocation may be calculated as Rs 250Thus Rs250 is the depreciation expense for each year Depreciation thus is an expense charged during a year for the reduction in the value of fixed assets arising due to10486081048608Normal wear and tear out of its use and passage of time10486081048608Obsolescence due to change in technology fashion taste and other market Conditions

CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION

Following are the causes for which depreciation is provided

i) Normal wear and tear

(a) Due to usage - Every asset has a life for which it can run produce or give service Thus as we put the asset to use its worth decreases Like decrease in the efficiency and functioning of a bicycle due to its running and usage

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

(b) Due to passage of Time ndash As the time goes by elements of nature wind sun rain etc cause physical deterioration in the worth of an asset Like reduction in the worth of a piece of furniture due to passage of time even when it is not used

ii) Obsolescence

(a) Due to development of improved or superior equipment Sometimes fixed assets are required to be discarded before they are actually worn out due to either of the above reasons Arrival of superior equipments and machines etc allow production of goods at lower cost This makes older equipments worthless as production of goods with their use will be costlier and non competitive For example Steam engines became obsolete with the arrival of diesel and electric locomotives

(b) Due to change in fashion style taste or market conditions Obsolescence may also result due to decline in demand for certain goods and services with a change in fashion style taste or market conditions The goods and services that are no longer in vogue lead to decrease in the value of the assets which were engaged in their production - like factories or machines meant for making old fashioned hats shoes furniture etc Loss in the value of fixed assets for such reasons is called obsolescence and also charged as depreciationOBJECTIVES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATIONFollowing are the objectives of charging depreciation of Assetsi) To show the True Financial Position of the Business Fixed Assets have some effective working life during which it can be economically operated Depreciation is the gradual loss in the value of fixed assets If depreciation is not provided profit and loss Ac will not disclose the true profit made during the accounting period At the same time the Balance Sheet will not disclose the true financial position as fixed assets appearing in the Balance Sheet will be overvalued If depreciation in ignored year after year ultimately when asset is worn out the proprietor will not be is a position to continue the business smoothlyii) To retain funds in the business for replacement of the asset Net profit is the yield of the capital invested by proprietor and may be wholly withdrawn by him in the form of cash If depreciation is provided this figure of net profit will be reduced and the amount withdrawn by the proprietor will also be decreased As such the cash equivalent to the charge for depreciation will be left over in the business This accumulated amount will enable the proprietor to replace to a new asset

Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act II Scene 1 Lines 51 to 96 (Antonio Why in good time) [Students should read the original play and als o the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions amp Answers

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

o Sebastian and Antonio begin to chaff (M tease) Gonzalo and they continue to do this continuously

o Gonzalo observes that their attire even after being drenched by water are as crisp and bright as they were when they wore it at the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter (Claribel) with the King of Tunis (Here we learn that the king and his entourage were returning homewards after the conclusion of the wedding)

o Sebastian and Antonio continue to tease Gonzalo

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 87-88)ANTONIO [to Sebastian] His word is more than

the miraculous harpSEBASTIAN He hath raised the wall and houses too

In these sentences Antonio and Sebastian have a fling at the old courtier Gonzalo Gonzalo had mentioned widow Dido and Adrian had stated that Dido was the queen of Carthage () and not Tunis Gonzalo had then remarked that Tunis and Carthage were the one and the same city Antonio remarks here that Gonzalo has made the two cities (Tunis and Carthage) one and therefore his word is more powerful than the miraculous harp of Amphion () which raised the walls of Thebes Sebastian continuing the joke says that his world has the power to raise not only walls (like the fabled harp) but also houses

() Carthage and Tunis were not physically the same city but after the destruction of Carthage Tunis took its place as the political and commercial centre of the region

() In Greek mythology Amphion used a harp to raise the walls of Thebes Sebastian suggests that Gonzalo rebuilt all of Carthage by conflating (M given below) it with Tunis

Conflating - Combine two or more sets of information into one

(1)

(Line 63-74)GONZALO [to Adrian] That our garments being as they were

drenched in the sea hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water

ANTONIO [to Sebastian] If but one of his pockets could speakwould it not say he lies

SEBASTIAN Ay or very falsely pocket up his reportGONZALO [to Adrian] Methinks our garments are now as

fresh as when we put them on first in Africa at the marriage of the Kings fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis

SEBASTIAN rsquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our return

(i) How does Gonzalo praise the island What do Antonio and Sebastian say about the island

Gonzalo says in appreciation of the island that it is wholesome and favourable to life the green grass grows here abundantly It looks very vigorous Antonio says that the island has everything except the means of life and the earth on this island has a yellowish colour Sebastian is of the opinion that there is nothing or very little of the means of life here(ii) According to Gonzalo what is the unique quality about the island that is beyond belief

According to Gonzalo the unique quality of the island that is beyond belief is that their clothes which were drenched in the sea still retain their freshness and their lustre In fact their clothes look as if they have freshly been dyed and not soiled by the saltwater of the sea(iii) What does Antonio mean when he says ldquoIf but one of his pockets could speak would it not say he liesrdquo

Antonio means to say that if it had been possible for one of Gonzalorsquos pockets to speak that pocket would say that it has been soiled by the sea water and would thus prove that he (Gonzalo) has told a lie(iv) In what way does Gonzalo compare the freshness and lustre of the clothes which they are wearing now

Gonzalo thinks that their clothes at this time are as fresh as they were when they put them on first in Africa on the occasion of the marriage of King Alonsorsquos pretty daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis(v) What point does Sebastian want to clear when he says ldquoTwas a sweet marriage and we prosper well in our returnrdquo

Actually Sebastian wants to clear that the marriage of Alonsorsquos daughter proved a bane (M a cause of great distress) for them Instead of bringing joy and cheerfulness it has brought only disaster for them While returning from the marriage they have faced the fierce tempest in the sea Besides it they are constantly facing misfortunes (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Glosses (b) Pocket up (c) Being now dyed

(a) Glosses brightness lustre

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

(b) Pocket up suppress hold back(c) Being new dyed as if they had been rather lately dyed

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Commerce Banking Latest

TrendsIn modern world Bank is providing us with several facilities to conduct online banking services Such facilities or latest banking trend are1 RTGS2 NEFT3 E-BANKING4 EFTS5 ATM6 BANK DRAFT

Let us today discuss about RTGS NEFT E- BANKING

Notes on RTGS

The acronym RTGS stands for real time gross settlement which may be defined as the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on an order by order basis full stop real time may be defined as the processing of instructions at the time they are received a rather than at some letter time Gross settlement may be defined as the settlement of funds transfer instructions which occurs individually Following are the five features of RTGS

1 It is the continuous settlement of funds transfer individually on and order by order basis

2 RTGS facility is provided only by CBSE core banking solution enabled Bank branches

3 The minimum amount in RTGS transaction is rupees 2 lacs There is no upper selling fix for RTGS transactions

4 Amount charged from the customer for RTGS transactions may vary from bank to bank

5 The receiving or beneficiary bank must credit the customerrsquos account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message

Notes on NEFTNational electronic funds transfer NEFT may be defined as a nationwide system that facilitates individuals Farms and corporate to electronically

Features of NEFT1 NEFT transactions take place in batches2 NEFT cannot be used to receive foreign remittances3 If one does not have a bank account holder there is no maximum amount that can be transferred is Rs 49999 In case of an account holder there is no minimum or maximum limit 4 A bank branch must be NEFT enabled to become a part of NEFT funds transfer network

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

Notes on e-bankingE banking means banking transactions with the help of computer system It is a part of virtual banking

Features of E-Banking1 It gives sense of security to the

customers They do not face the risk of carrying cash

2 Main forms of e-banking are Electronic funds transfer system ATM Debit Card Credit Card core banking etc

3 Customers can make the permitted transactions from residence or office and even while travelling

Mathematics Application of derivative-Maxima amp minima

Point of inflexionThe point in which thethe function changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa is known as an inflection point Those points are certainly not local maxima or minima They are stationary pointsie the point where f (c) = 0 primeand f Prime(c) = 0

Example Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1prime Also f Prime(1) = 0 Therefore the second derivative test fails in this caseTherefore x =1 is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima and so it is a point of inflexionExample If the sum of two numbers is given show that their product will be maximum when the numbers are same Solution Let the two positive numbers be x amp y and x+y=aWe need to prove that xy will be maximum when x=yNow let z= xy=x(a-x) [since x+y=a]Or z=ax-xsup2Therefore dzdx=a-2xAnd dsup2zdxsup2=-2For stationary points dzdx=0Or a-2x=0 or x=a2dsup2zdxsup2|x=a2 =-2lt0Therefore z will be maximum when x=a2Again when x=a2 then y=a-(a2)=a2Therefore z=xy will be maximum when x=yExampleFind the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 metres so that the area of the rectangle is a maximumSolution Let the length of the rectangle be x m the width be y m and the area be A msup2Rectangle with sides x and yThe perimeter of the rectangle is 1000 metres So1000=2x+2yand hence

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

y=500minusxThe area is given by A=xy Thus A=x(500minusx)=500xminusxsup2(1)Because x and y are lengths we must have 0lexle500The problem now reduces to finding the value of x in [0500] for which A is a maximum Since A is differentiable the maximum must occur at an endpoint or a stationary pointFrom (1) we havedAdx=500minus2xSetting dAdx=0 gives x=250Hence the possible values for A to be a maximum are x=0 x=250 and x=500 Since A(0)=A(500)=0 the maximum value of A occurs when x=250The rectangle is a square with side lengths 250 meters The maximum area is 62 500 square meters

Geography Locational Setting of India

LOCATIONIndia is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar DesertSouth of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west Latitudinal Extension 8deg 4

north to 37deg 6 north Longitudinal Extension

68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east The southernmost point of

the country is Indira Point is located at 6deg 45 north latitude in the Andaman andNicobar Islands

North-Southextent From Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumari is 3214 km

East-west width From the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2933 km

The longitudinal difference between Saurashtra in the

Q1 Write about the geographical location of IndiaA1 India is a country of great geographical extent It sprawls from the snowy ranges of theHimalayas in the north to the shores of the Indian Ocean in the south To the south of Himalayas is the Great Indo-Gangetic Plain which is well-knownfor its fertile soilsThe western part of this vast plain is Thar Desert South of this plainis the Peninsular India comprising of the uneven plateau which is surrounded byEastern Coastal Plain in the east and Western Coastal Plain in the west

Q2 State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India A2 The Latitudinal Extension of India is from 8deg 4 north to 37deg 6 north and the Longitudinal Extension is from 68deg 7 east to 97deg 25 east

Q3 What is the coastline length of IndiaA3 The mainland of Indiahas about 6100 km long coastline but if the coastlines ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands are addedthe coastline of India will be 7517 km

Q4 Which Latitude divides India into two parts A4 The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) divides India into two parts

Q5 With which country India shares its longest and shortest boundary A5 India shares its longest boundary with Bangladesh and shortest with Afghanistan

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

west and ArunachalPradesh in the east is about 30deg

The total area of the country is 3287 263328 million sq km which is about 24 of the totalgeographical area of the world

The Tropic of Cancer (23frac12ordm N) passes through the middle of thecountry

The mainland of India has about 6100 km long coastline which forms its sea frontier

If the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as those of the Lakshadweep Islands are added the sea frontier of India stretches to 7517 km

India shares her 15200 km long frontier with Pakistan in the west and north-west Afghanistan in the north-west China Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east

Indias longest border is with Bangladesh whileshortest border is with Afghanistan

IMPORTANCE OF INDIArsquoS LOCATION

India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the EasterHemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Infect the Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ie India No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India India

Q6 What is sub continent Why India is referred as sub continent A6 A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass not just a country While it has many features of a continent it is not as big as one so is not considered a continent

India is referred as sub continent because it has a huge landmass which covers the area of 328 million sq km which consists of all different kind of landmasses such as mountain plateau plain river valley glaciers coastal plains deserts waterfalls island etcIndia is now joined with the continent of Asia but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas Originally it was a separate geologic plate but has collided and merged with Asia Politically the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka Sometimes the geographical term Indian subcontinent is used interchangeably with South Asia although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include Afghanistan

Q 7 What is the importance of location of India A7 The importance of location of India as India stands at the head of the India Ocean at the very centre of the Easter Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions Its location size andeconomic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states Indian Ocean is the only ocean in the world which has been named after a country ieIndiaNo other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India hasMost of the air routes between Europe West Asia and Africa in the west and East Asia South East Asia Japan and Australia in the east also pass through India

Q8 Indiarsquos position in the Indian Ocean is paramount Give two reason to justify the given statementA8 The Indian landmass has a central locationbetween East and West Asia India is southward extension of the Asiancontinent 1 The trans-Indian ocean routes which

connect the countries of Europe inthe West to the countries of East Asiaprovide a strategic central location to India

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

become thejewel in the crown of the vast British empire due to its wealth The opening of the Suez Canal has brought the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa very close to India

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN OCEAN The location of Indian ocean proves the great prominence enjoyed by India in early days it has served as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and even further beyond The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting the developing countries such as Europe The Indian Ocean thus bridges a gap between east and west No other country has such a long coastline on this ocean as India has In ancient days the boats of the Babylonians the Egyptians and the Phoenicians used to sail in the Arabian Sea

2 The Deccan Peninsula extends into theIndian ocean thus helping India toestablish close contact with West AsiaAfrica and Europe from the Western coastand with South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast No other country has a long coastline on the Indian ocean as India has Thus it insignificance of Indias central location at the head of the Indian Ocean due to which itrsquos named after India

Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Today we will mainly discus about surgical methods of termination of pregnancy

SURGICAL METHODS Surgical methods of sterilization is

terminal method advised for male female partner to prevent any more pregnancies

In male vasectomy occur where a small part of the vas deference is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scotum

In female in case of tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina

MEDCAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MPT)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term

MPT has a significant role in decresing th oulation

MPT are safe during the first trimester upto 12 weeks of pregnancy

Advantagesi) It helps to get rid of of unwanted

pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or fialure of the contraceptives

ii) It is also essential in cases where

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both

Problems i) Majority of MPTs are illegal ii) If the foetus is female MPT is

followed

AMINOCENTESIS It is a pre natal diagonstic method to

detremine the sex of the developing baby

Neative application People are using this method for sex

determination leading to fmale foeticide

Positive application It helps to detect any genetically

controlled congenial disease or any metabolic disorderin foetus

History TOPIC- ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)SUB TOPIC- RIVER WATER DISPUTE

RIVER WATER DISPUTE Scarcity of water is a huge problem to the developing countries of the world The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources which created the conflicts between countries which were based on agrarian economy ndash India and PakistanAfter the partition India received Indus river water and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej for irrigation of landBut Pakistan also wanted to get Indus water flowing through East Punjab As a result Indus river water became an issue of conflict between India and PakistanThe Indus water treaty was a water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank through Eugene Black to use the water available in the Indus system of riversThe Indus Water treaty was signed in Karachi on 19th

September 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru

1 QUESTION What was the Indus river water disputeAnswer India received only five million acre of lands irrigated by Indus and its tributaries like Ravi Beas and Sutlej The problem was that the waters of the Western rivers went into the sea So the canals Pakistan was solely dependent on the Eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies On the other hand India wanted to utilize the waters of the Eastern rivers like Ravi Beas Sutlej for her agricultural development Thus Indus water became an important issue between two developing countries- India and Pakistan

2 Question Who was Eugene BlackAnswer Eugene Black was president of the World Bank from 1949 to 1963 The water dispute between India and Pakistan was settled through his initiative

3 Question Which countries agreed to contribute to the Indus Basin Development FundAnswer India agreed to contribute for the construction work of canals of Pakistan Austria Canada Germany Britain Newzealand and America agreed to contribute for Indus Basin

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

Development Fund4 Question Who and when went to

Karachi to sign Indus water treatyAnswer Jawaharlal Nehru went to Karachi and signed the Indus Water treaty on 19th September 1960

5 Question Why did the Indian people are unhappy over this decisionAnswer Indian people were not happy with the Indus Water treaty between India and Pakistan negotiated by the World Bank because India got a small share of river waters India would also pay huge amount to Pakistan for construction of link canals

Computer Science

Java Program Program 1 Write a program in java to accept a Binary number (base 2) and convert it into Decimal equivalent (base 10) Sample Input (110011)2

Sample Output (51)10

Answer A program to convert a binary to its decimal equivalent using BlueJ system public class Decimal public static void main(int n) Enter a binary number int c=0 double d = 0 r while(n=0) r= n10 d= d+rMathpow(2c) n=n10 c= c+1 Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe decimal equivalent =rdquo+(int)d)

Home WorkWrite a program in Java to enter a number containing three digits or more Arrange the digits of the entered number in ascending order and display the resultSample Input Enter a number 4972Sample output 2 4 7 9

ECO ndash12 08 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis

CALCULATION OF COSTTotal cost of a given volume of output is the sum of the explicit and implicit costs and normal profit In the previous section we have learnt that production costs are classified into fixed cost and variable cost These two costs together make total cost ie TC = TFC + TVC where TC stands for total cost TFC for total fixed cost and TVC for total variable cost

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

CALCULATION OF FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTTFC Total expenditure on fixed factors is called total fixed cost (TFC)TVC Total expenditure on variable factors is called total variable cost (TVC)TC Sum of TFC and TVC is the total cost (TC)TC = TFC + TVC

IllustrationThe concepts of fixed costs and variable costs can be understood better with the help of a schedule and an illustration Suppose a firm producing pens incurs the following costs at different levels of output (as given in Table 181) You will see that its fixed cost remains constant whereas variable cost changes with every change in level of output In this schedule the fixed cost is Rs60 and remains the same at all levels of output The variable cost is Rs 60 when the producer is producing 100 pens It rises to RS100 when he produces 200 pens and to Rs 150 when he produces 300 pens and so on

Cost Schedule of a Firm

No of pens in Total fixed cost Total variable cost Total Cost units (Rs) (Rs) (Rs)(1 unit = 100 pens) 0 60 0 60 1 60 60 120 2 60 100 160 3 60 150 210 4 60 260 320 5 60 390 450

Ac-12 080620 Topic RETIREMENT

SETTLEMENT OF RETIRING PARTNERrsquoS CLAIMThe amount due to the retiring partner is paid according to the terms of partnership agreement The retiring partnersrsquo claim consists of(a) The credit balance of Capital Account(b) Hisher share in the Goodwill of the firm(c) Hisher share in the GainProfit on Revaluation(d) Hisher share in General Reserve and Accumulated Profit and(f) Interest on CapitalBut the following deductions are made from the balance in hisher Capital Account on account(a) Hisher share in the Loss on Revaluation(b) Hisher Drawings and Interest on Drawings up to the date of retirement(c) Hisher share of any accumulated losses and(d) Loan taken from the firmThe total amount so calculated is the claim of the retiring partner Heshe is interested in receiving the amount at the earliest Total payment may be made immediately after hisher retirement However the resources of the firm may not be adequate to make the payment to the retiring partner in lump sum The firm makes payment to retiring partner in installments

(i) Payment in Lump Sum

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

Retiring partnersrsquo claim is paid either out of the funds available with the firm or out of funds brought in by the remaining partners The following journal entry is made for disposal of-the amount payable to the retiring partnerOn payment of cash in lump sumRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank Ac(Amount paid to the retiring partner)(ii) Payment in InstallmentsIn this case the amount due to retiring partner is paid in installments Usually some amount is paid immediately on retirement and the balance is transferred to his loan account This loan is paid in one or more installments the loan amount carries some interest In the absence of any agreement the rule under Section 37 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 applies According to this rule if the amount due to the retiring partner is not paid immediately on his retirement he can claim interest 6 pa on the amount due An installment consists of two parts(i) Principal Amount of installments due to retiring partner(ii) Interest at an agreed rateInterest due on loan amount is credited to retiring partnersrsquo loan account Installment inclusive of interest then is paid to the retiring partner as per schedule agreed upon(i) On part payment in cash and balance transferred to hisher loan accountRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo CashBank AcTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Part payment made and balance transferred to loan Ac)(ii) Total amount due transferred to loan AcRetiring Partnerrsquos Capital Ac DrTo Retiring Partnerrsquos Loan Ac(Total amount due transferred to loan Ac)(iii) For interest dueInterest on loan Ac DrTo Retiring Partnersrsquo Loan Ac(Interest due on loan)(iv) For payment of installmentRetiring Partnersrsquo Loan AcTo CashBank Ac(Installment inclusive of interest paid)Subject Eng Literature (The Tempest ndash William Shakespeare) Topic Act V Scene 1 Lines 216 to 255 (Prospero helliphellip Some few odd lads that you remember not)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]Summary Questions amp Answers

Ferdinand and Miranda playing at chess

o When Alonso sees his son playing chess with a most beautiful girl he cannot believe his eyes and thinks that it is a vision of the island Ferdinand sees his father and immediately approaches and kneels to him Miranda also exclaims in wonder ldquomany goodly creaturesrdquo ndash the revelation of a new world to her Ferdinand introduces Miranda to his father and tells him that he is engaged

(1) GONZALO Be it so Amen (Line 215-220)[Re-enter Ariel with the Master and Boatswain amazedly following]

O look sir look sir Here is more of usI prophesied if a gallows were on landThis fellow could not drown

[to the Boatswain] Now blasphemyThat swearst grace oerboard not an oath on shoreHast thou no mouth by land What is the news

(i) What bright side of Alonsorsquos voyage is judged by Gonzalo

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

to her Gonzalo prays for the blessings of the gods upon the couple and Alonso was also happy to do so

The Master and the boatswain

o As soon as Gonzalo sees the boatswain he recalls his prophecy that the fellow is reserved for hanging on land The boatswain is glad to see the King and the others safe and reports that the ship which was given up for lost is now ldquotight and yarerdquo but he is unable to say how this happened as they were all in the hold of the ship and were dead asleep until they woke up hearing a lot of noise and found the ship to be in perfect condition

o Alonso remarks that the whole thing is a mystery to which Prospero promises to satisfy him when he is alone and at leisure

According to Gonzalo in the course of one single voyage made by King Alonso many things have been achieved King Alonsorsquos daughter Claribel has got married at Tunis and King Alonsorsquos son Ferdinand has found a wife on this island where Alonso himself had got lost for some time During the same voyage by Alonso the dukedom which had been lost by Prospero has been restored to him Besides all the

passengers on King Alonsorsquos ship had first been lost but have now found themselves again(ii) With whom does Ariel arrive there What is Alonso informed about Why does Alonso feel more surprised

Ariel arrives there with the master of the ship and the Boatswain They inform King Alonso that when they woke up from their strange sleep they found the ship in a perfect condition ready to sail Alonso now feels more surprised than he had felt before because the ship which had seemed to have been wrecked during the storm is in a perfect condition and because all the sailors too are safe and sound(iii) What had Gonzalo said about the Boatswain when there was a fierce storm in the sea In what state is the

Boatswain standing there

As the storm was raging and the Boatswain was taking them to task for interrupting their work Gonzalo had declared that the Boatswain would die by hanging on land for he had no drowning marks upon his face The Boatswain is standing in utter amazement at the sight he is dumb with wonder(iv) What does Gonzalo say about the Boatswainrsquos dumbness

On seeing the Boatswain dumb Gonzalo says that on board the ship he (the Boatswain) was the very incarnation of blasphemy and broke into a number of oaths while the ship was struggling in the tempest It was by these blasphemous oaths that he had driven out the mercy of God from the ship and brought about disaster Gonzalo further adds that now the same man being on the land is almost mute

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED

(Line 241-244) PROSPERO helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

This is as strange a maze as eer men trodAnd there is in this business more than natureWas ever conduct of Some oracleMust rectify our knowledge

Alonso here expresses his surprise at the story told by the boatswain how all the mariners are safe and the kingrsquos ship was not in the least damaged This is something strange The king feels that he and his

(v) What does Alonso say about the island How does Prospero console him

Alonso says that this island is one of the most confusing and bewildering places ever visited by man and that there must be something supernatural about all the events which have happened there Prospero thereupon urges Alonso not to bother himself about the strangeness of the island and adds that he would explain all the events to Alonso in due course(vi) Give explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above extract(a) Embrace (b) Gallows (c)

Blasphemy

(a) Embrace cling to(b) Gallows by hanging

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter

companions are treading a mysterious labyrinth in which nature cannot be a competent conductor and therefore they must resort to a diving source ndash to an oracle ndash for the knowledge how to go right in it In other words it is so strange a situation that our ordinary understanding cannot comprehend it unless it is illuminated by divine inspiration The situation is so strange that it can be explained only by some god and not by any man

(c) Blasphemy an evil speaking fellow

(2) (Line 229-238)BOATSWAIN If I did think sir I were well awake

Id strive to tell you We were dead of sleep Andmdashhow we know notmdashall clapped under hatchesWhere but even now with strange and several noises

Of roaring shrieking howling jingling chainsAnd more diversity of sounds all horribleWe were awaked straightaway at liberty

Where we in all her trim freshly beheldOur royal good and gallant ship our MasterCapring to eye here

(i) Whom does the speaker address as lsquoSirrsquo and is he answering some query

The speaker Boatswain address King Alonso as rsquoSirrsquo The lines occur in William Shakespearersquos play lsquoThe Tempestrsquo in the concluding scene The boatswain in answering the kingrsquos query about how he came there(ii) Why does the speaker doubt if he is awake or asleep

The boatswain is utterly surprised to see the king and his party safe and sound He had thought that they had been drowned in the shipwreck He feels as if he were speaking only in a dream(iii) How were they awakened

The boatswain describes how they were lying asleep like dead and all caught below the deck Just a little while ago they were awakened to strange and different noises of roaring shrieking howling jingling of chains and many other horrible sounds (iv) When they were set at liberty what did they see

They were set at liberty just then Then they found their royal ship all in a fresh and fine state Their master jumped with joy when he saw the ship in a fine shape(v) Who was actually responsible for their unusual experiences

Actually all this drama had been directed by Prospero and executed by his all-powerful spirit Ariel None could understand how a storm rose in the sea Everybody saw the ship catching fire and getting wrecked Those who were washed ashore scattered in small groups unaware of each otherrsquos survival When they were finally re-united they were surprised and perplexed but unable to understand the

meaning of the show

• Properties of particles of matter