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Online Appendix

List of Figures

Table A.1: Population in million for selected years...................................................................4

Table A.2: Land Area in square kilometers for selected years.................................................5

Table A.3: Land area in square kilometers for selected years. Leader-Laggard......................6

Table A.4: Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP in billion USD for selected years.........................................................................7

Table A.5: Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP), valuation of country GDP in billion USD for selected years. Leader-Laggard..............................................8

Table A.6: Gross national income based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) in current USD for selected years....................................................................................................................10

Table A.7: Gross national income based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP), in current USD for selected years. Leader-Laggard........................................................................................11

Table A.8: Estimated net import and export of petroleum in 1000bpd....................................12

Table A.9: Estimated net import and export of petroleum in 1000bpd. Leader-Laggard........13

Table A.10: Total coal exports in thousand barrels for selected years...................................14

Table A.11: Total Coal Exports in thousand barrels for selected years. Leader-Laggard......15

Table A.12: Total Coal Imports in thousand barrels for selected years..................................16

Table A.13: Total Coal Imports in thousand barrels for selected years. Leader-Laggard......17

Table A.14: Nuclear power electricity generation in billion KWh............................................18

Table A.15: Nuclear power electricity generation in billion KWh. Leader-Laggard.................19

Table A.16: Solar electricity net generation in billion KWh.....................................................20

Table A.17: Solar electricity net generation in billion KWh. Leader-Laggard..........................21

Table A.18: Wind electricity net generation in billion KWh.....................................................22

Table A.19: Wind electricity net generation in billion KWh. Leader-Laggard..........................23

Table A.20: Hydroelectricity net generation in billion KWh.....................................................24

Table A.21: Hydroelectricity net generation in billion KWh. Leader-Laggard.........................25

Table A.22: Geothermal electricity net generation in billion KWh...........................................26

Table A.23: Geothermal Electricity Net Generation in billion KWh. Leader-Laggard.............27

Table A.24: Biomass and waste electricity net generation in billion KWh..............................28

Table A.25: Biomass and waste electricity net generation in billion KWh. Leader-Laggard...29

Table A.26: Proven energy reserves (combined)...................................................................30

Table A.27: Proven energy reserves (combined and LL-standardised).................................31

Table A.28: Crude oil proved reserves in billion barrels.........................................................32

Table A.29: Crude oil proved reserves in billion barrels. Leader-Laggard..............................33

Table A.30: Natural gas proved reserves in trillion cubic feet.................................................34

Table A.31: Natural Gas Proved Reserves in trillion cubic feet. Leader-Laggard..................35

Table A.32: Coal proved reserves in million barrels...............................................................36

Table A.33: Coal proved reserves in million barrels. Leader-Laggard....................................37

1

Table A.34: Combined critical minerals..................................................................................38

Table A.35: Combination of combined production numbers of strategic minerals and metals with respective market concentration......................................................................................39

Table A.36: Combined production of critical minerals, Leader-Laggard.................................40

Table A.37: Production of antimony in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard...................41

Table A.38: Production of chromium in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard..................42

Table A.39: Production of cobalt in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard........................43

Table A.40: Production of copper in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard......................44

Table A.41: Production of gallium in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard......................45

Table A.42: Production of germanium in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard...............46

Table A.43: Production of indium in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard.......................47

Table A.44: Production of lithium in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard.......................48

Table A.45: Production of manganese in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard...............49

Table A.46: Production of molybdenum in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard.............50

Table A.47: Production of nickel in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard........................51

Table A.48: Production of platinum in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard....................52

Table A.49: Production of rare earth elements in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard. .53

Table A.50: Production of silica in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard.........................54

Table A.51: Production of rhenium in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard....................55

Table A.52: Production of silver in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard.........................56

Table A.53: Production of tantalum in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard....................57

Table A.54: Production of titanium in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard.....................58

Table A.55: Production of tungsten in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard....................59

Table A.56: Production of vanadium in Asian-Pacific countries, Leader-Laggard..................60

Table A.57: Value added industrial output in billion (constant 2005) USD of countries in Asia- Pacific (in billion constant 2005 USD).....................................................................................61

Table A.58: Value added industrial output in billion (constant 2005) USD of countries in Asia-Pacific (in billion constant 2005 USD), Leader-Laggard.........................................................62

Table A.59: Net import and export of wheat in barrels for selected years..............................63

Table A.60: Net import and export of wheat in barrels for selected years. Leader-Laggard.. 64

Table A.61: Net import and export of rice in barrels for selected years..................................65

Table A.62: Net import and export of rice in barrel. Leader-Laggard.....................................66

Table A.63: Net import and export of sugar in barrel..............................................................67

Table A.64: Net import and export of sugar in barrel. Leader-Laggard..................................68

Table A.65: Net import and export of maize in barrel.............................................................69

Table A.66: Net import and export of maize in barrel. Leader-Laggard..................................70

Table A.67: Net import and export of soybeans in barrel.......................................................71

Table A.68: Net import and export of soybeans in barrel. Leader-Laggard............................72

Table A.69: Net import and export of vegetable oil in barrel...................................................74

Table A.70: Net import and export of vegetable oil in barrel. Leader-Laggard.......................74

2

Table A.71: Net import and export of meat in total barrel.......................................................75

Table A.72: Net import and export of meat in total barrel. Leader-Laggard...........................76

Table A.73: Net import and export of milk in total barrels. .....................................................77

Table A.74: Net import and export of milk in total barrel. Leader-Laggard.............................78

Table A.75: Net import and export of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates in barrel.............................................................................................................79

Table A.76: Net import and export of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates in barrels. Leader-Laggard................................................................................80

Table A.77: Net import and export of fruits, excluding wine in barrel. ...................................81

Table A.78: Net import and export of fruits, excluding wine in barrel. Leader-Laggard..........82

Table A.79: Trade and finance combined for selected years.................................................83

Table A.80: Trade and finance combined for selected years. Leader-Laggard......................84

Table A.81: Total trade volume, trade in goods and services including imports and exports.85

Table A.82: Total trade volume, trade in goods and services including imports and exports. Leader-Laggard......................................................................................................................86

Table A.83: Balance of payments for selected years.............................................................87

Table A.84: Balance of payments for selected years. Leader-Laggard..................................88

Table A.85: Combined conventional military capabilities........................................................89

Table A.86: Combined conventional military capabilities. Leader-Laggard............................90

Table A.87: Military expenditures in thousand USD (constant 2011). ...................................92

Table A.88: Military expenditures in thousand USD (constant 2011). Leader-Laggard..........93

Table A.89: Military expenditures share of GDP for selected years (per cent). .....................95

Table A.90: Military expenditures share of GDP for selected years. Leader-Laggard............96

Table A.91: Military personnel and active national forces......................................................97

Table A.92: Military personnel and active national forces. Leader-Laggard...........................98

Table A.93: Military troops abroad..........................................................................................99

Table A.94: Military troops abroad in thousand. Leader-Laggard.........................................100

Table A.95: Nuclear military capabilities...............................................................................101

Table A.96: Cluster Analysis of CIAP I (1:2:2)......................................................................103

Table A.97: Cluster Analysis of CIAP II (1:2:3; ‘Cline Scenario’)..........................................105

Table A.98: Cluster Analysis of CIAP III (1:1:1)....................................................................107

Table A.99: Cluster Analysis of CIAP IV (1:3:2)...................................................................109

Table A.100: Relative Political Extraction (RPE)..................................................................110

Table A.101: Relative Political Reach (RPR)........................................................................111

Table A.102: Relative Political Allocation (PLA)...................................................................112

3

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia 1,501 1,505 1,534 1,594 1,679

Bangladesh 9,650 10,157 10,700 11,112 11,452

Bhutan 0,045 0,042 0,046 0,051 0,054Brunei Darussalam 0,022 0,024 0,026 0,028 0,030

Cambodia 0,834 0,926 0,992 1,042 1,100China 100 100 100 100 100

Hong Kong 0,497 0,527 0,526 0,524 0,529Macao 0,031 0,033 0,034 0,039 0,042

DR Korea 1,788 1,807 1,815 1,829 1,833Fiji 0,064 0,063 0,063 0,064 0,065

French Polynesia 0,017 0,017 0,018 0,019 0,020

India 77,577 80,520 84,09

1 87,951 91,559

Indonesia 15,872 16,263 16,79

4 17,525 18,276

Japan 10,663 10,250 9,953 9,694 9,443

Kiribati 0,005 0,006 0,006 0,006 0,007Laos 0,385 0,414 0,432 0,456 0,491

Malaysia 1,648 1,772 1,906 2,034 2,164Maldives 0,019 0,020 0,021 0,023 0,024

Marshall Islands 0,003 0,003 0,003 0,003 0,003Federated States of

Micronesia 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,007 0,007

Mongolia 0,192 0,189 0,190 0,196 0,206Myanmar 3,727 3,793 3,847 3,856 3,908

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 1,634 1,759 1,882 1,968 2,033

New Caledonia 0,015 0,015 0,016 0,018 0,019New Zealand 0,302 0,307 0,308 0,320 0,328

Northern Mariana Islands 0,003 0,004 0,005 0,004 0,003

Pakistan 10,067 10,860 11,69

0 12,438 13,264

Palau 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001Papua New Guinea 0,374 0,407 0,441 0,485 0,530

Philippines 5,578 5,916 6,322 6,743 7,159Republic of Korea 3,747 3,735 3,719 3,687 3,701

Russian Federation 12,763 11,975 11,34

7 10,782 10,626

Samoa 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013 0,013Singapore 0,276 0,308 0,325 0,347 0,393

Solomon Islands 0,027 0,030 0,033 0,037 0,040Sri Lanka 1,495 1,509 1,477 1,520 1,504Thailand 4,949 4,894 4,982 5,013 4,944

Timor-Leste 0,068 0,069 0,070 0,079 0,089Tonga 0,007 0,007 0,007 0,007 0,007Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0

United States 22,018 22,165 22,46

3 22,857 23,240

Vanuatu 0,013 0,013 0,014 0,016 0,018Vietnam 5,875 6,040 6,211 6,390 6,572

TABLE A.1: POPULATION IN MILLION FOR SELECTED YEARS1

1 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from World Bank (2014a), United States Census Bureau (2013) and FAO (2015b).

4

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 7.682.300 7.682.300 7.682.300

7.682.300 7.682.300

Bangladesh 130.170 130.170 130.170 130.170 130.170Bhutan 46.723 39.800 40.077 38.394 38.117

Brunei Darussalam 5.270 5.270 5.270 5.270 5.270Cambodia 176.520 176.520 176.520 176.520 176.520

China 9.388.250 9.388.230 9.327.487

9.327.489 9.388.211

Hong Kong 990 1.050 1.042 1.042 1.050Macao 20 20 28 28 30

DR Korea 120.410 120.410 120.410 120.410 120.410Fiji 18.270 18.270 18.270 18.270 18.270

French Polynesia 3.660 3.660 3.660 3.660 3.660

India 2.973.190 2.973.190 2.973.190

2.973.190 2.973.190

Indonesia 1.811.570 1.811.570 1.811.570

1.811.570 1.811.570

Japan 364.600 364.500 364.500 364.500 364.560Kiribati 810 810 810 810 810Laos 230.800 230.800 230.800 230.800 230.800

Malaysia 328.550 328.550 328.550 328.550 328.550Maldives 300 300 300 300 300

Marshall Islands 180 180 180 180 180Federated States of

Micronesia 700 700 700 700 700

Mongolia 1.553.560 1.553.560 1.553.560

1.553.560 1.553.560

Myanmar 653.540 653.540 653.540 653.520 653.290Nauru 20 20 20 20 20Nepal 143.000 143.000 143.350 143.350 143.350

New Caledonia 18.280 18.280 18.280 18.280 18.280New Zealand 263.310 263.310 263.310 263.310 263.310

Northern Mariana Islands 460 460 460 460 460Pakistan 770.880 770.880 770.880 770.880 770.880

Palau 460 460 460 460 460Papua New Guinea 452.860 452.860 452.860 452.860 452.860

Philippines 298.170 298.170 298.170 298.170 298.170Republic of Korea 96.460 96.460 96.790 96.920 97.350

Russian Federation 16389950 16.378.650

16380940

16377740 16.376.870

Samoa 2.830 2.830 2.830 2.830 2.830Singapore 670 670 675 695 700

Solomon Islands 27.990 27.990 27.990 27.990 27.990Sri Lanka 62.710 62.710 62.710 62.710 62.710Thailand 510.890 510.890 510.890 510.890 510.890

Timor-Leste 14.870 14.870 14.870 14.870 14.870Tonga 720 720 720 720 720Tuvalu 30 30 30 30 30

United States 9.158.960 9.158.960 9.161.920

9.161.920 9.147.420

Vanuatu 12.190 12.190 12.190 12.190 12.190Vietnam 325.490 325.490 310.550 310.070 310.070

TABLE A.2: LAND AREA IN SQUARE KILOMETERS FOR SELECTED YEARS2

2 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from World Bank (2014a).5


Bangladesh 0,794 0,795 0,795 0,795 0,795Bhutan 0,285 0,243 0,245 0,234 0,233

Brunei Darussalam 0,032 0,032 0,032 0,032 0,032Cambodia 1,077 1,078 1,077 1,078 1,078

China 57,280 57,320 56,941 56,952 57,326Hong Kong 0,006 0,006 0,006 0,006 0,006

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0,735 0,735 0,735 0,735 0,735

Fiji 0,111 0,111 0,111 0,111 0,111French Polynesia 0,022 0,022 0,022 0,022 0,022

India 18,140 18,153 18,150 18,154 18,155Indonesia 11,053 11,060 11,059 11,061 11,062

Japan 2,224 2,225 2,225 2,225 2,226Kiribati 0,005 0,005 0,005 0,005 0,005Laos 1,408 1,409 1,409 1,409 1,409



Micronesia 0,004 0,004 0,004 0,004 0,004


Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,872 0,873 0,875 0,875 0,875


Northern Mariana Islands 0,003 0,003 0,003 0,003 0,003Pakistan 4,703 4,706 4,706 4,707 4,707



Russian Federation 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000

Samoa 0,017 0,017 0,017 0,017 0,017Singapore 0,004 0,004 0,004 0,004 0,004


Timor-Leste 0,091 0,091 0,091 0,091 0,091Tonga 0,004 0,004 0,004 0,004 0,004Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0

United States 55,882 55,920 55,930 55,941 55,856Vanuatu 0,074 0,074 0,074 0,074 0,074Vietnam 1,986 1,987 1,896 1,893 1,893

TABLE A.3: LAND AREA IN SQUARE KILOMETERS FOR SELECTED YEARS. LEADER-LAGGARD3

3 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from World Bank (2014a) and IMF (2014a).

6

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 331809,000 446552,000 584884,000 786615,000 961350,000

Bangladesh 68717,000 95963,000 134330,000 208061,000 302803,000Bhutan4 0,7700 1078,000 1649,000 2751,000 4454,000


China 1204353 2288400 3704903 7301148 12255872

Hong Kong 118384,000 164740,000 190819,000 299348,000 365476,000

Macao NA5 NA NA NA NADR Korea NA NA NA NA NA

Fiji 1847,000 2365,000 2941,000 3687,000 4261,000French Polynesia NA NA NA NA NA

India 858563 1276563 1815599 3196280 4785509

Indonesia 334374,000 524462,000 564422,000 837119,000 1204001,000

Japan 2619375 3109215 3408395,000 4276971,000 4558698,000

Kiribati6 0,323 0,382 0,462 0,578 0,669Laos7 3403,000 5270,000 7416,000 12009,000 18917,000

Malaysia 110932,000 190842,000 235290,000 372291,000 494687,000

Maldives 0,520 0,842 1241,000 2185,000 2930,000Marshall Islands NA 0,2920 0,3450 0,417 0,476

Federated States of Micronesia NA 0,499 0,607 0,663 0,739

Mongolia 3498,000 4322,000 5468,000 9232,000 15044,000Myanmar8 NA NA 34442,000 73593,000 103526,000

Nauru NA NA NA NA NANepal 11349,000 16176,000 21264,000 29431,000 40026,000

New Caledonia NA NA NA NA NANew Zealand 49115,000 67142,000 85780,000 116856,000 131448,000

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NA

Pakistan 167664,000 224963,000 288601,000 433394,000 546691,000

Palau NA NA 0,309 0,392 0,410Papua New Guinea 5956,000 7948,000 9180,000 11874,000 18677,000

Philippines 121866,000 167368,000 208014,000 309852,000 419572,000

Republic of Korea 413129,000 652303,000 899004,000 1282873,00

0 1597621,000

Russian Federation 1170302,000 966402,000 1283432,000 2107407,00

0 2486231,000

Samoa 0,407 0,560 0,737 1008,000 1129,000

Singapore 65927,000 112555,000 143034,000 243133,000 330061,000

Solomon Islands9 0,719 0,991 0,834 1350,000 1859,000Sri Lanka 29962,000 43737,000 54493,000 84849,000 124842,000

Thailand 203104,000 302244,000 346785,000 520023,000 645172,000

Timor-Leste10 NA NA 2822,000 12523,000 23411,000Tonga 0,417 0,475 0,588 0,684 0,826Tuvalu NA NA 0,0290 0,0330 0,0390

United States 6539275 8608475 10980200 14480350 16244575Vanuatu 0,470 0,619 0,664 0,970 1,205Vietnam 52973,000 89228,000 131626,000 235180,000 336214,000

4 IMF Estimate.5 NA = No available data.6 2012: IMF Estimate.7 2012: IMF Estimate.8 2012: IMF Estimate.9 2012: IMF Estimate.10 2012: IMF Estimate.

7

TABLE A.4: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BASED ON PURCHASING-POWER-PARITY (PPP) VALUATION OF COUNTRY GDP IN BILLION USD FOR SELECTED YEARS.11

11 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from IMF (2015a).8


Bangladesh 1,051 1,115 1,223 1,437 1,864Bhutan12 0 0,013 0,015 0,019 0,027


China 18,417 26,583 33,742 50,421 75,446Hong Kong 1,810 1,914 1,738 2,067 2,250

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0

Fiji 0,028 0,027 0,027 0,025 0,026French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0

India 13,129 14,829 16,535 22,073 29,459Indonesia 5,113 6,092 5,140 5,781 7,412

Japan 40,056 36,118 31,041 29,536 28,063Kiribati13 0 0 0 0 0Laos14 0,052 0,061 0,068 0,083 0,116

Malaysia 1,696 2,217 2,143 2,571 3,045Maldives 0 0 0,011 0,015 0,018


Micronesia 0 0 0 0 0

Mongolia 0,053 0,050 0,050 0,064 0,093Myanmar15 0 0 0,314 0,508 0,637

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,174 0,188 0,194 0,203 0,246

New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0New Zealand 0,751 0,780 0,781 0,807 0,809

Northern Mariana Islands 0 0 0 0 0Pakistan 2,564 2,613 2,628 2,993 3,365

Palau 0 0 0 0 0Papua New Guinea 0,091 0,092 0,084 0,082 0,115


Russian Federation 17,897 11,226 11,689 14,554 15,305Samoa 0 0 0 0,007 0,007

Singapore 1,008 1,307 1,303 1,679 2,032Solomon Islands16 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,009 0,011

Sri Lanka 0,458 0,508 0,496 0,586 0,769Thailand 3,106 3,511 3,158 3,591 3,972

Timor-Leste17 0 0 0,026 0,086 0,144Tonga 0 0 0 0 0Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0

United States 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0,810 1,037 1,199 1,624 2,070

TABLE A.5: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BASED ON PURCHASING-POWER-PARITY (PPP), VALUATION OF COUNTRY GDP IN BILLION USD FOR SELECTED YEARS. LEADER-LAGGARD.18

12 IMF Estimate.13 2012: IMF Estimate.14 2012: IMF Estimate.15 2012: IMF Estimate.16 2012: IMF Estimate.17 2012: IMF Estimate.18 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from IMF (2015a).

9

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 307.830.928.847,001

410.153.276.556,267

549.762.497.486,195

725.300.651.557,935

966.628.977.147,286

Bangladesh 87.251.900.332,404

122.418.022.605,841

173.586.674.491,566

274.523.986.210,551

408.255.768.191,072

Bhutan 792.242.648,548

1.150.616.844,557

1.978.565.251,167

3.490.273.875,215

5.322.217.500,184

Brunei Darussalam 14.528.625.572,857

17.598.134.282,130

21.558.136.820,044

26.918.478.242,314 NA

Cambodia NA 9.785.900.661,309

15.189.277.485,071

28.780.726.290,748

40.045.819.777,181

China 1.444.601.605.417,310

2.712.158.185.088,300

4.393.889.386.634,760

8.834.349.219.992,660

14.727.121.288.922,700

Hong Kong 114.239.598.442,740

164.061.328.783,906

192.306.692.247,853

309.334.592.763,061

373.900.030.622,640

Macao 11.579.795.901,964

13.981.845.578,816

15.967.558.678,660

37.057.758.322,031 NA

DR Korea NA NA NA NA NA

Fiji 3.022.152.420,108

3.825.013.515,466

4.876.265.304,599

5.854.347.427,220

6.460.036.639,884

French Polynesia NA NA NA NA NA

India 1.131.826.492.198,170

1.694.206.703.786,600

2.414.014.685.916,320

4.226.797.424.142,140

6.281.219.447.354,820

Indonesia 537.738.240.916,272

928.024.418.797,324

912.665.738.426,074

1.483.488.842.151,920

2.159.944.297.183,360

Japan 2.641.363.411.508,000

3.151.134.452.977,100

3.527.675.230.503,540

4.408.388.509.704,060

4.687.620.649.510,680

Kiribati 108.479.099,561

150.366.323,847

199.599.586,126

231.198.826,823

268.199.931,805

Laos 5.189.804.758,911

7.843.458.811,998

11.151.469.536,945

18.051.475.676,004

27.710.140.385,865

Malaysia 142.975.943.941,600

245.856.488.441,521

299.822.015.659,235

479.973.069.595,684

626.536.180.535,693

Maldives NA NA 1.481.235.681,474

2.371.776.460,242

3.288.729.256,029

Marshall Islands NA 142.262.887,085

175.001.572,697

214.863.579,868

226.606.418,729

Federated States of Micronesia NA 261.127.786,4

28292.631.567,47

6336.592.233,50

8379.602.565,58

6

Mongolia 5.221.993.252,799

6.518.556.214,640

8.304.598.671,906

14.153.687.385,647

22.024.726.845,426

Myanmar NA NA NA NA NANauru NA NA NA NA NA

Nepal 17.192.327.204,121

24.396.530.242,496

31.754.471.407,097

44.242.077.256,720

60.134.407.755,164

New Caledonia NA NA NA NA NA

New Zealand 49.121.199.091,764

67.010.051.459,427

86.428.700.426,870

112.914.913.893,453

144.613.196.945,622


Pakistan 257.487.722.398,004

327.958.764.424,127

422.311.517.803,236

659.622.560.760,259

835.833.728.887,531

Palau 162.778.201,701

218.727.056,620

208.342.767,583

254.738.688,866

274.182.030,503

Papua New Guinea 5.196.247.263,380

7.402.613.552,698

7.603.518.753,998

11.129.250.067,443

16.670.469.386,681

Philippines 171.518.305.364,014

246.225.503.787,218

288.032.815.348,071

433.714.347.390,945

596.445.244.014,360

Republic of Korea 419.073.770.845,940

655.448.566.231,734

936.636.428.432,463

1.269.970.755.401,010

1.509.019.404.994,180

Russian Federation 1.010.166.387.669,820

825.469.563.236,178

1.144.425.550.264,660

2.321.279.723.689,650

3.272.880.638.528,870

Samoa 494.859.250,573

456.988.232,521

625.784.496,817

782.120.670,375

897.766.905,360

Singapore 80.542.466.581,481

140.049.404.137,737

169.661.768.163,253

280.856.689.521,963

381.959.323.003,211

Solomon Islands 294.731.792,7 579.229.790,9 493.879.905,61 743.058.726,52 761.778.803,14

10

25 22 8 4 0

Sri Lanka 42.385.473.862,147

61.062.139.238,275

78.543.033.681,043

123.133.016.754,165

179.711.427.477,767

Thailand 283.007.098.325,125

419.501.581.111,474

477.120.699.890,415

716.958.384.312,923

886.436.389.751,347

Timor-Leste NA NA 1.468.939.956,660

4.468.443.958,644

8.385.454.397,376

Tonga 251.106.260,613

317.041.537,796

405.956.586,678

465.236.056,636

563.438.953,681

Tuvalu NA NA 56.234.975,080 53.020.487,504 50.875.504,987

United States 6.459.500.000.000,000

8.620.300.000.000,000

11.098.900.000.000,000

14.586.600.000.000,000

16.514.500.000.000,000

Vanuatu 238.695.319,296

314.809.428,683

373.454.839,722

551.718.891,594

690.861.775,316

Vietnam 75.430.236.889,662

129.136.631.198,587

188.568.228.877,996

301.664.071.626,539

424.172.770.753,986

TABLE A.6: GROSS NATIONAL INCOME BASED ON PURCHASING-POWER-PARITY (PPP) IN CURRENT USD FOR SELECTED YEARS19

19 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from World Bank (2014b).11




China 22,363 31,461 39,58

8 60,565 89,177

Hong Kong 1,767 1,902 1,732 2,120 2,264Macao 0,178 0,161 0,143 0,254 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0Fiji 0,045 0,043 0,043 0,040 0,039

French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0

India 17,521 19,652 21,75

0 28,977 38,034

Indonesia 8,323 10,764 8,223 10,170 13,079

Japan 40,890 36,554 31,78

4 30,222 28,385

Kiribati 0 0 0,001 0,001 0,001Laos 0,079 0,089 0,100 0,123 0,167

Malaysia 2,212 2,850 2,701 3,290 3,794Maldives 0 0 0,013 0,016 0,020

Marshall Islands 0 0 0,001 0,001 0,001Federated States of

Micronesia 0 0,001 0,002 0,002 0,002

Mongolia 0,079 0,074 0,074 0,097 0,133Myanmar 0 0 0 0 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,264 0,281 0,286 0,303 0,364

New Caledonia 0 0 0 0New Zealand 0,759 0,776 0,778 0,774 0,875





1 15,913 19,818

Samoa 0,006 0,004 0,005 0,005 0,005Singapore 1,245 1,623 1,528 1,925 2,313


Timor-Leste 0 0 0,013 0,030 0,050Tonga 0,002 0,002 0,003 0,003 0,003Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0


TABLE A.7: GROSS NATIONAL INCOME BASED ON PURCHASING-POWER-PARITY (PPP), IN CURRENT USD FOR SELECTED YEARS. LEADER-LAGGARD.20

20 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from ibid.12

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia -111,252 -153,316 -138,178 -388,994 -607,008

Bangladesh -36,316 -54,025 -75,948 -84,033 -108,187Bhutan -0,644 -0,914 -1,088 -1,549 -1,744

Brunei Darussalam 170,370 162,748 177,937 160,837 126,133Cambodia -3,200 -13,295 -21,941 -33,202 -43,330

China 190,341 -631,715 -1625,853 -3578,043 -5904,380Hong Kong -152,076 -185,127 -272,635 -327,526 -289,473

Macao NA NA NA NA NADR Korea -73,105 -40,153 -24,384 -16,547 -14,886

Fiji NA NA NA NA NAFrench Polynesia NA NA NA NA NA

India -672,848 -985,875 -1447,574 -1948,110 -2631,573Indonesia 869,984 665,277 214,382 -185,408 -409,745

Japan -5396,342 -5600,927 -5198,584 -4904,600 -4579,291

Kiribati NA NA NA NA NALaos -2,018 -2,576 -2,852 -3,134 -3,457

Malaysia 365,000 296,041 332,170 159,659 44,661Maldives NA NA NA NA NA

Marshall Islands NA NA NA NA NAFederated States of

Micronesia NA NA NA NA NA

Mongolia NA NA NA NA NAMyanmar -1,429 -15,755 -18,919 -17,818 -6,535

Nauru NA NA NA NA NANepal NA NA NA NA NA

New Caledonia NA NA NA NA NANew Zealand -51,414 -60,817 -99,727 -108,406 -102,858

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan -163,536 -273,476 -287,964 -313,573 -372,358

Palau NA NA NA NA NAPapua New Guinea NA NA NA NA NA

Philippines -252,346 -366,927 -327,321 -288,889 -277,037

Republic of Korea -1550,589 -2255,694 -2127,240 -2210,476 -2239,992

Russian Federation 3395,558 3538,608 5022,482 7181,002 7201,493Samoa NA NA NA NA NA

Singapore -424,331 -624,449 -689,749 -877,980 -1359,833Solomon Islands NA NA NA NA NA

Sri Lanka -36,896 -60,626 -76,934 -87,873 -92,421Thailand -408,919 -648,393 -556,849 -567,915 -543,728

Timor-Leste NA NA NA NA NATonga NA NA NA NA NATuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States -7264,690 -9159,363 -

10762,871 -12211,057 -7385,708

Vanuatu NA NA NA NA NAVietnam 45,248 62,489 146,692 56,447 -24,341

TABLE A.8: ESTIMATED NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF PETROLEUM IN 1000BPD21

21 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from US Energy Information Administration (2015a).13




China 69,933 67,158 57,883 44,518 10,155Hong Kong 66,721 70,675 66,456 61,280 48,647

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 67,462 71,816 68,028 62,884 50,529

Fiji 0 0 0 0 0French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0

India 61,836 64,368 59,012 52,923 32,591Indonesia 76,308 77,372 69,541 62,013 47,822

Japan 17,526 28,024 35,250 37,678 19,239Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 68,129 72,112 68,165 62,953 50,608

Malaysia 71,571 74,464 70,287 63,793 50,938Maldives 0 0 0 0 0



Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0Myanmar 68,134 72,008 68,063 62,877 50,587

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0



Palau 0 0 0 0 0Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0



Samoa 0 0 0 0 0Singapore 64,167 67,215 63,813 58,442 41,309

Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0Sri Lanka 67,801 71,655 67,695 62,516 49,998Thailand 64,312 67,026 64,655 60,041 46,904

Timor-Leste 0 0 0 0 0Tonga 0 0 0 0 0Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0

United States 0 0 0 0 0Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 68,572 72,625 69,112 63,260 50,465

TABLE A.9: ESTIMATED NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF PETROLEUM IN 1000BPD. LEADER-LAGGARD22


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 139956,064 173977,802 225389,60

4 269393,873 332363,410

Bangladesh 0 0 0 0 0Bhutan 61,729 34,172 27,558 83,077 60,627

Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0Cambodia 0 0 0 0 0

China 27756,200 50609,319 107437,879 75409,120 15184,339

Hong Kong 0,617 1,952 3,085 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 496,040 407,855 613,987 4122,644 13239,862Fiji 0 0 0 0 0

French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0India 139,994 600,760 1675,513 1900,385 2307,138

Indonesia 18148,344 45996,519 80447,785 214823,949 421755,349Japan 3365,357 2957,501 3562,670 1527,804 1630,319Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 252,760 639,341 451,066




Mongolia 97,003 3,307 0 3592,433 24320,296Myanmar 0 0 0 0 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0


Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan 0 0 0 0 0

Palau NA NA NA NA NAPapua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0

Philippines 0 0 0 880,747 3497,634Republic of Korea 2,205 0 0 0 0

Russian Federation 48056,366 28477,112 52377,427 112230,729 150720,135Samoa 0 0,000 0,000 0 0

Singapore 3,748 10,189 0,044 0 0Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0

Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 0Thailand 0 0 0 0 0

Timor-Leste NA NA NA 0 0Tonga 0 0 0 0 0Tuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States 103158,199 84810,832 40393,075 60606,914 126719,953

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 1728,424 3807,383 6667,881 35353,330 21167,685

TABLE A.10: TOTAL COAL EXPORTS IN THOUSAND BARRELS FOR SELECTED YEARS.23

23 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from ibid.15

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia 100 100 100 100 78,805

Bangladesh 0 0 0 0 0Bhutan 0,044 0,020 0,012 0,031 0,014


China 19,832 29,090 47,668 27,992 3,600Hong Kong 0 0,001 0,001 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0,354 0,234 0,272 1,530 3,139


India 0,100 0,345 0,743 0,705 0,547Indonesia 12,967 26,438 35,693 79,743 100

Japan 2,405 1,700 1,581 0,567 0,387Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0,112 0,237 0,107


Marshall Islands 0 0 0 0 0Federated States of Micronesia 0 0 0 0 0

Mongolia 0,069 0,002 0 1,334 5,766Myanmar 0 0 0 0 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0


Northern Mariana Islands 0 0 0 0 0Pakistan 0 0 0 0 0


Philippines 0 0 0 0,327 0,829Republic of Korea 0,002 0 0 0 0

Russian Federation 34,337 16,368 23,239 41,660 35,736Samoa 0 0 0 0 0

Singapore 0,003 0,006 0 0 0Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0



United States 73,708 48,748 17,921 22,498 30,046Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 1,235 2,188 2,958 13,123 5,019

TABLE A.11: TOTAL COAL EXPORTS IN THOUSAND BARRELS FOR SELECTED YEARS. LEADER-LAGGARD.24

24 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from ibid.

16

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia 0 0 0 48,502 40,786

Bangladesh 186,291 712,093 805,790 1269,863 1102,311Bhutan 20,944 52,911 0 0 0

Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0Cambodia 0 0 0 0 62,832

China 1355,843 2216,748 12408,719 56235,516 318465,468

Hong Kong 11261,814 6296,889 9609,840 13515,922 13614,355Macao 2,205 1,102 1,054 1,469 0

DR Korea 3086,472 469,585 229,281 231,485 1420,879Fiji 22,046 24,251 17,968 0 0


Indonesia 566,588 424,610 22,046 74,957 46,297

Japan 119554,485 147058,256 181881,37

4 208983,904 203469,040

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0




Mongolia 126,766 110,231 0 1,102 0Myanmar 11,023 1,102 0 0 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 111,333 131,175 238,099 346,126 529,109


Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan 1085,777 1058,219 1739,447 6599,538 3605,660

Palau NA NA NA NA NAPapua New Guinea 1,102 1,102 0,000 0,000 0,000

Philippines 1382,298 4883,239 7736,021 8681,804 13567,248

Republic of Korea 33189,493 55786,876 75852,249 94082,275 135702,245


Singapore 69,005 11,012 11,626 13,228 0Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0



United States 5900,767 10625,776 20117,177 38806,432 10293,998Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 16,535 24,251 0 870,826 1584,021

TABLE A.12: TOTAL COAL IMPORTS IN THOUSAND BARRELS FOR SELECTED YEARS.25

25 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from ibid.

17

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia 0 0 0 0,023 0,013

Bangladesh 0,156 0,484 0,443 0,608 0,346Bhutan 0,018 0,036 0 0 0

Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0Cambodia 0 0 0 0 0,020

China 1,134 1,507 6,822 26,909 100Hong Kong 9,420 4,282 5,284 6,467 4,275

Macao 0,002 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,000DR Korea 2,582 0,319 0,126 0,111 0,446

Fiji 0,018 0,016 0,010 0 0French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 00

India 6,216 14,028 15,458 28,505 30,516

Indonesia 0,474 0,289 0,012 0,036 0,015Japan 100 100 100 100 63,890Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0




Mongolia 0,106 0,075 0 0,001 0Myanmar 0,009 0,001 0 0 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,093 0,089 0,131 0,166 0,166

New Caledonia 0,157 0,085 0,167 0,129 0,104New Zealand 0,008 0,006 0,054 0,385 0


Palau 0 0 0 0 0Papua New Guinea 0,001 0,001 0 0 0

Philippines 1,156 3,321 4,253 4,154 4,260

Republic of Korea 27,761 37,935 41,70

4 45,019 42,611


9 12,596 10,917

Samoa 0 0 0 0 0Singapore 0,058 0,007 0,006 0,006 0



United States 4,936 7,226 11,061 18,569 3,232

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE A.13: TOTAL COAL IMPORTS IN THOUSAND BARRELS FOR SELECTED YEARS. LEADER-LAGGARD.26


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia 0 0 0 0 0

Bangladesh 0 0 0 0 0Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0


China 0,5 11,35 25,166 62,6 98,2Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea NA NA NA NA NA


India 6,012 10,45 17,76 15,913 29,7Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0

Japan 212,096 306,218 280,339 250,64 17,1Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0

Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0Maldives 0 0 0 0 0


Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0Myanmar 0 0 0 0 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0

New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0



Philippines 0 0 0 0 0Republic of Korea 53,703 73,231 113,148 135,79 143,5


Singapore 0 0 0 0 0Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0



United States 619 629 780 806 769Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE A.14: NUCLEAR POWER ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN BILLION KWH.27

27 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from US Energy Information Administration (2015a) and BP (2015).

19




China 0,081 1,805 3,226 7,763 12,764Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 0,972 1,662 2,277 1,973 3,860Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0

Japan 34,277 48,711 35,93

8 31,080 2,223

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0




Philippines 0 0 0 0 0



5 19,853 23,163

Samoa 0 0 0 0 0Singapore 0 0 0 0 0

Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 0Thailand 0 0 0 0 0



TABLE A.15: NUCLEAR POWER ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN BILLION KWH. LEADER-LAGGARD.28

28 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from US Energy Information Administration (2015a) and BP (2015).

20

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 201229

Australia 0,010 0,023 0,050 0,109 0,977Bangladesh 0 0 0,002 0,020 0,062

Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0

Cambodia 0 0 0,001 0,002 0China 0,003 0,011 0,040 0,105 3,000

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0Fiji 0 0 0 0 0

French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0India 0 0,006 0,014 0,019 1,000

Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0Japan 0,020 0,096 0,669 2,015 4,186Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0




Philippines 0 0 0 0,001 0,001Republic of Korea 0,002 0,003 0,007 0,070 1,568

Russian Federation 0 0 0 0 NASamoa 0 0 0 0 0


Sri Lanka 0 0 0,010 0,016 0,017Thailand 0 0 0 0,001 0,030


United States 0,400 0,511 0,555 0,612 4,327Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE A.16: SOLAR ELECTRICITY NET GENERATION IN BILLION KWH.30

29 2011 figures only, except for Australia, Japan, New Zealand, ROK and United States.30 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from US Energy Information Administration (2015a).

21


Bangladesh 0 0,004 0,299 0,993 1,428Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0

Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0Cambodia 0 0 0,149 0,099 0,005

China 0,751 2,152 5,979 5,211 69,332Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0

Fiji 0 0,004 0,015 0,005 0,002French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0

India 0 1,174 2,093 0,943 23,111Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0,005


Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0Maldives 0 0 0 0,001 0,005


Mongolia 0 0 0 0,020 0,009Myanmar 0 0 0 0 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0




Philippines 0 0 0 0,050 0,023Republic of Korea 0,500 0,587 1,046 3,474 36,238

Russian Federation 0 0 0 0 0,000Samoa 0 0 0 0,010 0,005


Sri Lanka 0 0 1,495 0,794 0,393Thailand 0 0 0 0,050 0,693


United States 100,000 100,000 82,934 30,362 100,000Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE A.17: SOLAR ELECTRICITY NET GENERATION IN BILLION KWH. LEADER-LAGGARD.31

31 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from US Energy Information Administration (2015a).

22

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 201232

Australia 0 0,007 0,364 2,611 7,01Bangladesh 0 0 0 0,002 0,002


Cambodia 0 0 0 0 0China 0,014 0,206 0,873 5,71 73,2

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0,001 0,001Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0Fiji 0 0 0 0,01 0,02

French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0India 0,088 1,037 2,687 11,796 26

Indonesia 0 0 0 0,00002 0,004Japan 0 0,001 0,415 2,624 4,788Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0

New Caledonia 0 0,005 0,008 0,04 0,03New Zealand 0,001 0,014 0,155 0,929 1,918

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan 0 0 0 0 0,018


Philippines 0 0 0 0,058 0,099Republic of Korea 0 0,001 0,015 0,376 1,66

Russian Federation 0 0 0,006 0,007 0,004Samoa 0 0 0 0 0


Sri Lanka 0 0 0,004 0,002 0,003Thailand 0 0 0,0003 0 0,001


United States 2,888 3,288 10,354 34,450 141Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0,05

TABLE A.18: WIND ELECTRICITY NET GENERATION IN BILLION KWH.33

32 2011 figures only, except for Australia, Japan, New Zealand, ROK and United States.33 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from US Energy Information Administration (2015a).

23

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia 0 0,213 3,515 7,579 4,978

Bangladesh 0 0 0 0,006 0,001Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0


China 0,485 6,265 8,431 16,575 51,981Hong Kong 0 0 0 0,003 0,001

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0

Fiji 0 0 0 0,029 0,014French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0

India 3,048 31,539 25,951 34,241 18,463

Indonesia 0 0 0 5,806E-05 0,003Japan 0 0,030 4,008 7,617 3,400Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0




Mongolia 0 0 0 2,9028E-05 0,003

Myanmar 0 0 0 0 0Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0

New Caledonia 0 0,152 0,077 0,116 0,021New Zealand 0,035 0,426 1,497 2,697 1,362

Northern Mariana Islands 0 0 0 0 0Pakistan 0 0 0 0 0,013


Philippines 0 0 0 0,168 0,070Republic of Korea 0 0,030 0,145 1,091 1,179



Sri Lanka 0 0 0,039 0,006 0,002Thailand 0 0 0,003 0 0,001


United States 100 100 100 100 100Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0,036

TABLE A.19: WIND ELECTRICITY NET GENERATION IN BILLION KWH. LEADER-LAGGARD.34




Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0Cambodia 0,067 0,057 0,029 0,047 NA

China 130,185 192,624 285,094 480,411 856,35

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 14,058 10,593 10,514 13,147 NAFiji 0,386 0,43 0,45 0,508 0,525

French Polynesia 0,09 0,133 0,131 0,22 NAIndia 69,187 73,914 63,463 119,383 114,498

Indonesia 9,009 5,668 9,834 11,173 12,664Japan 81,72 88,901 81,554 73,269 76,946Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0,858 1,164 3,212 3,336 11,14




Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0Myanmar 1,503 1,669 2,21 3,583 NA

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,83 1,051 2,098 2,755 NA

New Caledonia 0,342 0,355 0,317 0,386 NANew Zealand 20,425 23,592 24,667 23,403 22,564


Palau NA NA NA NA NAPapua New Guinea 0,455 0,703 0,921 0,854 NA



Samoa 0,025 0,033 0,062 0,052 NASingapore 0 0 0 0 0



United States 253,088 356,453 264,329 247,510 276,24

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 7,156 11,54 18,016 22,292 52,267

TABLE A.20: HYDROELECTRICITY NET GENERATION IN BILLION KWH.35




Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0Cambodia 0,026 0,016 0,010 0,010 0

China 51,439 54,039 100,000 100,000 100,000Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 5,555 2,972 3,688 2,737 0

Fiji 0,153 0,121 0,158 0,106 0,061French Polynesia 0,036 0,037 0,046 0,046 0

India 27,337 20,736 22,260 24,850 13,370Indonesia 3,560 1,590 3,449 2,326 1,479





Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0Myanmar 0,594 0,468 0,775 0,746 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,328 0,295 0,736 0,573 0

New Caledonia 0,135 0,100 0,111 0,080 0New Zealand 8,070 6,619 8,652 4,871 2,635


Palau 0 0 0 0 0Papua New Guinea 0,180 0,197 0,323 0,178 0


Russian Federation 67,220 43,489 56,331 36,485 18,766Samoa 0,010 0,009 0,022 0,011 0




United States 100,000 100,000 92,716 51,520 32,258

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 2,827 3,237 6,319 4,640 6,103

TABLE A.21: HYDROELECTRICITY NET GENERATION IN BILLION KWH. LEADER-LAGGARD.36





China 0 0 0 0,116 0,162Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 0 0 0 0 0Indonesia 1,084 2,605 6,238 7,021 10,557






Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0



Palau NA NA NA NA NAPapua New Guinea 0 0 0 0,4 0,4

Philippines 5,7 7,237 10,242 10,215 9,934

Republic of Korea 0 0 0 0 0Russian Federation 0,029 0,029 0,156 0,485 0,505


Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 0Thailand 0,001 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002


United States 16,138 14,726 14,49

1 14,637 15,562

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE A.22: GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY NET GENERATION IN BILLION KWH.37





China 0 0 0 0,793 1,041Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 0 0 0 0 0

Indonesia 6,717 17,690 43,046 47,967 67,836

Japan 11,073 25,506 23,28

3 20,789 18,748

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0

New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0

New Zealand 13,998 15,327 19,41

9 24,287 38,653


Palau 0 0 0 0 0Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 2,733 2,570

Philippines 35,320 49,144 70,67

7 69,788 63,835

Republic of Korea 0 0 0 0 0Russian Federation 0,180 0,197 1,077 3,313 3,245





TABLE A.23: GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY NET GENERATION IN BILLION KWH. LEADER-LAGGARD.38



Bangladesh 0 0 0 0 0,002Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0

Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0Cambodia 0 0 0 0,016 0,020

China 0 2,606 2,430 2,387 43,556Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 0 0 1,840 1,976 4,125Indonesia 0 0,005 0,011 0,036 NA

Japan 11,095 14,676 16,54

0 22,998 23,146

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0

Malaysia 0 0 0 0 NAMaldives 0 0 0 0 0




Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0




Philippines NA NA NA NA 0Republic of Korea 0 0,079 0,231 0,573 1,510


Singapore 0,490 0,490 0,946 0,974 1,174Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0

Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0,001 0,001Thailand 0 0,343 0,686 1,782 3,172

Timor-Leste NA Na NA 0 0Tonga 0 0 0 0 0Tuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States 58,065 62,270 67,23

6 67,770 71,409

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0,079 0,055

TABLE A.24: BIOMASS AND WASTE ELECTRICITY NET GENERATION IN BILLION KWH.39



Bangladesh 0 0 0 0 0,003Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0

Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0Cambodia 0 0 0 0,024 0,028

China 0 4,185 3,614 3,522 60,994Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 0 0 2,737 2,916 5,776Indonesia 0 0,008 0,016 0,053 0






Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0




Philippines 0 0 0 0 0Republic of Korea 0 0,127 0,344 0,846 2,115



Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0,001 0,001Thailand 0 0,551 1,020 2,629 4,442


United States 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0,117 0,077

TABLE A.25: BIOMASS AND WASTE ELECTRICITY NET GENERATION IN BILLION KWH. LEADER-LAGGARD.40


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 13,987 14,434 16,19

8 12,249 12,076

Bangladesh 0,828 0,357 0,414 0,207 0,238Bhutan 0 0 0,000 0 0,000

Brunei Darussalam 1,162 1,360 1,364 0,910 0,816Cambodia 0 0 0 0 0

China 31,498 33,607 33,26

7 24,967 26,933

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0,083 0,083 0,080 0,081 0,084Fiji 0 0 0 0 0


India 13,172 13,410 15,29

9 16,136 11,825

Indonesia 10,425 10,082 7,077 5,591 6,309






Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0






2 87,886 88,722




United States 53,427 53,790 54,54

8 49,073 53,064

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0,327 0,586 0,647 0,494 2,412

TABLE A.26: PROVEN ENERGY RESERVES (COMBINED)41

41 Own compilation, calculation and illustration based on data taken from BP (2015), US Energy Administration (2015a) and World Energy Council (2015).

31

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 15,819 16,324 18,49

1 13,938 13,611

Bangladesh 0,936 0,404 0,473 0,236 0,268Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0


China 35,622 38,008 37,97

5 28,408 30,356

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0,094 0,094 0,091 0,092 0,095Fiji 0 0 0 0 0,0


India 14,897 15,166 17,46

4 18,360 13,328

Indonesia 11,789 11,402 8,079 6,361 7,111






Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0





Russian Federation 100 100 100 100 100Samoa 0 0 0 0 0


Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 0Thailand 0,865 0,689 1,069 0,874 0,729


United States 60,422 60,833 62,26

8 55,837 59,809

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0,370 0,663 0,739 0,562 2,718

TABLE A.27: PROVEN ENERGY RESERVES (COMBINED AND LL-STANDARDISED).42

42 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from US Energy Information Administration (2015a), BP (2015) and World Energy Council (2015)

32


Bangladesh 0 0,01 0,06 0,03 0,03Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0


China 24,00 24,00 24,00 16,00 20,35Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 6,13 4,33 4,84 5,62 5,61Indonesia 6,58 4,98 5,00 4,30 3,89






Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0









United States 24,68 22,35 22,45 20,97 26,54Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0,50 0,60 0,60 0,60 4,40

TABLE A.28: CRUDE OIL PROVED RESERVES IN BILLION BARRELS.43

43 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from U.S. Energy Information Administration (2015a).33




China 43,632 49,410 49,41

0 21,025 23,337

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0Fiji 0 0 0 0 0


India 11,139 8,921 9,965 7,391 6,429

Indonesia 11,965 10,252 10,29

4 5,650 4,456






Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0




Philippines 0,069 0,439 0,367 0,182 0,159Republic of Korea 0 0 0 0,139 0,287





United States 44,872 46,015 46,21

1 27,558 30,440

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0,909 1,235 1,235 0,788 5,046

TABLE A.29: CRUDE OIL PROVED RESERVES IN BILLION BARRELS. LEADER-LAGGARD.44


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia 15,057 19,429 90 30,37 27,85

Bangladesh 25,6 10,163 10,615 5 6,489Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0


China 35,4 41,357 48,3 80 107Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 25,772 24,2 22,865 37,96 40,745Indonesia 64,837 72,268 92,5 97,78 141,06


Malaysia 59,055 80,2 75 75 83Maldives 0 0 0 0 0



Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0Myanmar 9,35 11 10 10 10

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0


Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan 22,6 22 25,078 28 26,62

Palau NA NA NA NA NAPapua New Guinea 8 1,5 12,23 12,2 5,483






United States 167 166,474 183 211,085 334,067Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0,1 5 6,8 6,8 24,7

TABLE A.30: NATURAL GAS PROVED RESERVES IN TRILLION CUBIC FEET.45





China 3,265 3,815 4,590 7,452 9,209Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 2,377 2,232 2,173 3,536 3,507Indonesia 5,980 6,666 8,789 9,108 12,140






Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0









United States 15,409 15,355 17,43

3 19,661 28,752

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0,009 0,461 0,646 0,633 2,126

TABLE A.31: NATURAL GAS PROVED RESERVES IN TRILLION CUBIC FEET. LEADER-LAGGARD.46



Bangladesh 293 293 293 293 293Bhutan NA NA NA NA NA

Brunei Darussalam NA NA NA NA NACambodia NA NA NA NA NA

China 114500 114500 114500 114500 114500Hong Kong NA NA NA NA NA

Macao NA NA NA NA NADR Korea 600 600 600 600 600


India 62548 69947 84396 92445 60600Indonesia 32063 32063 5370 4968 5529

Japan 844 821 773 359 350Kiribati NA NA NA NA NALaos 503 503 503 503 503

Malaysia 4 4 4 4 4Maldives NA NA NA NA NA




Nauru NA NA NA NA NANepal 1 1 1 1 1

New Caledonia NA NA NA NA 2New Zealand 117 117 572 571 571



Philippines 316 316 316 316 316Republic of Korea 203 183 78 80 126

Russian Federation 157010 157010 157010 157010 157010Samoa NA NA NA NA NA

Singapore NA NA NA NA NASolomon Islands NA NA NA NA NA

Sri Lanka NA NA NA NA NAThailand 1354 1354 1354 1354 1239


United States 240560 240558 249994 246643 237295Vanuatu NA NA NA NA NAVietnam 150 150 150 150 150

TABLE A.32: COAL PROVED RESERVES IN MILLION BARRELS.47

47 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from BP (2015).37

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 37,803 37,804 32,83

7 31,827 32,196



China 47,597 47,598 45,80

1 46,423 48,252

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0,249 0,249 0,240 0,243 0,253Fiji 0 0 0 0 0


India 26,001 29,077 33,75

9 37,481 25,538

Indonesia 13,328 13,329 2,148 2,014 2,330






Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000

New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0,001New Zealand 0,049 0,049 0,229 0,232 0,241





6 63,659 66,167




United States 100 100 100 100 100Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0,062 0,062 0,060 0,061 0,063

TABLE A.33: COAL PROVED RESERVES IN MILLION BARRELS. LEADER-LAGGARD.48


38




China 79,310 100 100 100 100Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0,520 0,394 0,112 0,066 0

Fiji 0,003 0,007 0 0 0French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0

India 14,496 22,782 18,743 15,801 9,220Indonesia 3,506 3,412 4,491 5,074 2,796

Japan 24,623 16,153 16,151 7,328 6,631Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0,055 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0

Nepal 7,4575E-06 0 0 0 0


Northern Mariana Islands 0 0 0 0 0Pakistan 0,087 0,093 0,559 0,071 0





Sri Lanka 0,168 0,071 0 0,142 0,115Thailand 0,297 0,132 0,159 0,193 0,046


United States 78,500 61,670 40,216 30,898 31,949Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0,243 0,482 1,195 1,756

TABLE A.34: COMBINED CRITICAL MINERALS.49

49 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from US Department of the Interior and US Geological Survey (2013a) and (2013b) as well as USGS (2015).

39

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 76,587 64,137 54,293 43,51

9 33,135



China 80,689 100 100 100 100Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 11,191 11 11 11 11DR Korea 0,529 0,394 0,112 0,066 0


India 14,748 22,782 18,743 15,80

1 9,220

Indonesia 3,567 3,412 4,491 5,074 2,796

Japan 25,051 16,153 16,151 7,328 6,631

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0,055 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0

Nepal 7,58723E-06 0 0 0 0





Russian Federation 100 56,171 33,206 41,38

8 29,290


Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0Sri Lanka 0,171 0,071 0 0,142 0,115Thailand 0,302 0,132 0,159 0,193 0,046


United States 79,865 61,670 40,216 30,89

8 31,949

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0,243 0,482 1,195 1,756

TABLE A.35: COMBINATION OF COMBINED PRODUCTION NUMBERS OF STRATEGIC MINERALS AND METALS WITH RESPECTIVE MARKET CONCENTRATION.50

50 Own compilation, calculation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from US Department of the Interior and US Geological Survey (2013a) and (2013b) as well as USGS (2015).

40

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 79,556 78,275 70,585 54,037 46,270



China 87,620 100 100 100 100Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 1,039 0,788 0,223 0,132 0


India 14,991 12,563 12,486 9,603 8,440

Indonesia 7,013 6,823 8,982 10,149 5,591Japan 20,246 15,306 7,302 3,656 3,263Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0,110 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 1,5E-05 0 0 0 0







Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0Sri Lanka 0,335 0,141 0 0,284 0,231Thailand 0,594 0,264 0,318 0,387 0,091


United States 100 73,340 42,432 28,796 23,898

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0,487 0,964 2,391 3,513

TABLE A.36: COMBINED PRODUCTION OF CRITICAL MINERALS, LEADER-LAGGARD.51


41

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 2,883050847 1,450381679 1,2 0,619631902 0



China 100 100 100 100 100Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 0 0 0 0 0Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0

Japan 0 0 0 0 0Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0


Northern Mariana Islands 0 0 0 0 0Pakistan 0,020338983 0 0 0 0



Russian Federation 16,94915254 4,580152672 1 2,147239264 4,482758621


Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 0Thailand 0,457627119 0,040458015 0,001 0 0


United States 0 0,271755725 0 0 0Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0

United States 0 0 0 0 0Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0

Vietnam 0 0,827653359 1,076297834 1,076297834 0

TABLE A.37: PRODUCTION OF ANTIMONY IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD52


42

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia 0 0,503083414 2,426495482 2,62673477 0



China 0,714285714 3,245699448 2,0731923992,07319239

9 0Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 30,91625714 22,12023694 34,4149938234,4149938

2 35,45454545Indonesia 0,057142857 0,03498864 0 0 0

Japan 0,228571429 0 0 0 0Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0



Micronesia 0 0 0 0 0Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0Myanmar 0,177142857 0,053537812 0,004146385 0 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0

New Caledonia 0,2334 0 0 0 0New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0

Northern Mariana Islands 0 0 0 0 0

Pakistan 0,652914286 0,38563778 3,3492423211,11952389

6 0Palau 0 0 0 0 0

Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0

Philippines 1,877742857 1,419993509 0,4872002140,32748147

1 0Republic of Korea 0 0 0 0 0

Russian Federation 3,468571429 2,434274586 8,0510457298,05104572

9 0Samoa 0 0 0 0 0





Vietnam 0 0,827653359 1,0762978341,07629783

4 0Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE A.38: PRODUCTION OF CHROMIUM IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD53


43

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 23,15484805 49,70178926 1,842465753 18,62204724 11,52941176



China 3,762662808 3,313452618 6,849315068 24,01574803 13,7254902

Hongkong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0Fiji 0 0 0 0 0

French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0India 0 0 0 0 0

Indonesia 0 0 0 6,299212598 0






Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0

New Caledonia 11,57742402 16,56726309 19,04109589 8,858267717 5,137254902

New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0Northern Mariana Islands 0 0 0 0 0

Pakistan 0 0 0 0 0Palau 0 0 0 0 0


Philippines 0 0 0 3,937007874 0

Republic of Korea 0 0 0 0 0






TABLE A.39: PRODUCTION OF COBALT IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD54


44

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 19,55813111 16,4504717 18,9434621315,6559294

6 17,6427256Bangladesh 0 0 0 0 0


Cambodia 0 0 0 0 0

China 1,728152326 15,06485849 12,9447718817,0235738

7 30,01841621Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0,827857402 0,471698113 0,2619515390,21594385

5 0Fiji 0 0 0 0 0


India 2,537175971 1,096698113 0,687622790,61004138

9 0

Indonesia 14,52988048 15,59908608 25,5779524114,3404714

8 6,629834254Japan 0,624721892 0,027476415 0 0 0Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0

Laos 0 0 01,12544538

4 0Malaysia 1,477518497 0,554864387 0 0 0Maldives 0 0 0 0 0


Micronesia 0 0 0 0 0Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0

Myanmar 0,193045998 0,086291274 0,600305610,25013496

5 0Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,000103482 0 0 0 0



Pakistan 0 0 00,33831203

9 0Palau 0 0 0 0 0

Papua New Guinea 10,00460496 3,287588443 4,4531761623,04452042

5 0

Philippines 6,391214363 1,432783019 0,4008731720,41140903

4 0Republic of Korea 0,000206964 0 0 0 0





United States 91,06431417 57,19339623 24,885396221,0545258

2 21,54696133Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0

Vietnam 0 0 00,22494151

5 0

TABLE A.40: PRODUCTION OF COPPER IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD55


45

Countries/Year 1992 1997200

2 2007 2012Australia 100 100 100 0 0



China 16 16 80 100 100Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0






Micronesia 0 0 0 0 0Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0Myanmar 0 0 0 0 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0










TABLE A.41: PRODUCTION OF GALLIUM IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD56


46




China 61,53846154 0 74,07407407 100 100Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0



Japan 23,07692308 4,347826087 3,703703704 0 0Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0





Russian Federation 92,30769231 0 0 5,555555556 5,555555556




United States 100 86,95652174 74,07407407 3,333333333 3,333333333


TABLE A.42: PRODUCTION OF GERMANIUM IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD57


47

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 0 0 0 0 0Bangladesh 0 0 0 0 0


Cambodia 0 0 0 0 0China 25 90 100 100 100

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0Fiji 0 0 0 0 0


Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0Japan 75 80 0 0 17,5308642Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0




Philippines 0 0 0 0 0Republic of Korea 0 0 0 18,91891892 40,74074074

Russian Federation 12,5 40 9,375 2,702702703 3,209876543Samoa 0 0 0 0 0





TABLE A.43: PRODUCTION OF INDIUM IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD58


48

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia 94,48 100 100 100 100



China 16,04444444 17,534135 16,43800974 8,321328084 5,252549128

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0Fiji 0 0 0 0 0


Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0Japan 0 0 0 0 0Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0





Russian Federation 100 2,262469032 2,528924575 0 0Samoa 0 0 0 0 0





TABLE A.44: PRODUCTION OF LITHIUM IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD59


49

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 32,21621622 77,34138973 65,36338852 97,69230769 85,55555556



China 57,2972973 90,63444109 59,84440455 76,92307692 80,55555556

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0Fiji 0 0 0 0 0


India 37,13513514 45,77039275 39,96276348 27,92307692 22,22222222


Malaysia 0 0 0 0,846153846 11,91666667

Maldives 0 0 0 0 0Marshall Islands 0 0 0 0 0

Federated States of Micronesia 0 0 0 0 0

Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0

Myanmar 0 0 0 0,746153846 3,194444444

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0










TABLE A.45: PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD60


50




China 38,63179074 55,40765391 90,7120743 100 100Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0








Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0









United States 100 100 100 85,45727136 58,07692308


TABLE A.46: PRODUCTION OF MOLYBDENUM IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD61


51




China 11,71428571 18,82608696 17,32258065 23,9482432 22,00471698Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 0 0 0 0 0

Indonesia 27,71428571 4,347391304 46,12903226 81,92443793 53,77358491

Japan 0 55,8273913 0 0 0Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0




Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0

Myanmar 0,003214286 0 0,003225806 0,003574365 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0

New Caledonia 40,35714286 19,26608696 32,20677419 44,80966508 31,13207547


Pakistan 0 0 0 0 0Palau 0 0 0 0 0


Philippines 4,642857143 0 7,789677419 54,43757372 100

Republic of Korea 0 0 0 0 0Russian Federation 100 100 100 100 60,14150943




United States 2,382142857 6,956521739 0 0 0Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE A.47: PRODUCTION OF NICKEL IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD62


52

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 0,105374078 0,25893096 0,150492487 0,088231639 0



China 0 0 0 0 0Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0



Japan 0,66280295 0,598130518 0,573376374 0,621349571 0

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0









United States 1,938883035 2,252699355 3,303310082 2,398409345 2,759398496


TABLE A.48: PRODUCTION OF PLATINUM IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD63


53

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 15,49295775 0 0 0 3,2



China 100 100 100 100 100Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 10,3286385 5,094339623 3,068181818 2,25 2,9Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0


Malaysia 2,004694836 0,788679245 0,272727273 0,316666667 0,1




Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0





Russian Federation 37,55868545 3,773584906 0 0 2,4


Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0

Sri Lanka 0,516431925 0,226415094 0 0 0

Thailand 0,417840376 0,022641509 0 0 0


United States 97,18309859 18,86792453 0 0 0,8

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0,22

TABLE A.49: PRODUCTION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD64


54

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 7,936507937 8,771929825 14,82051282 17,60797342 10,48238761



China 0 0 0 0 0Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 5,222222222 4,912280702 5,128205128 5,315614618 3,757837068

Indonesia 1,587301587 2,231578947 0,468864469 0,11627907 0,075156741

Japan 15,25 11,6 17,92447985 14,33222591 6,328988746

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0

Malaysia 2,297619048 3,333333333 1,638820513 2,388704319 2,37337078




Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0

New Caledonia 0,123015873 0,140350877 0,146520147 0 0

New Zealand 0,285714286 0,09122807 0,22032967 0,285714286 0,197780898

Northern Mariana Islands 0 0 0 0 0Pakistan 0,535714286 0,578947368 0,63003663 0 0


Philippines 2,952380952 0,073684211 0,622710623 0,734219269 0,692233144




Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0,23255814 0,124601966

Thailand 2,357142857 1,810526316 2,860857143 2,803986711 0,988904492



TABLE A.50: PRODUCTION OF SILICA IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD65


55




China 0 0 0 0 0Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0








Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0





Russian Federation 3,225806452 0 8,917197452 6,550218341 5,555555556




United States 100 100 21,65605096 30,96069869 29,2962963Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE A.51: PRODUCTION OF RHENIUM IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD66


56

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 58,0952381 41,28406122 72,36933798 53,77930564 32,2761194



China 8,095238095 48,52556924 76,65505226 77,2773418 72,76119403Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 2,380952381 1,866368048 0,696864111 0,572424754 0


India 2,238095238 1,866368048 1,81184669 2,355527863 0

Indonesia 4,761904762 8,174692049 10,24390244 7,699112942 0

Japan 8,476190476 3,247480403 2,822299652 0,15169256 0Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0

Malaysia 0,714285714 0,37327361 0 0,085863713 0



Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0Myanmar 0,238095238 0,074654722 0,034843206 0 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0

New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0New Zealand 1,047619048 1,194475551 1,010452962 0,30246924 0


Palau 0 0 0 0 0

Papua New Guinea 4,523809524 1,829040687 2,195121951 1,393195988 0

Philippines 1,476190476 0,746547219 0,31358885 0,794353831 0

Republic of Korea 15,85714286 10,00373274 0,243902439 0,040069733 0


Singapore 0 0 0 0 0Solomon Islands 0,333333333 0,223964166 0 0 0



United States 85,71428571 81,37364688 47,03832753 36,63518426 19,7761194


TABLE A.52: PRODUCTION OF SILVER IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD67


57

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 100 100 100 100 93,33333333Bangladesh 0 0 0 0 0


Cambodia 0 0 0 0 0China 0 0 0 0 0

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0Fiji 0 0 0 0 0







Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0







Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 0Thailand 0,446428571 0 0 0 0



TABLE A.53: PRODUCTION OF TANTALUM IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD68


58




China 7,526342198 6,805444355 34,49862006 39,07637655 71,11111111

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0Fiji 0 0 0 0 0


India 15,55444054 13,85108086 21,98712052 25,61278863 26,96296296


Malaysia 16,95935775 6,70552442 4,877920883 2,191829485 0




Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0







Sri Lanka 1,808329152 0,838270616 0 2,676198934 2,37037037

Thailand 0,163120923 0 0 0 0Timor-Leste 0 0 0 0 0

Tonga 0 0 0 0 0Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0

United States 0 0 18,39967801 14,20959147 22,22222222

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0

Vietnam 0 2,001601281 7,819687213 23,21492007 37,77777778

TABLE A.54: PRODUCTION OF TITANIUM IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD69


59

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia 0,636 0 0,012704174 0,017073171 0



China 100 100 100 100 100Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 4 3,6 1,08892922 0,56097561 0


India 0,044 0,004 0 0 0Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0

Japan 1,388 0 0 0 0Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0

Malaysia 0,012 0 0 0 0Maldives 0 0 0 0 0



Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0Myanmar 2,124 1,088 0,150635209 0,446341463 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0




Philippines 0 0 0 0 0Republic of Korea 0,988 0 0 0 0



Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 0Thailand 0,308 0,12 0,056261343 1,163414634 0


United States 0 0 0 0 0Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0,84 0 0 0

TABLE A.55: PRODUCTION OF TUNGSTEN IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD70


60

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia 0 0 12,12986086 0 0



China 33,57142857 96,21552277 52,32489 80,89925913 100

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0Fiji 0 0 0 0 0


Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0

Japan 1,75 1,571520205 1,978039402 2,384399217 1,435897436

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0









United States 9,642857143 0 0 0 0,697435897Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE A.56: PRODUCTION OF VANADIUM IN ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES, LEADER-LAGGARD71


61




China 248,07 496,86 761,62 1395,31 2255,56Hong Kong NA NA 17,16 14,80 17,70

Macao NA NA NA NA NADR Korea NA NA NA NA NA


India 91,26 129,44 166,62 265,05 348,46Indonesia 84,06 118,40 117,83 145,58 181,80

Japan 1311,99 1312,40 1201,09 1371,79 1289,1674

Kiribati 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 NALaos 0,16 0,29 0,44 0,81 1,64

Malaysia 30,81 50,87 56,17 71,68 78,05Maldives NA NA 0,09 0,21 0,23


Micronesia NA 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,0275

Mongolia 0,44 0,52 0,64 0,93 1,15Myanmar NA NA NA NA NA

Nepal 0,74 1,01 1,25 1,45 1,64Nauru NA NA NA NA NA

New Caledonia NA NA NA NA NANew Zealand 17,63 21,37 24,18 26,10 NA


Palau NA NA 0,03 0,03 0,01Papua New Guinea NA NA NA NA NA


Russian Federation 247,55 156,48 200,18 273,00 280,72Samoa 0,08 0,08 0,11 0,14 0,12

Singapore 17,03 26,37 30,64 44,04 58,01Solomon Islands 0,04 0,06 0,04 0,04 NA


Timor-Leste NA NA 0,06 0,06 0,1976

Tonga 0,03 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,06Tuvalu 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00

United States 1757,31 2170,71 2406,60 2686,20 2498,3077

Vanuatu 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,04 0,05Vietnam 6,03 11,28 16,86 25,32 33,77

TABLE A.57: VALUE ADDED INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT IN BILLION (CONSTANT 2005) USD OF COUNTRIES IN ASIA-PACIFIC (IN BILLION CONSTANT 2005 USD).78

72 Data for 2011 only.73 Data for 1993 only.74 Data for 2011 only.75 Data for 2011 only.76 Data for 2011 only.77 Data for 2011 only.78 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from World Bank (2015a).

62




China 14,12 22,89 31,65 51,94 90,28Hong Kong 0 0 0,71 0,55 0,71

- Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 5,19 5,96 6,92 9,87 13,95Indonesia 4,78 5,45 4,90 5,42 7,28


Malaysia 1,75 2,34 2,33 2,67 3,12Maldives 0 0 0 0,01 0,01




Nepal 0,04 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,07Nauru 0 0 0 0 0

New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0New Zealand 1,00 0,98 1,00 0,97 0




Russian Federation 14,09 7,21 8,32 10,16 11,24Samoa 0 0 0 0,01 0



Timor-Leste 0 0 0 0 0,01Tonga 0 0 0 0 0Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0

United States 100,00 100,00 100,0

0 100,00 100,00

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0,34 0,52 0,70 0,94 1,35

TABLE A.58: VALUE ADDED INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT IN BILLION (CONSTANT 2005) USD OF COUNTRIES IN ASIA-PACIFIC (IN BILLION CONSTANT 2005 USD), LEADER-LAGGARD.79



Bangladesh -1475200 -1411860 -1635782 4038397 -3112314Bhutan80 -15915 -21163 -2310 -6830 -16074

Brunei Darussalam81 100 190 116 0 10Cambodia NA 11000 15681 27222 15744

China -11614372 -2844237 -1078989 903305 -2572480Hong Kong -166000 -57000 -400000 -33400 -80458

Macao82 NA NA NA NA NADR Korea83 -45876 -72000 -106795 -136061 -102898

Fiji84 0 -206 -164 -850 -959French Polynesia85 -142491 -18527 -8602 -6289 -2778

India -1326946 -1485781 3632104 -2677596 499876Indonesia86 -2456438 -3611913 -4270734 -4575336 -5604861

Japan87 -5979327 -6315254 -5862815 -5275086 -6214220Kiribati88 1 0 0 0 0Laos89 0 0 0 0 0

Malaysia -1 -3 0 -2 -4Maldives90 -926122 -1068300 -2096733 2151034 -1134751

Marshall Islands NA 1 3 5 2Federated States of Micronesia NA NA NA NA NA

Mongolia 1400 -17273 -139284 -91840 -7402Myanmar91 0 4857 31678 90270 -149710

Nauru92 0 0 0 0 0Nepal93 -25000 0 -10000 -113 -824

New Caledonia94 -17423 -26568 -27143 -29437 -32198New Zealand -135435 -215903 -332653 -342880 -311777

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan 95 -2018165 -2500203 375403 322922 2065581

Palau NA NA NA NA NAPapua New Guinea -66000 -127000 -135000 -155593 -165644

Philippines -1745098 -2398828 -3099749 -1795865 -2766569Republic of Korea96 -3546304 -3325264 -3861349 -3178716 -4671334Russian Federation -17593008 -1599699 9994492 13978671 15065810

Samoa97 0 0 0 0 0Singapore -217746 -133061 -140130 -168897 -170075

Solomon Islands98 -5000 -102000 -5246 -13989 -15907Sri Lanka99 -783000 -872748 -1084330 -972103 -1303320Thailand -484084 -546248 -877159 -852808 -1426199

Timor-Leste NA NA NA NA NATonga 100 0 0 1 1 0Tuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States 32402423 23551745 22330173 30601278 30790817Vanuatu101 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam -29780 -251000 -702000 -1222000 -2421217

TABLE A.59: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF WHEAT IN BARRELS FOR SELECTED YEARS.102

80 2002, 2007: No export data available.81 1992: No export data available.82 2002: No import data available.83 Estimates, no export data available.84 1992, 2002: No export data available.85 No export data available.86 No export data available.87 1992: No export data available.88 No export data available.89 No export data available.90 No export data available, 1992: No import data available.91 1992: No import data available, 1997: No export data available.92 No export data available.93 1992: No export data available.94 1992: No export data available.95 1992: No export data available.96 1992, 2007: No export data available.97 1992: No export data available.98 No export data available.99 1992: No export data available.100 No export data available.101 No export data available.102 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from FAO (2015a) and (2015b).

64

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 51,384 86,023 72,92

5 33,534 64,505

Bangladesh 32,239 16,417 14,99

3 25,960 8,382

Bhutan 35,157 21,074 20,78

7 14,684 16,749

Brunei Darussalam 35,189 21,145 20,79

6 14,704 16,793

Cambodia 0,000 21,181 20,851 14,779 16,835

China 11,958 11,622 16,96

8 17,221 9,841

DR Korea 34,857 20,954 19,37

7 14,610 16,575


Fiji 35,097 20,904 20,41

6 14,324 16,515

French Polynesia 35,189 21,144 20,79

5 14,701 16,790

Hong Kong 34,904 21,083 20,76

5 14,686 16,785

India 32,535 16,170 33,67

8 7,240 18,144

Indonesia 30,276 9,051 5,647 1,950 1,647

Japan 23,229 0 0 0 0

Kiribati 35,189 21,145 20,79

5 14,704 16,793

Laos 35,189 21,145 20,79

5 14,704 16,793

Macao 35,189 21,145 20,79

5 14,704 16,793

Malaysia 33,337 17,568 13,35

8 20,699 13,726

Maldives 0 21,145 20,795 14,704 16,793

Marshall Islands 0 0 0 0 0

Mongolia 35,192 21,087 20,30

1 14,448 16,773

Myanmar 35,189 21,161 20,90

8 14,955 16,388

Nauru 35,189 21,145 20,79

5 14,704 16,793

Nepal 35,139 21,145 20,76

0 14,703 16,791

New Caledonia 35,154 21,056 20,69

9 14,621 16,706

New Zealand 34,918 20,422 19,61

5 13,748 15,950


Pakistan 31,153 12,773 22,12

7 15,604 22,375

Palau 0 0 0 0 0

Papua New Guinea 35,057 20,719 20,31

6 14,270 16,345

Philippines 31,699 13,113 9,801 9,698 9,317



Samoa 35,189 21,145 20,79

5 14,704 16,793

Singapore 34,75 20,699 20,29 14,233 16,333

65

4 8

Solomon Islands 35,179 20,803 20,77

7 14,665 16,750

Sri Lanka 33,623 18,222 16,94

9 11,994 13,271

Thailand 34,221 19,316 17,68

4 12,326 12,939

Timor-Leste 0 0 0 0 0

Tonga 35,189 21,145 20,79

5 14,704 16,793

Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0United States 100 100 100 100 100

Vanuatu 35,189 21,145 20,79

5 14,704 16,793

Vietnam 35,130 20,304 18,30

5 11,297 10,250

TABLE A.60: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF WHEAT IN BARRELS FOR SELECTED YEARS. LEADER-LAGGARD.103



Bangladesh -17724 -178816 -942798 -597298 -1E+06

Bhutan -19567 -28983 -13907 -7233 -54507Brunei Darussalam -28000 -33291 -34231 -33740 -28779

Cambodia -81000 -24000 -64895 -45918 -161917China 553250 311890 1E+06 341176 -558221

Hong Kong -348670 -336458 -331331 -

340168 -339724

Macao -25361 -24676 -24969 -31838 -27127

DR Korea -310000 -327320 -833475 -

784937 -98738

Fiji -29957 -51200 -23745 -29892 -31129French Polynesia -7209 -9500 -9874 -9892 -10048

India 478017 2E+06 5E+06 6E+06 5E+06

Indonesia -567075 -329250 -2E+06 -1E+06 -3E+06

Japan -17861 -517081 -626167 -623947 -716508

Kiribati104 -5191 -5046 -4500 -4317 -10568Laos105 -7014 -19927 -26400 -24628 -17071

Malaysia -444041 -629934 -493399 -

778670 -1E+06

Maldives106 -10000 -11773 -18251 -20356 -23710Marshall Islands NA NA NA NA NA

Federated States of Micronesia NA NA NA NA NA

Mongolia -4500 -7693 -18087 -28333 -14175Myanmar 198800 25668 777500 355546 221163Nauru107 0 0 -44 0 -3

Nepal -25000 -29500 -17557 -226260 -160800

New Caledonia -9090 -8319 -9408 -9328 9903New Zealand -16671 -24671 -35012 -39036 -31097

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 3E+06 3E+06

Palau NA NA NA NA NA

Papua New Guinea -149797 -168000 -182174 -

178137 -60787

Philippines 34466 -722397 -1E+06 -2E+06 -706076

Republic of Korea -903 -21650 -136187 -241232 -527,8

Russian Federation -588536 -360739 -458170 -

220395 -58273

Samoa -5000 -7000 -6000 -2701 -25000

Singapore -233417 -273704 -486399 -

249497 -275521

Solomon Islands -13084 -24000 -16018 -35706 -27235

Sri Lanka -236454 -304050 -92859 -

124208 -31622

Thailand 5E+06 6E+06 7E+06 9E+06 1E+07Timor-Leste -18000 -26500 -31500 -26508 -14061

Tonga108 -277 -241 -267 -402 -4Tuvalu109 -400 -1050 -1609 -58 0

United States 2E+06 2E+06 -3E+06 2E+06 3E+06Vanuatu110 -7975 -11000 -13000 -10915 -11277Vietnam 2E+06 4E+06 3E+06 5E+06 7E+06

104 No export data available.105 No export data available.106 No export data available.107 No export data available.108 No export data available.109 No export data available.110 No export data available.

67

TABLE A.61: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF RICE IN BARRELS FOR SELECTED YEARS.111

111 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from FAO (2015a).68


Bangladesh 9,9568 8,663 18,42

4 11,012 10,72

Bhutan 9,9246 11,051 27,58

7 16,393 20,067


6 16,151 20,259

Cambodia 8,853 11,13 27,084 16,04 19,266

China 19,916 16,483 41,22

8 19,569 16,309

Hong Kong 4,184 6,1507 24,456 13,357 17,939

Macao 9,8236 11,12 27,47

8 16,168 20,271

DR Korea 4,8586 6,2963 19,50

3 9,3012 19,737

Fiji 9,7434 10,697 27,49 16,186 20,241

French Polynesia 10,14 11,361 27,627 16,368 20,399

India 18,604 49,582 77,55

8 75,261 57,797

Indonesia 0,3743 6,2656 10,10

3 3,6734 0

Japan 9,9544 3,2721 21,54

8 10,769 15,128

Kiribati 10,175 11,432 27,68 16,419 20,395

Laos 10,144 11,195 27,46

4 16,234 20,346

Malaysia 2,5205 1,4736 22,85

7 9,3584 12,787

Maldives 10,092 11,325 27,54

4 16,273 20,297



Mongolia 10,187 11,39 27,54

6 16,2 20,368

Myanmar 13,734 11,922 35,39

3 19,7 22,123

Nauru 10,266 11,513 27,72

3 16,458 20,473

Nepal 9,8299 11,043 27,55

1 14,395 19,274

New Caledonia 10,107 11,38 27,63

1 16,373 20,547

New Zealand 9,9751 11,12 27,37

9 16,103 20,241


Pakistan 36,637 39,673 44,20

1 44,962 45,773

Palau 0 0 0 0 0

Papua New Guinea 7,653 8,8354 25,927 14,834 20,02

Philippines 10,867 0 15,92

5 0 15,206


Russian Federation 0 5,7637 23,205 14,449 20,039

Samoa 10,179 11,401 27,66

5 16,434 20,287

Singapore 6,1944 7,1508 22,92

6 14,184 18,418

69


6 16,133 20,27

Sri Lanka 6,1414 6,6672 26,80

8 15,326 20,238

Thailand 100 100 100 100 100

Timor-Leste 9,952 11,09 27,413 16,217 20,369

Tonga 10,261 11,509 27,72

1 16,455 20,473

Tuvalu 10,259 11,496 27,70

8 16,458 20,473

United States 44,523 41,777 0 37,23 39,634

Vanuatu 10,127 11,337 27,59

6 16,359 20,389

Vietnam 44,177 68,484 59,29

7 58,274 73,51

TABLE A.62: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF RICE IN BARREL. LEADER-LAGGARD.112



Bangladesh -76524 -207196 -459691 -1145611 -1520989Bhutan -3397 -3711 -1741 -449 -2962

Brunei Darussalam -5979 -5648 -10850 -11808 -13675Cambodia -6631 -57107 -281402 -221260 -17970

China 493556 -773614 -1371256 -1512033 -3620347Hong Kong -169755 -203321 -163663 -184968 -189304

Macao -6860 -6262 -5943 -7418 -7620DR Korea -86960 -47828 -43023 -95397 -101996

Fiji 362389 305711 281614 209471 104814French Polynesia -8268 -8498 -8448 -7944 -9105

India 424173 -178765 1744893 4879202 2803872Indonesia -355302 -1234614 -1028041 -3169125 -2513111

Japan -1831250 -1701794 -1475468 -1525851 -1536398Kiribati -2771 -3388 -6539 -5004 -5762Laos -14131 -22949 -27810 -22832 -50885

Malaysia -643946 -1031212 -908638 -1230213 -1495860Maldives -8153 -10123 -11515 -10713 -10174

Marshall Islands NA NA NA NA NAFederated States of Micronesia NA NA NA NA NA

Mongolia -45437 -11627 -27313 -36984 -31121Myanmar -13392 5977 13930 -6276 -75708

Nauru -174 -326 -388 -200 -170Nepal -17392 -32610 -8459 -9652 -17882

New Caledonia -6453 -6918 -6308 -8375 -8770New Zealand -179602 -220488 -242927 -207397 -174464

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan -127276 -448980 -77452 -682727 -118874

Palau NA NA NA NA NAPapua New Guinea 2618 -3158 11902 -12915 -36536

Philippines 191587 122293 -92697 215402 548178Republic of Korea -944994 -1148917 -1195433 -1125248 -1257346

Russian Federation -5240273 -3511113 -4386053 -3212475 -2308946Samoa -5315 -4631 -9127 -8252 -8536

Singapore -231944 -281903 -348245 -299095 -265013Solomon Islands -2433 -3114 -3362 -3967 -3938

Sri Lanka -373344 -545206 -611127 -709186 -612808Thailand 3868768 416986 4204508 4609806 6714938

Timor-Leste -2174 -2718 -4348 -12609 -6531Tonga -2374 -2293 -1648 -1963 -2323Tuvalu 0 0 -398 -508 -468

United States -1432066 -2806987 -1289556 -1616541 -3207832Vanuatu -1663 -2474 -2881 -3754 -2400Vietnam -30161 -61959 -8304 -26501 -388451

TABLE A.63: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF SUGAR IN BARRELS.113


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 82,403 100,000 90,980 75,560 52,348



China 62,947 35,337 35,094 21,015 0,000Hong Kong 55,665 42,699 49,152 37,415 33,197

Macao 57,453 45,242 50,987 39,609 34,955DR Korea 56,574 44,706 50,556 38,522 34,042


India 62,185 43,016 71,368 100,000 62,158Indonesia 53,628 29,386 39,090 0,536 10,713




Micronesia 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000


Nauru 57,526 45,319 51,052 39,699 35,027Nepal 57,337 44,902 50,958 39,582 34,856






Singapore 54,982 41,684 47,003 36,005 32,465Solomon Islands 57,502 45,283 51,018 39,652 34,991


Timor-Leste 57,504 45,288 51,006 39,545 34,966Tonga 57,502 45,293 51,037 39,677 35,007Tuvalu 57,528 45,323 51,052 39,695 35,024

United States 41,807 9,089 36,045 19,723 3,991Vanuatu 57,510 45,291 51,023 39,655 35,006Vietnam 57,197 44,523 50,960 39,373 31,271

TABLE A.64: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF SUGAR IN BARRELS. LEADER-LAGGARD.114


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 (2011)Australia 11444 7764 70631 817 41049

Bangladesh 0 -13344 -217713 -223145 -529259Bhutan115 -1405 -2164 -10000 -5533 -9399

Brunei Darussalam116 -8,5 -4998 -2631 -145 -5401Cambodia117 6000 995 -162 77530 4510

China 4934750 815308 6558755 335876 -5793972Hong Kong118 -50056 -15510 -53241 -51267 -28717

Macao -107 -2 0 -11 0DR Korea119 -586500 -654000 -408000 -71388 -148415

Fiji120 -3470 -1900 -45 -79 -12French Polynesia121 -4800 6274 -5201 -5299 -3429

India122 425 1605 78068 2723442 3939841Indonesia 93819 -1079397 -1137757 -600213 -3194940

Japan123 -16382338 -16097484 -16420530 -16627581 -15284561

Kiribati124 0 0 -22 -1 -2Laos 5000 140 -12218 21630 202091

Malaysia -1811387 -2733600 -2391848 -2657319 -2859141Maldives125 0 -29 -9 -13 -16



Mongolia126 0 0 0 -36 -1000Myanmar 44400 49200 217427 159447 139151

Nauru NA NA NA NA NANepal127 0 -329 -1643 -58956 -194738

New Caledonia128 -2894 -1044 -790 -254 -3510New Zealand 7816 -286 -20665 -7997 -549

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan129 -25734 -2750 -2984 -5860 236310


Philippines -563 -302591 -277879 -151946 -66181Republic of Korea -6612233 -8312573 -9112502 -8578913 -7758598

Russian Federation -5489384 -282337 -447100 -40459 607402Samoa130 -220 -3 -2 -12 27Singapore -98574 -59814 -35909 -9774 -20997

Solomon Islands131 0 0 -29 -34 -36Sri Lanka132 -34843 -90237 -94595 -78757 -8243

Thailand -300009 -181607 137143 281033 186060Timor-Leste133 0 0 0 -5000 -3822

Tonga134 -1 -1 -1 -3 0Tuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States 42892009 41491020 47385505 56680022 45247772Vanuatu135 -6 0 0 -11 -8Vietnam 69323 45300 -295226 -535356 -877085

TABLE A.65: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF MAIZE IN BARRELS.136

115 2002, 2007: No export data available.116 1992: No export data available.117 1992: No import data available.118 1992: No export data available, 2002: No import data available.119 1992: No export data available.120 1992: No export data available.121 No export data available.122 1992: No import data available.123 1997: No import data available.124 No export data available.125 No export data available.126 No export data available.127 1997, 2002: No export data available.128 1992: No export data available, 2002: No import data available.129 1992: No export data available, 2002: No import data available.130 No export data available.131 No export data available.132 2002: No export data available.133 No export data available.134 No export data available.135 1992: No export data available, 1997: No import data available.136 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from FAO (2015a).

73




China 35,963 29,368 36,014 23,140 15,679Hong Kong 27,554 27,926 25,652 22,612 25,203

Macao 27,638 27,953 25,735 22,682 25,250DR Korea 26,649 26,817 25,096 22,585 25,005


India 27,639 27,955 25,857 26,397 31,759Indonesia 27,796 26,078 23,952 21,863 19,972




Micronesia 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000


Nauru 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000Nepal 27,638 27,952 25,732 22,602 24,929









United States 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000

Vanuatu 27,638 27,953 25,735 22,682 25,250Vietnam 27,755 28,031 25,272 21,952 23,801

TABLE A.66: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF MAIZE IN BARRELS. LEADER-LAGGARD.137


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia -60615 -53010 6502 -7943 674

Bangladesh138 NA 0 0 -140340 -129100Bhutan 171 105 0 0 -13

Brunei Darussalam -260 -161 -674 -237 -249Cambodia 10000 5460 -663 20437 7259

China -1719470 -5469661 -13593760

-32718060 -54615278

Hong Kong -22508 -21809 -20497 -23862 -24458Macao -308 -175 -720 -656 -530

DR Korea139 -46200 -26000 -89343 -43332 -26400Fiji140 0 0 4 -3 -13

French Polynesia141 -15 -14 -9 -15 -5India142 0 11372 1715 7431 30435

Indonesia -690222 -616369 -1365018 -2238923 -2088069Japan -4725248 -5056861 -5038837 -4159509 -2830758Kiribati NA NA NA NA NALaos 600 100 48 195 215

Malaysia -502264 -458400 -633920 -480692 -608658Maldives143 0 0 0 0 -2



Mongolia144 0 0 0 -3 13Myanmar145 3700 440 2031 4200 5000

Nauru NA NA NA NA NANepal146 NA 0 -677 -318 -71411

New Caledonia 0 -19 -22 -14 -7New Zealand -366 -420 -746 -1,056 -730

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan147 0 -18500 -257112 0 -3

Palau NA NA NA NA NAPapua New Guinea148 -60 0 -551 0 0

Philippines149 -51893 -111052 -264110 -166679 -51642Republic of Korea -1289377 -1567588 -1474648 -1185047 -1147421

Russian Federation -211475 84885 -64304 -108874 -885990Samoa NA NA NA NA NA

Singapore150 -22525 -30729 -19477 -18095 -18804Solomon Islands151 0 0 0 0 -9

Sri Lanka152 -214 -200 -3511 -17 -49Thailand -157266 -869068 -1527722 -1538177 -1993126

Timor-Leste NA NA NA NA NATonga153 0 0 -2 0 0Tuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States 19810436

26095025 27323413 29564479 33941183

Vanuatu154 0 0 0 -1 -1Vietnam 7773 21700 -1250 -49024 -874742

138 No export data available.139 1992: No export data available.140 2011: No export data available.141 No export data available.142 1992: No import data available.143 No export data available, 2007: No import data available.144 No export data available.145 No import data available.146 2011: No export data available.147 1992: No import data available.148 No export data available.149 1992: No export data available.150 1997: No export data available.151 No export data available.152 1997: No export data available, 2007, 2011: No import data available.153 No export data available.154 No export data available.

75

TABLE A.67: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF SOYBEANS IN BARRELS.155


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 19,012 17,160 33,23

9 52,519 61,674

Bangladesh 0 17,328 33,223 52,306 61,527

Bhutan 19,259 17,329 33,22

3 52,532 61,673


1 52,531 61,673

Cambodia 19,299 17,346 33,22

1 52,564 61,681

China 12,251 0 0 0 0

Hong Kong 19,167 17,259 33,17

3 52,493 61,645

Macao 19,257 17,328 33,22

1 52,531 61,672

DR Korea 19,070 17,246 33,00

4 52,462 61,643

Fiji 19,259 17,328 33,22

3 52,532 61,673


3 52,532 61,673

India 19,259 17,364 33,22

7 52,544 61,707

Indonesia 16,446 15,376 29,88

7 48,937 59,315

Japan 0 1,308 20,908 45,853 58,476

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0

Laos 19,261 17,329 33,22

3 52,532 61,673

Malaysia 17,212 15,876 31,67

3 51,760 60,986

Maldives 19,259 17,328 33,22

3 52,532 61,673



Mongolia 19,259 17,328 33,22

3 52,532 61,673

Myanmar 19,274 17,330 33,22

8 52,538 61,678

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0

Nepal 0 17,328 33,221 52,531 61,592

New Caledonia 19,259 17,328 33,22

3 52,532 61,673

New Zealand 19,257 17,327 33,22

1 52,532 61,672


Pakistan 19,259 17,270 32,59

4 52,532 61,673

Palau 0 0 0 0 0

Papua New Guinea 19,258 17,328 33,22

1 52,532 61,673

Philippines 19,047 16,977 32,57

7 52,264 61,615


9 50,629 60,377


5 52,357 60,672

Samoa 0 0 0 0 0

Singapore 19,167 17,231 33,17

5 52,503 61,652


3 52,532 61,673

77

Sri Lanka 19,258 17,328 33,21

4 52,532 61,673

Thailand 18,618 14,575 29,48

9 50,062 59,422

Timor-Leste 0 0 0 0 0

Tonga 19,259 17,328 33,22

3 52,532 61,673

Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0United States 100 100 100 100 100

Vanuatu 19,259 17,328 33,22

3 52,532 61,673

Vietnam 19,290 17,397 33,22

0 52,453 60,685

TABLE A.68: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF SOYBEANS IN BARRELS. LEADER-LAGGARD.156


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia -1693 -815 -313 -5524 -14207

Bangladesh157 0 -1 36 -28 12517Bhutan158 -822 -1081 -400 -160 -1420

Brunei Darussalam159 -20 -542 -598 -40 -41Cambodia160 NA -24 -4084 -1985 -672

China -1051 -4682 -6209 12991 7615Hong Kong -67 -5918 -172 -396 -820

Macao -278 -74 -140 -63 -114

DR Korea161 -3 -186 -25100 -1100 -290

Fiji -1 -4 -637 -1723 -18166French Polynesia162 -10 -7 -27 -22 -96

India 7772 -1744 -2846 5350 -6155Indonesia 4336 307 1693 436 5853

Japan -9001 -5602 -5039 -7424 -6786Kiribati163 -28 -33 -130 -2 -2Laos164 NA -50 -10 -230 -110

Malaysia 30 -120 1011 -4549 -13956Maldives165 -25 -3313 -4006 -6180 -6806



Mongolia166 0 8 -2 -264 -150Myanmar167 NA -40 -85 -657 7

Nauru168 NA 0 -2 0 -4Nepal 0 -27 -1215 4472 1321

New Caledonia169 -20 -12 0 0 0New Zealand -213 -837 -866 -2100 -2399

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan -2811 -1831 -3056 1692 954

Palau NA NA NA NA NAPapua New Guinea170 -1100 0 -108 -1 0

Philippines171 -49 -361 -601 -711 -17660Republic of Korea -153 -211 -977 -25755 -20658

Russian Federation -250 -8123 116 -282 -1239Samoa172 -10 -70 -70 -13 -28

Singapore -3690 -10476 -13518 -14344 -12334

Solomon Islands173 0 -20 -403 -59 -210Sri Lanka -522 -99 -112 -5550 -1170Thailand 12 -5 -154 0 0

Timor-Leste174 -650 -900 -1200 -1200 -26Tonga NA 0 -89 -39 -19

Tuvalu175 NA 0 -1 -1 -8United States 2944 3461 77207 95426 98824

Vanuatu -34 -200 -200 -269 -116

157 1992: No export data available.158 1997: No export data available.159 1992: No export data available.160 No export data available.161 No export data available.162 1992: No export data available.163 No export data available.164 No export data available.165 No export data available.166 2007: No export data available.167 1997: No export data available.168 No export data available.169 No export data available.170 No export data available.171 1992: No export data available.172 1992: No export data available.173 No export data available.174 No export data available.175 No export data available.

79

Vietnam NA NA NA NA NA

TABLE A.69: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF VEGETABLE OIL IN BARRELS.176

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 43,570 69,319 24,22

8 16,695 5,399

Bangladesh 53,664 75,160 24,56

9 21,230 27,766

Bhutan 48,763 67,410 24,14

3 21,121 16,101


9 21,220 17,255

Cambodia 0,000 74,995 20,542 19,615 16,727

China 47,398 41,573 18,46

5 31,974 23,663

Hong Kong 53,264 32,704 24,36

6 20,927 16,603

Macao 52,006 74,636 24,39

7 21,201 17,194

DR Korea 53,646 73,832 0 20,346 17,047

Fiji 53,658 75,138 23,91

1 19,831 2,086


8 21,235 17,209

India 100 62,653 21,752 25,668 12,138

Indonesia 79,515 77,370 26,18

9 21,613 22,188

Japan 0,000 34,972 19,609 15,127 11,610

Kiribati 53,497 74,930 24,40

7 21,252 17,288

Laos 0,000 74,808 24,524 21,064 17,198

Malaysia 53,842 74,306 25,52

2 17,499 5,609

Maldives 53,515 51,396 20,61

8 16,154 11,593



Mongolia 53,664 75,224 24,53

2 21,035 17,164

Myanmar 0 74,880 24,451 20,711 17,295

Nauru 0 75,167 24,532 21,253 17,286

Nepal 53,664 74,973 23,34

6 24,944 18,395

New Caledonia 53,544 75,081 24,53

4 21,253 17,290

New Zealand 52,394 69,161 23,68

8 19,520 15,282


Pakistan 36,905 62,029 21,54

7 22,650 18,088

Palau 0 0 0 0 0

Papua New Guinea 47,105 75,167 24,42

8 21,253 17,290

Philippines 53,371 72,577 23,94

7 20,667 2,509


9 0 0



7 21,021 16,253

Samoa 53,604 74,665 24,46

6 21,243 17,266

Singapore 31,664 0,000 11,32

1 9,416 6,967


0 21,205 17,114

Sri Lanka 50,551 74,456 24,42

5 16,673 16,310

Thailand 53,735 75,131 24,38

3 21,253 17,290

Timor-Leste 49,788 68,709 23,36

1 20,263 17,268

Tonga 0,000 75,167 24,447 21,221 17,274

Tuvalu 0,000 75,167 24,533 21,253 17,283

United States 71,216 100 100 100 100

Vanuatu 53,461 73,732 24,33

9 21,031 17,193

Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE A.70: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF VEGETABLE OIL IN BARRELS. LEADER-LAGGARD.177


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 (2011)

Australia 1256072 1371138 1587409 1593729 1323317Bangladesh -293 -374 -180 -442 -111

Bhutan -116 -46 -46 -26 -3023Brunei Darussalam -9759 -9689 -3065 -5767 -8026

Cambodia 0 -76 -96 -528 -519China 99627 -46071 -573828 -950775 -1636931

Hong Kong -333076 -474995 -514995 -669216 -1150287Macao -14683 -15152 -19522 -36832 -45316

DR Korea -9068 -2486 -29230 -1168 -1248Fiji -13196 -12045 -10228 -9891 -6861

French Polynesia -18580 -20485 -25497 -29292 -29663India 88717 184628 306166 497588 1006395

Indonesia -3765 -31888 -8257 -61026 -81732Japan -1614304 -2239210 -2578210 -2661927 -2982488Kiribati -768 -1156 -1755 -4428 -2198Laos -135 -22 -18 -11 -1

Malaysia -73097 -109481 -180812 -192453 -195495Maldives -721 -2929 -4133 -7734 -10997

Marshall Islands NA NA NA NA NAFederated States of Micronesia NA NA NA NA NA

Mongolia 12700 7623 23026 10143Myanmar 0 -406 -1098 -317 -9139

Nauru -674 -640 -376 -102 -78Nepal 2 -20 -132 -137 2344

New Caledonia -8476 -10609 -11031 -15283 -18477New Zealand 822875 810274 760598 833192 629764



Philippines -20372 -107744 -156185 -187280 -290630Republic of Korea -210478 -254517 -614706 -753654 -1102722

Russian Federation -865517 -2659918 -2652744 -2899747 -1968743Samoa -7101 -5027 -9229 -9705 -12,795

Singapore -101363 -122180 -201689 -230798 -258741Solomon Islands -357 -871 -1041 -1942 -5466

Sri Lanka -511 -1444 -1648 -4352 838Thailand 192070 217432 562341 497636 704274

Timor-Leste -3820 -4625 -5210 -5210 -5522Tonga -5229 -5752 -6569 -8498 -11816Tuvalu -171 -233 -698 -483 -438

United States 242005 2668730 2465975 3303701 5609980Vanuatu 1001 1619 -409 -782 -1253Vietnam 14378 64,428 3948 -204887 -1053305

TABLE A.71: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF MEAT IN TOTAL BARRELS.178


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 (2011)Australia 100 75,649 82,836 72,435 50,111



China 59,711 49,053 40,614 31,418 15,660Hong Kong 44,636 41,003 41,763 35,956 21,323

Macao 55,729 49,633 51,443 46,150 34,183DR Korea 55,924 49,871 51,253 46,725 34,696


India 59,331 53,382 57,806 54,765 46,423Indonesia 56,109 49,319 51,663 45,760 33,759






Nauru 56,217 49,905 51,817 46,742 34,710Nepal 56,240 49,917 51,822 46,742 34,738





Russian Federation 26,087 0 0 0 11,798Samoa 55,993 49,823 51,644 46,588 34,710




United States 64,671 100 100 100 100Vanuatu 56,275 49,948 51,816 46,732 34,696Vietnam 56,741 49,919 51,902 43,441 22,452

TABLE A.72: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF MEAT IN TOTAL BARRELS. LEADER-LAGGARD.179



Bangladesh -237061 -207958 -366776 -360635 -535197Bhutan NA NA NA NA NA

Brunei Darussalam -19093 -22617 -37131 -22100 -18230Cambodia -7406 -14500 -11543 -55322 -16345

China -1328973

-1934899 -2938145 -2808839 -7790721

Hong Kong -327375 -443589 -446532 -481429 -679044Macao -18381 -18594 -23024 -38563 -51804

DR Korea180 -198 -587 -1789 -18614 -9013Fiji -38732 -46920 -24424 -51461 -56693

French Polynesia -22761 -27948 -33508 -37858 -34548India -53834 -17602 86575 525703 212365

Indonesia -372421 -505572 -875353 -1787480 -2233985

Japan -1583960

-1677837 -1628473 -1763181 -1654795

Kiribati181 -1021 -973 -1381 -508 -2276Laos182 -7387 -15609 -22009 -17337 -15241

Malaysia -903067 -1231375 -1109581 -1214469 -1100332

Maldives -9120 -15942 -18094 -28230 -38220Marshall Islands NA NA NA NA NA


Mongolia -4702 -2188 -10054 -7689 -6562Myanmar183 -45540 -111047 -118950 -123828 -137782

Nauru184 -469 -399 -403 -23 -82Nepal -11498 9482 -5120 -8852 -21335

New Caledonia -24801 -27974 -34756 -35875 -40455

New Zealand 5489488 7821099 10982706

11933424 10863597

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan -197237 -64593 -34823 -182748 -339572


Philippines -1040321

-1429462 -1420459 -1138705 -1277111

Republic of Korea -213974 -340652 -478513 -687143 -1008658

Russian Federation -1657686

-2170404 -1125892 -1758692 -2242465

Samoa185 -5216 -5670 -5296 -5117 -4699Singapore -394077 -453639 -512517 -741133 -1019488

Solomon Islands -2242 -2308 -1530 -2423 -3949Sri Lanka -245181 -333079 -491731 -548484 -658682

Thailand -805648 -1316383 -863921 -667654 -1018839

Timor-Leste186 -7350 -8400 -10080 -59 -6670Tonga -3821 -4684 -5796 -5812 -3581

Tuvalu187 -177 -289 -278 -232 -188United States 967299 664215 588130 4065664 7100621

Vanuatu -1140 -1745 -1440 -4477 -5424Vietnam -89930 -175071 -507425 -814745 -1143836

TABLE A.73: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF MILK IN TOTAL BARRELS. 188

180 No export data available.181 No export data available.182 No export data available.183 No export data available.184 No export data available.185 No export data available.186 No export data available.187 No export data available.188 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from FAO (2015a).

84

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 53,176 64,525 62,84

2 41,919 54,047

Bangladesh 19,877 19,641 18,47

1 16,607 38,895

Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0


9 18,903 41,666

Cambodia 23,090 21,577 21,02

3 18,678 41,676

China 4,599 2,357 0 0 0

Hong Kong 18,613 17,283 17,89

8 15,787 38,123

Macao 22,936 21,536 20,94

1 18,791 41,486

DR Korea 23,191 21,717 21,09

3 18,927 41,715

Fiji 22,652 21,253 20,93

1 18,704 41,460


5 18,796 41,578

India 22,440 21,546 21,72

8 22,619 42,902

Indonesia 17,983 16,662 14,81

8 6,928 29,788

Japan 1,032 4,930 9,408 7,093 32,893

Kiribati 23,179 21,713 21,09

6 19,050 41,751

Laos 23,090 21,566 20,94

8 18,935 41,682

Malaysia 10,558 9,398 13,13

5 10,815 35,865

Maldives 23,066 21,563 20,97

6 18,861 41,559



Mongolia 23,128 21,701 21,03

4 19,001 41,728

Myanmar 22,556 20,611 20,25

2 18,213 41,025

Nauru 23,187 21,719 21,10

3 19,053 41,763

Nepal 23,033 21,817 21,06

9 18,993 41,649

New Caledonia 22,847 21,443 20,85

6 18,810 41,547


Pakistan 20,434 21,076 20,85

6 17,813 39,943

Palau 0 0 0 0 0

Papua New Guinea 22,756 21,339 20,91

6 18,886 41,638

Philippines 8,638 7,416 10,902 11,329 34,917


9 14,392 36,357

Russian Federation 0 0 13,018 7,123 29,742

Samoa 23,121 21,666 21,06

8 19,018 41,738

Singapore 17,680 17,182 17,42

4 14,026 36,298


5 19,037 41,742

85

Sri Lanka 19,763 18,389 17,57

4 15,332 38,233

Thailand 11,921 8,547 14,90

0 14,524 36,302

Timor-Leste 23,091 21,638 21,03

4 19,053 41,728

Tonga 23,140 21,676 21,06

4 19,014 41,744

Tuvalu 23,191 21,720 21,10

4 19,051 41,763

United States 36,728 28,370 25,33

1 46,631 79,828

Vanuatu 23,178 21,705 21,09

6 19,023 41,735

Vietnam 21,935 19,970 17,46

1 13,526 35,632

TABLE A.74: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF MILK IN TOTAL BARRELS. LEADER-LAGGARD.189


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia -26682 -66205 -91855 -89098 -59853

Bangladesh190 NA -23 -1204 -573 -2864Bhutan NA NA NA -118 -247

Brunei Darussalam191 -1098 -695 -371 -137 25Cambodia192 NA 0 188 -14 -1601

China -640081 -951872 -951977 -1007252 -1420465

Hong Kong -23906 -24003 -26500 -17004 -6383Macao193 -130 -1225 -863 -482 -661

DR Korea194 0 -414 -1579 128 1270Fiji 350 -1210 1196 2206 1675

French Polynesia195 -150 640 1271 2390 2857India -196 -7240 -33845 3775 26203

Indonesia -53862 -109130 -33185 48830 62499

Japan -265521 -584451 -479849 -487293 -415606

Kiribati196 388 141 141 58 4Laos NA -75 -305 -548 -2700

Malaysia -5561 -19178 25364 11302 7000Maldives197 2174 2513 2812 2191 667

Marshall Islands198 NA 0 -3 33 344Federated States of Micronesia NA NA 25 24 100

Mongolia199 NA -4 -63 0 -69Myanmar200 0 -10 -6 -156 22348

Nauru NA NA NA NA NANepal201 NA -100 -56 -23 -5531

New Caledonia202 0 -1362 -1706 -2803 -2560New Zealand 14926 21036 15121 19341 20575

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan 3201 1444 7125 9609 15486Palau203 NA NA 1 1 32

Papua New Guinea -1460 0 -538 5436 2425Philippines -48479 -93194 -39675 -15947 18139

Republic of Korea -21168 -22298 -34706 -29923 -12702Russian Federation 11345 -45646 -69402 -25715 -5584

Samoa204 0 -2 -147 -2 -136Singapore -5075 -2380 7529 -2162 281

Solomon Islands205 0 70 266 493 1059Sri Lanka -6520 -6129 -9717 -8281 -10788Thailand -70250 -85546 -26823 71504 53559

Timor-Leste206 NA NA NA 0 -159Tonga 207 NA 150 28 108 107Tuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States 65952 67454 98213 64082 74991Vanuatu NA NA 53 0 4

Vietnam208 357 -2159 -16024 -92893 -26404

TABLE A.75: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF FISH, CRUSTACEANS, MOLLUSCS AND OTHER AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES IN BARRELS.209

190 1997, 2002: No export data available.191 1992: No export data available.192 1997: No export data available.193 2002, 2011: No export data available.194 1992: No export data available.195 1992: No export data available.196 No import data available.197 1992, 1997: No import data available.198 1997: No export data available.199 No export data available.200 1992, 1997, 2002: No export data available.201 1997: No export data available.202 1992, 1997: No export data available.203 No import data available.204 1992, 1997: No export data available.205 1992: No export data available.206 No export data available.207 1997: No import data available.208 1992: No import data available.209 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from FAO (2015a).

87


Bangladesh 0 93,380 90,533 93,319 94,794Bhutan 0 0 0 93,361 94,969

Brunei Darussalam 90,503 93,314 90,613 93,359 94,987Cambodia 0 93,382 90,666 93,370 94,878

China 0 0 0 0 0Hong Kong 87,273 91,028 88,125 91,795 94,559

Macao 90,640 93,262 90,566 93,327 94,941DR Korea 90,659 93,342 90,498 93,383 95,070


India 90,631 92,672 87,425 93,722 96,738Indonesia 83,030 82,676 87,488 97,898 99,165




Micronesia 0,000 0,000 90,650 93,374 94,992


Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 93,373 90,643 93,369 94,616



Palau 0 0 90,648 93,372 94,988Papua New Guinea 90,452 93,382 90,597 93,876 95,148




Sri Lanka 89,735 92,781 89,723 92,604 94,264Thailand 80,709 84,990 88,094 100 98,567

Timor-Leste 0 0 0 93,372 94,975Tonga 0 93,397 90,651 93,382 94,993Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0

United States 100 100 100 99,312 100,000Vanuatu 0 0 90,653 93,372 94,986Vietnam 90,709 93,171 89,122 84,761 93,220

TABLE A.76: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF FISH, CRUSTACEANS, MOLLUSCS AND OTHER AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES IN BARRELS. LEADER-LAGGARD.210


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia 304780 255003 65629 -382176 -665051

Bangladesh -29489 -112126 -110162 -117540 -350972Bhutan NA NA NA NA NA

Brunei Darussalam -19918 -24545 -49359 -26774 -24105Cambodia 0 -10418 -10913 -57117 -31669

China -325651 -831103 -37523 2915841 1185882Hong Kong -551941 -720466 -733094 -717197 -663254

Macao -28196 -25430 -21584 -53894 -36476DR Korea -3000 -1860 -8760 -11952 -8050

Fiji -1780 -4554 -3686 -15428 -16635French Polynesia -9038 -6870 -5732 -11800 -9482

India 25373 41441 116075 270315 225157Indonesia 118684 14030 107930 -240427 -482442

Japan -2552673 -3210120 -4276965 -4783135 -4396439

Kiribati211 -251 -259 -180 -466 -872Laos -500 -894 -618 -33029 -29579

Malaysia -26304 -219145 -259656 -390718 -455441Maldives212 -751 -11730 -16567 -26589 -31299



Mongolia -2895 -20465 -33855 -99973 -78376Myanmar 9300 -2140 43013 32593 174525


New Caledonia -6399 -10702 -9692 -15354 -20070New Zealand 348305 357155 379410 381333 541100



Philippines 1411504 1862413 2226129 3191570 2959012Republic of Korea -716868 -793999 -704010 -1193265 -1253907

Russian Federation -3199794 -2939672 -3755939 -8297607 -8153629

Samoa 2199 1909 1576 348 369Singapore NA NA NA NA NA

Solomon Islands -224 -103 -474 -2051 -3443Sri Lanka -780 2787 -36736 -14472 -41467Thailand 1167009 1228325 1660672 2704309 3896679

Timor-Leste213 -5625 -7500 -8270 -2292 -633Tonga NA NA NA NA NATuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States -5533451 -5988549 -6750121 -

13049689 -9231402

Vanuatu -1042 -678 -644 -1621 -2674Vietnam 30550 -16511 173842 107876 288124

TABLE A.77: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF FRUITS, EXCLUDING WINE IN BARRELS. 214

211 No export data available.212 No export data available.213 No export data available.214 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from FAO (2015a).

89

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 84,064 79,526 75,93

1 77,996 65,252

Bangladesh 79,251 74,850 73,97

3 79,625 67,645

Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0


0 80,184 70,134

Cambodia 79,676 76,145 75,07

8 79,997 70,077

China 74,987 65,692 74,78

2 98,302 79,351

Hong Kong 71,728 67,101 67,03

3 75,933 65,266

Macao 79,270 75,954 74,95

9 80,017 70,040

DR Korea 79,633 76,254 75,10

2 80,275 70,257

Fiji 79,650 76,220 75,15

9 80,254 70,191


6 80,276 70,246

India 80,041 76,806 76,49

3 82,013 72,033

Indonesia 81,385 76,457 76,40

2 78,869 66,643

Japan 42,920 35,390 27,55

2 50,898 36,829

Kiribati 79,672 76,275 75,19

8 80,346 70,311

Laos 79,669 76,267 75,19

3 80,146 70,093

Malaysia 79,297 73,487 72,30

7 77,943 66,849

Maldives 79,665 76,128 75,01

5 80,185 70,080



Mongolia 79,634 76,017 74,82

3 79,733 69,721

Myanmar 79,810 76,251 75,67

9 80,550 71,647

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0

New Caledonia 79,584 76,142 75,09

2 80,254 70,165

New Zealand 84,691 80,827 79,42

7 82,697 74,440

Northern Mariana Islands 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000

Pakistan 81,106 78,005 76,76

5 80,823 74,430


Philippines 100 100 100 100 92,858


7 73,002 60,767


7 29,259 8,210

Samoa 79,707 76,302 75,21

7 80,351 70,321

Singapore 0 0 0 0 0


5 80,336 70,292

Sri Lanka 79,665 76,313 74,79

1 80,260 70,002

90

Thailand 96,480 91,923 93,70

1 97,000 100

Timor-Leste 79,595 76,182 75,10

8 80,335 70,313

Tonga 0 0 0 0 0Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0

United States 0 0 0 0 0

Vanuatu 79,661 76,269 75,19

3 80,339 70,298

Vietnam 80,116 76,068 77,13

6 81,013 72,513

TABLE A.78: NET IMPORT AND EXPORT OF FRUITS, EXCLUDING WINE IN BARRELS. LEADER-LAGGARD.215


Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 16,884 31,339 42,40

6 35,484 36,778

Bangladesh 15,967 29,855 40,47

5 33,892 35,481

Bhutan 15,727 29,668 40,12

2 33,465 34,749


3 33,865 35,380

Cambodia 15,766 29,721 40,22

0 33,585 34,817

China 41,261 46,846 57,76

7 79,642 93,070

Hong Kong 27,861 39,658 51,19

6 45,105 46,705

Macao 0,265 0,214 0,253 0,355 0,684DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0

Fiji 0,065 0,061 0,043 0,047 0,050French Polynesia 0 0 0,054 0,048 0,033

India 16,811 31,103 43,74

7 39,193 38,112

Indonesia 17,626 32,045 43,29

3 36,756 37,142

Japan 76,805 73,001 68,22

3 62,454 59,037

Kiribati 0,003 0,002 0,002 0,002 0

Laos 15,748 29,647 40,12

6 33,441 34,615

Malaysia 18,557 33,100 45,01

8 39,487 41,212

Maldives 0,017 0,020 0,020 0,026 0,047Marshall Islands 0 0 0 0 0

Federated States of Micronesia 0 0 0,004 0,003 0

Mongolia 0,033 0,030 0,035 0,062 0,135

Myanmar 15,758 29,673 40,24

2 33,563 34,564

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,064 0,081 0,055 0,064 0,088

New Caledonia 0 0 0,048 0,082 0,064

New Zealand 16,134 29,701 40,74

3 33,873 35,079


Pakistan 16,236 29,490 40,89

3 33,863 35,192


Philippines 16,671 28,745 41,84

1 35,332 36,743


7 45,689 51,125


0 45,210 51,166

Samoa 0,007 0,006 0,005 0,006 0,006

Singapore 23,847 41,150 48,01

9 44,594 49,385

Solomon Islands 0,012 0,013 0,004 0,007 0,013

Sri Lanka 15,838 29,852 40,37

5 33,654 34,804

Thailand 17,363 32,665 43,78

6 38,468 40,298

Timor-Leste 0 0 0 0,007 0,018Tonga 0,004 0,004 0,003 0,003 0,004Tuvalu 0 0 0,001 0,001 0

92

United States 50 50 50 50 50Vanuatu 0,007 0,006 0,005 0,006 0,008

Vietnam 15,980 29,975 40,92

9 34,627 37,914

TABLE A.79: TRADE AND FINANCE COMBINED FOR SELECTED YEARS.216

216 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from UNCTAD (2015) and IMF (2014a).93

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 21,983 42,930 62,158 44,555 39,516

Bangladesh 20,789 40,897 59,327 42,555 38,123

Bhutan 20,477 40,640 58,811 42,020 37,337

Brunei Darussalam 21,237 41,238 59,311 42,522 38,014

Cambodia 20,527 40,713 58,953 42,170 37,410

China 53,721 64,172 84,674 100,000 100,000

Hong Kong 14,322 15,068 16,124 13,812 11,819

Macao 0,346 0,293 0,372 0,446 0,735DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0

Fiji 18,228 19,178 20,521 17,579 15,042

French Polynesia 0 0 0,080 0,060 0,036

India 21,888 42,606 64,124 49,212 40,950

Indonesia 22,949 43,896 63,458 46,152 39,907

Japan 100 100 100 78,418 63,433Kiribati 0,004 0,003 0,002 0,002 0

Laos 20,504 40,612 58,817 41,989 37,193

Malaysia 24,161 45,342 65,987 49,582 44,280

Maldives 0,022 0,028 0,029 0,033 0,051Marshall Islands 0 0 0 0 0

Federated States of Micronesia 0 0 0,006 0,004 0

Mongolia 0,043 0,041 0,051 0,078 0,145

Myanmar 20,517 40,647 58,986 42,143 37,138

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,083 0,111 0,080 0,080 0,095

New Caledonia 0 0 0,071 0,103 0,069

New Zealand 21,006 40,686 59,720 42,532 37,691


Pakistan 21,139 40,397 59,940 42,520 37,813


Philippines 21,706 39,376 61,331 44,364 39,479



Samoa 0,009 0,008 0,007 0,008 0,007

Singapore 31,049 56,369 70,385 55,993 53,063

Solomon Islands 0,016 0,018 0,005 0,009 0,014

Sri Lanka 20,621 40,892 59,180 42,257 37,396

Thailand 22,606 44,746 64,181 48,302 43,299


94

United States 65,100 68,492 73,289 62,781 53,723

Vanuatu 0,009 0,008 0,007 0,007 0,008

Vietnam 20,806 41,062 59,993 43,479 40,737

TABLE A.80: TRADE AND FINANCE COMBINED FOR SELECTED YEARS. LEADER-LAGGARD.217

217 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from UNCTAD (2015) and IMF (2014a).95



Brunei Darussalam NA 5998,49 6492,15 11813,57 NACambodia 821,20 2148,40 5110,05 11983,34 18071,63

China 152636,00 371654,00 693407,50 2376497,00 4272634,19Hong Kong 284224,78 459880,01 476216,00 838960,00 1129220,18

Macao 6756,76 8463,41 12087,44 28471,08 67885,21DR Korea NA NA NA NA NA

Fiji 1645,45 2428,11 2060,70 3750,44 4985,99French Polynesia NA NA 2588,64 3839,56 3296,47

India 54619,09 102985,51 146360,80 520129,20 1023035,39Indonesia 72061,00 126069,00 118524,90 240089,50 425000,61

Japan 682448,90 909545,92 868991,14 1528712,49 1935338,66Kiribati 76,05 73,24 79,99 134,41 NALaos 498,10 1135,90 952,48 2309,31 6244,19



Micronesia NA NA 208,86 246,93 NA

Mongolia 845,20 1179,40 1653,94 5008,06 13344,77Myanmar 1322,30 4046,16 5125,21 10202,43 NA


New Caledonia NA NA 2297,77 6558,13 6392,95New Zealand 24054,69 36765,60 38918,12 74862,44 98484,83



Philippines 31393,00 NA 83194,00 124698,00 140814,00Republic of Korea 180711,20 337160,60 380732,10 899964,80 1285916,00

Russian Federation NA 194027,38 205374,80 675288,50 1042141,45Samoa 175,80 220,07 238,15 480,76 633,54



Timor-Leste NA NA NA 570,08 1765,83Tonga 102,47 145,28 146,06 216,46 360,32Tuvalu NA NA 24,01 42,86 NA

United States 1272972,50 1977184,52 2384354,4

0 4008727,00 4960119,00

Vanuatu 181,31 238,06 243,82 471,64 775,71Vietnam 6149,00 25300,00 41112,00 121196,77 242140,00

TABLE A.81: TOTAL TRADE VOLUME, TRADE IN GOODS AND SERVICES INCLUDING IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.218

218 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from UNCTAD (2015).96



Brunei Darussalam 0 0,303 0,272 0,295 0Cambodia 0,065 0,109 0,214 0,299 0,364

China 11,991 18,797 29,08

2 59,283 86,140

Hong Kong 22,328 23,259 19,97

3 20,928 22,766

Macao 0,531 0,428 0,507 0,710 1,369DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0

Fiji 0,129 0,123 0,086 0,094 0,101French Polynesia 0 0 0,109 0,096 0,066

India 4,291 5,209 6,138 12,975 20,625Indonesia 5,661 6,376 4,971 5,989 8,568

Japan 53,611 46,002 36,44

6 38,135 39,018

Kiribati 0,006 0,004 0,003 0,003 0,000Laos 0,039 0,057 0,040 0,058 0,126



Micronesia 0 0 0,009 0,006 0

Mongolia 0,066 0,060 0,069 0,125 0,269Myanmar 0,104 0,205 0,215 0,255 0

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,128 0,162 0,109 0,127 0,177

New Caledonia 0 0 0,096 0,164 0,129New Zealand 1,890 1,859 1,632 1,867 1,986



Philippines 2,466 0 3,489 3,111 2,839


8 22,450 25,925

Russian Federation 0 9,813 8,613 16,845 21,010Samoa 0,014 0,011 0,010 0,012 0,013

Singapore 12,623 16,503 13,71

8 17,955 21,137




TABLE A.82: TOTAL TRADE VOLUME, TRADE IN GOODS AND SERVICES INCLUDING IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. LEADER-LAGGARD.219


97

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012Australia -10,285 -11,989 -15,457 -58,375 -56,901

Bangladesh -0,126 -0,666 0,167 0,617 0,823Bhutan -0,070 0,018 -0,081 0,145 -0,350

Brunei Darussalam 1,870 1,399 2,347 5,857 7,887Cambodia -0,025 0,042 -0,104 -0,166 -1,553

China 64,020 36,962 35,422 353,183 193,139Hong Kong 3,135 -7,729 12,412 25,544 7,156

Macao NA NA NA NA NADR Korea NA NA NA NA NA


India -3,526 -5,499 6,345 -15,736 -88,163Indonesia -3,100 -3,800 7,822 6,795 -24,074

Japan 112,333 96,521 112,715 212,103 60,446Kiribati NA NA NA NA NALaos -0,041 -0,185 -0,172 -0,662 -2,602

Malaysia -2,207 -5,935 8,025 29,736 18,566Maldives NA NA NA NA NA



Mongolia NA NA NA NA NAMyanmar220 -0,114 -0,412 0,144 -0,157 -2,452


New Caledonia NA NA NA NA NANew Zealand -1,810 -4,204 -2,222 -10,743 -8,507

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan -1,065 -3,599 2,833 -6,878 -4,658


Philippines -0,993 -4,330 -0,282 7,112 7,177Republic of Korea -2,240 -8,183 7,542 21,770 43,139

Russian Federation -1,200 -0,080 29,116 71,346 74,799Samoa NA NA NA NA NA

Singapore 5,885 15,378 11,843 46,348 51,437Solomon Islands NA NA NA NA NA

Sri Lanka -0,554 -0,531 -0,236 -1,400 -3,915Thailand -6,018 -3,110 4,685 15,682 0,169


United States -51,614 -140,720 -457,797 -713,390 -440,417Vanuatu NA NA NA NA NAVietnam -0,008 -1,528 -0,627 -6,992 9,061

TABLE A.83: BALANCE OF PAYMENTS FOR SELECTED YEARS.221

220 1992, 1997: Asia Development Bank.221 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from IMF (2014a).

98

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 25,209 54,262 77,53

4 61,413 60,534

Bangladesh 31,405 59,034 80,27

2 66,944 69,645

Bhutan 31,439 59,323 80,22

9 66,900 69,460


5 67,435 70,760

Cambodia 31,467 59,333 80,22

5 66,871 69,270

China 70,531 74,895 86,45

2 100 100

Hong Kong 33,394 56,057 82,41

9 69,281 70,645

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 29,331 56,997 81,35

5 65,411 55,600

Indonesia 29,591 57,713 81,61

4 67,523 65,715

Japan 100 100 100 86,773 79,056Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0

Laos 31,457 59,237 80,21

3 66,824 69,104

Malaysia 30,136 56,814 81,65

0 69,674 72,446



Mongolia 0 0 0 0 0

Myanmar222 31,412 59,142 80,26

8 66,871 69,128

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0


New Zealand 30,378 57,543 79,85

4 65,879 68,172


Pakistan 30,833 57,798 80,74

0 66,241 68,780


Philippines 30,876 57,490 80,19

4 67,553 70,648


5 68,927 76,324


7 73,575 81,321

Samoa 0 0 0 0 0

Singapore 35,072 65,797 82,31

9 71,232 77,634


Sri Lanka 31,144 59,091 80,20

2 66,755 68,897

Thailand 27,811 58,004 81,06

4 68,357 69,542



222 1992, 1997: Asia Development Bank.99

Vietnam 31,477 58,671 80,13

3 66,231 70,945

TABLE A.84: BALANCE OF PAYMENTS FOR SELECTED YEARS. LEADER-LAGGARD.223

223 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from IMF (2014a).

100

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 7,532 8,223 10,243 11,835 10,171



9 13,103 10,967

Cambodia 8,114 9,347 7,154 6,615 8,063

China 28,919 28,525 35,40

7 40,109 42,967

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 7,472 7,430 9,533 9,809 10,416Fiji 4,690 4,199 6,454 11,040 6,123


India 16,920 18,988 26,21

6 26,812 26,889

Indonesia 3,962 5,579 6,057 7,120 7,269

Japan 10,154 12,989 14,05

1 13,147 11,842

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0

Laos 20,271 9,944 2,524 2,260 1,126





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 2,334 2,559 5,379 7,635 6,514



Pakistan 19,331 19,036 21,30

0 22,140 19,322


Philippines 5,570 6,385 6,886 7,701 6,556


9 21,751 20,722


4 31,664 32,566

Samoa 0 0 0 0 0

Singapore 11,809 14,288 20,46

5 20,042 16,212


Sri Lanka 8,700 13,807 14,000 17,989 12,861

Thailand 8,720 8,453 8,426 9,638 9,675Timor-Leste 0 0 0,006 3,514 1,753

Tonga 0 0 0 0 0Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0

United States 83,795 79,361 85,28

8 93,364 92,867

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0

Vietnam 13,655 3,465 4,264 16,772 14,933

TABLE A.85: COMBINED CONVENTIONAL MILITARY CAPABILITIES.224

224 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from SIPRI (2014a) and (2015a) as well as IISS (1992), (1997), (2002), (2007), (2012) and (2015).

101

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 8,989 10,361 12,009 12,677 10,952



8 14,034 11,810

Cambodia 9,683 11,778 8,388 7,085 8,683

China 34,512 35,943 41,51

5 42,960 46,267

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 8,917 9,362 11,177 10,507 11,216


India 20,192 23,926 30,73

8 28,718 28,954

Indonesia 4,728 7,030 7,101 7,626 7,828

Japan 12,117 16,366 16,47

4 14,081 12,752

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0

Laos 24,191 12,530 2,960 2,421 1,212

Malaysia 9,688 8,868 11,311 12,810 8,499



Mongolia 5,402 5,705 8,066 7,053 5,254

Myanmar 11,689 13,257 9,305 19,629 25,363

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 2,785 3,225 6,307 8,177 7,015



Pakistan 23,069 23,986 24,97

4 23,714 20,806


Philippines 6,648 8,045 8,074 8,249 7,060


5 23,298 22,313


9 33,915 35,067

Samoa 0 0 0 0 0

Singapore 14,093 18,004 23,99

5 21,467 17,457


Sri Lanka 10,382 17,398 16,41

4 19,268 13,849

Thailand 10,406 10,652 9,879 10,323 10,419

Timor-Leste 0 0 0,007 3,764 1,888Tonga 0 0 0 0 0Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0


Vietnam 16,296 4,366 5,000 17,965 16,080

TABLE A.86: COMBINED CONVENTIONAL MILITARY CAPABILITIES. LEADER-LAGGARD.225

225 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from SIPRI (2014a) and (2015a) as well as IISS (1992), (1997), (2002), (2007), (2012) and (2015).

102




China 25317229 26335230 52832231 96782232 159620233

Hong Kong NA NA NA NA NAMacao NA NA NA NA NA

DR Korea NA NA NA NA NAFiji 51 43,1 56,9 87 55,1

French Polynesia NA NA NA NA NAIndia 16783 22102 28528 36664 49459

Indonesia 1905234 2503235 3130236 4448 7975Japan 52486 56988 60701 60574 59571Kiribati NA NA NA NA NALaos 215237 115238 26,8239 21,4240 19,1241




Mongolia 43 38,7 52,3 83,8 107Myanmar NA NA NA NA NA

Nauru NA NA NA NA NANepal 79,2 85,5 178 227 268

New Caledonia NA NA NA NA NANew Zealand 1514 1495 1426 1649 1695


Palau NA NA NA NA NAPapua New Guinea 108 149 46,9 66 77,9


Russian Federation 62300251 34900252 37300253 55954254 80995255

Samoa NA NA NA NA NA

226 Estimates.227 Estimates.228 Estimates.229 Estimates.230 Estimates.231 Estimates.232 Estimates.233 Estimates.234 Estimates.235 Estimates.236 Estimates.237 Data highly uncertain.238 Data highly uncertain.239 Data highly uncertain.240 Data highly uncertain.241 Data highly uncertain.242 Estimates.243 Estimates.244 Estimates.245 Estimates.246 Estimates.247 Estimates.248 Estimates.249 Estimates.250 Estimates.251 Estimates.252 Estimates.253 Estimates.254 Estimates.255 Estimates.

104

Singapore 4182 6567 7909 9055 8890Solomon Islands NA NA NA NA NA


Timor-Leste NA NA NA 31,6260 26,7Tonga NA NA NA NA NATuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States 489226 387258 446142 604292 671097Vanuatu NA NA NA NA NAVietnam 745 NA NA 2386 3128261

TABLE A.87: MILITARY EXPENDITURES IN THOUSAND USD (CONSTANT 2011). 262

256 Estimates.257 Estimates.258 Estimates.259 Estimates.260 Estimates.261 Data highly uncertain.262 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from SIPRI (2014a) and (2015a).

105




China 5,175 6,800 11,842 16,016 23,785

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0Fiji 0,010 0,011 0,013 0,014 0,008


Indonesia 0,389 0,646 0,702 0,736 1,188

Japan 10,728 14,716 13,60

6 10,024 8,877

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0,044 0,030 0,006 0,004 0,003





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,016 0,022 0,040 0,038 0,040






Samoa 0 0 0 0 0Singapore 0,855 1,696 1,773 1,498 1,325


Timor-Leste 0 0 0 0,005 0,004Tonga 0 0 0 0 0Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0

United States 100 100 100 100 100Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0Vietnam 0,152 0 0 0,395 0,466

TABLE A.88: MILITARY EXPENDITURES IN THOUSAND USD (IN CONSTANT 2011 USD). LEADER-LAGGARD.263

263 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from SIPRI (2014a) and (2015a).106


Bangladesh 1,1 1,3 1,1 1 1,3Bhutan NA NA NA NA NA

Brunei Darussalam 6,2 7,2 5,3 2,6 2,5Cambodia 3,1266 3 1,6 1,1 1,6

China 2,5267 1,6268 2,2269 2,1270 2271


DR Korea NA NA NA NA NAFiji 2 1,5 1,7 2,2 1,4

French Polynesia NA NA NA NA NAIndia 2,8 2,7 2,9 2,3 2,5

Indonesia 0,8272 0,7273 0,8274 0,8 0,9Japan 0,9 0,9 1 1 1Kiribati NA NA NA NA NALaos 8,6275 3,5276 0,6277 0,4278 0,2279

Malaysia 3 2,1 2,2 2,1 1,5Maldives NA NA NA NA NA



Mongolia 1,9 1,6 1,8 1,3 1,1Myanmar 3,4 2,7 1,3 3 4,6


New Caledonia NA NA NA NA NANew Zealand 1,6 1,3 1,1 1 1

Northern Mariana Islands NA NA NA NA NAPakistan 6,4280 5,1281 4282 3,2 3


Philippines 2283 1,9284 1,5285 1,3 1,2Republic of Korea 3,7286 2,9287 2,4288 2,6 2,8


Samoa NA NA NA NA NA

264 Estimates.265 Estimates.266 Estimates.267 Estimates.268 Estimates.269 Estimates.270 Estimates.271 Estimates.272 Estimates.273 Estimates.274 Estimates.275 Data highly uncertain.276 Data highly uncertain.277 Data highly uncertain.278 Data highly uncertain.279 Data highly uncertain.280 Estimates.281 Estimates.282 Estimates.283 Estimates.284 Estimates.285 Estimates.286 Estimates.287 Estimates.288 Estimates.289 Estimates.290 Estimates.291 Estimates.292 Estimates.293 Estimates.

107

Singapore 4,7 4,6 5 3,7 3,4Solomon Islands NA NA NA NA NA


Timor-Leste NA NA NA 0,7298 0,4Tonga NA NA NA NA NATuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States 4,8 3,3 3,4 4 4,4Vanuatu NA NA NA NA NAVietnam 3,4 NA NA 2,5 2,4299

TABLE A.89: MILITARY EXPENDITURES SHARE OF GDP FOR SELECTED YEARS (PER CENT). 300

294 Estimates.295 Estimates.296 Estimates.297 Estimates.298 Estimates.299 Data highly uncertain.300 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from SIPRI (2014a) and (2015a).

108

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 25,581 26,389 35,84

9 45,000 36,957

Bangladesh 12,791 18,056 20,75

5 25,000 28,261

Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0

Brunei Darussalam 72,093 100 100 65,000 54,348

Cambodia 36,047 41,667 30,18

9 27,500 34,783

China 29,070 22,222 41,50

9 52,500 43,478

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0

Fiji 23,256 20,833 32,07

5 55,000 30,435


India 32,558 37,500 54,71

7 57,500 54,348

Indonesia 9,302 9,722 15,094 20,000 19,565

Japan 10,465 12,500 18,86

8 25,000 21,739

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0

Laos 100 48,611 11,321 10,000 4,348

Malaysia 34,884 29,167 41,50

9 52,500 32,609



Mongolia 22,093 22,222 33,96

2 32,500 23,913

Myanmar 39,535 37,500 24,52

8 75,000 100

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0

Nepal 10,465 11,111 24,52

8 35,000 28,261


New Zealand 18,605 18,056 20,75

5 25,000 21,739


Pakistan 74,419 70,833 75,47

2 80,000 65,217

Palau 0 0 0 0 0

Papua New Guinea 15,116 22,222 11,32

1 15,000 13,043

Philippines 23,256 26,389 28,30

2 32,500 26,087


3 65,000 60,870


8 85,000 84,783

Samoa 0 0 0 0 0

Singapore 54,651 63,889 94,34

0 92,500 73,913


Sri Lanka 39,535 63,889 62,26

4 82,500 56,522

Thailand 31,395 29,167 26,41

5 32,500 32,609

Timor-Leste 0 0 0 17,500 8,696

109

Tonga 0 0 0 0 0Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0

United States 55,814 45,833 64,15

1 100 95,652

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0

Vietnam 39,535 0 0 62,500 52,174

TABLE A.90: MILITARY EXPENDITURES SHARE OF GDP FOR SELECTED YEARS. LEADER-LAGGARD.301

301 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from SIPRI (2014a) and (2015a).110




China 3030000

2840000 2270000 225500

0 2285000


DR Korea 1132000

1055000 1082000 110600

0 1190000

Fiji 5000 3600 3500 3500 3500French Polynesia NA NA NA NA NA

India 1265000

1145000 1298000 131600

0 1325000

Indonesia 283000 461000 297000 302000 302000Japan 246000 235600 239900 240400 247746Kiribati NA NA NA NA NALaos 37000 29000 29100 29100 29100










Russian Federation 2720000

1240000 988100 102700

0 956000

Samoa NA NA NA NA NASingapore 55500 70000 60500 72500 72500

Solomon Islands NA NA NA NA NASri Lanka 105900 117000 157900 150900 160900Thailand 283000 266000 306000 306600 305860

Timor-Leste NA NA 636 1250 1332Tonga NA NA NA NA NATuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States 1913750

1447600 1414000 150675

7 1569417

Vanuatu NA NA NA NA NAVietnam 857000 492000 484000 455000 482000

TABLE A.91: MILITARY PERSONNEL AND ACTIVE NATIONAL FORCES.302

302 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from IISS (1992), (1997), (2002), (2007), (2012) and (2015).

111




China 100 100 100 100 100Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 37,360 37,148 47,66

5 49,047 52,079


India 41,749 40,317 57,18

1 58,359 57,987

Indonesia 9,340 16,232 13,084 13,392 13,217

Japan 8,119 8,296 10,568 10,661 10,842

Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 1,221 1,021 1,282 1,290 1,274




Mongolia 0,512 0,387 0,401 0,381 0,438

Myanmar 9,439 15,106 15,154 16,630 17,768

Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 1,155 1,620 2,247 3,060 4,191



Pakistan 19,142 20,669 27,31

3 27,450 28,096


Philippines 3,515 3,891 4,670 4,701 5,470


0 30,466 28,665


9 45,543 41,838

Samoa 0 0 0 0 0Singapore 1,832 2,465 2,665 3,215 3,173

Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0Sri Lanka 3,495 4,120 6,956 6,692 7,042

Thailand 9,340 9,366 13,480 13,596 13,386

Timor-Leste 0 0 0,028 0,055 0,058Tonga 0 0 0 0 0Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0

United States 63,160 50,972 62,29

1 66,818 68,683

Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0

Vietnam 28,284 17,324 21,32

2 20,177 21,094

TABLE A.92: MILITARY PERSONNEL AND ACTIVE NATIONAL FORCES. LEADER-LAGGARD.303

303 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from IISS (1992), (1997), (2002), (2007), (2012) and (2015).

112




China 470 39 49 1484 1840Hong Kong NA NA NA NA NA

Macao NA NA NA NA NADR Korea NA307 Na308 Na Na309 Na

Fiji 1100 983 1130 688 626French Polynesia NA NA NA NA NA

India 500 570 2415 8921 7512Indonesia 1186 116 35 332 1588

Japan 0 45 720 30 258Kiribati NA NA NA NA NALaos 0 0 0 0 0








Palau NA NA NA NA NAPapua New Guinea 0 0 0 Na310 41


Russian Federation 12396 6618 20822 32568 30574Samoa NA NA NA NA NA

Singapore 517311 1166 1063 936 253Solomon Islands NA NA NA NA NA


Timor-Leste NA NA 0 0 0Tonga NA NA NA NA NATuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States 315653312 242229313 525355 346802 277320Vanuatu NA NA NA NA NAVietnam 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE A.93: MILITARY TROOPS ABROAD.314

304 Advisers in some states.305 Advisers in some states.306 Advisers in some states.307 Some advisers in African countries.308 Some advisers in African countries.309 Some advisers in African countries.310 Some in Solomon Islands.311 And more in training camps.312 Plus forces at sea.313 Plus forces at sea.314 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from IISS (1992), (1997), (2002), (2007), (2012) and (2015).

113



Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0,014Cambodia 0 0 0 0,014 0,080

China 0,149 0,016 0,009 0,428 0,663Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0

Macao 0 0 0 0 0DR Korea 0 0 0 0 0


India 0,158 0,235 0,460 2,572 2,709Indonesia 0,376 0,048 0,007 0,096 0,573

Japan 0 0,019 0,137 0,009 0,093Kiribati 0 0 0 0 0Laos 0 0 0 0 0





Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0,276 0,276 0,190 0,878 1,279



Palau 0 0 0 0 0Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0,015

Philippines 0,029 0 0,013 0,104 0,235Republic of Korea 0 0,014 0,107 1,018 0,405



Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0,279 0,405Thailand 0,228 0,002 0,073 0,056 0,300



TABLE A.94: MILITARY TROOPS ABROAD IN THOUSAND. LEADER-LAGGARD.315

315 Own compilation, standardization and illustration based on data taken from IISS (1992), (1997), (2002), (2007), (2012) and (2015).

114

Countries/Year 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Australia 0 0 0 0 0Bangladesh 0 0 0 0 0


Cambodia 0 0 0 0 0China 50 50 50 50 50

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0Macao 0 0 0 0 0

DR Korea 0 0 0 20 20Fiji 0 0 0 0 0







Nauru 0 0 0 0 0Nepal 0 0 0 0 0










TABLE A.95: NUCLEAR MILITARY CAPABILITIES.316

316 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from Kristensen and Norris (2014) as well as World Nuclear Association (2015).

115

Country CIAP1992

CIAP1997

CIAP2002

CIAP2007

CIAP2012

KMEANS1992

Distance1992

KMEANS1997

Distance1997

KMEANS2002

Distance

2002KMEANS

2007Distance

2007KMEANS

2012Distance

2012

Australia 25,72 29,02 32,74 27,87 27,05 1,00 12,52 1,00 23,59 1,00 14,23 1,00 0,00 1,00 0,00

Bangladesh 4,89 7,15 9,00 7,79 9,07 3,00 4,89 3,00 7,15 3,00 9,00 3,00 7,79 3,00 9,07Bhutan 2,69 4,46 6,95 5,99 5,75 3,00 2,69 3,00 4,46 3,00 6,95 3,00 5,99 3,00 5,75

Brunei Darussalam 7,66 11,43 13,79 10,21 9,33 3,00 7,66 3,00 11,43 3,00 13,79 3,00 10,21 3,00 9,33

Cambodia 6,07 7,38 8,66 7,54 7,69 3,00 6,07 3,00 7,38 3,00 8,66 3,00 7,54 3,00 7,69

China 36,61 52,61 67,79 72,10 88,93 1,00 1,62 1,00 0,00 2,00 4,49 2,00 16,38 4,00 11,07

Hong Kong 2,65 2,83 3,38 3,20 2,69 3,00 2,65 3,00 2,83 3,00 3,38 3,00 3,20 3,00 2,69Macao 1,22 1,36 1,35 1,68 1,80 3,00 1,22 3,00 1,36 3,00 1,35 3,00 1,68 3,00 1,80

DR Korea 4,07 4,60 4,65 9,44 9,89 3,00 4,07 3,00 4,60 3,00 4,65 3,00 9,44 3,00 9,89Fiji 3,38 3,49 4,36 5,07 3,54 3,00 3,38 3,00 3,49 3,00 4,36 3,00 5,07 3,00 3,54

French Polynesia 0,04 0,12 0,08 0,12 0,14 3,00 0,04 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,14

India 38,24 40,24 46,97 55,72 53,27 1,00 0,00 1,00 12,37 1,00 0,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,00

Indonesia 10,14 12,33 12,76 12,45 14,98 3,00 10,14 3,00 12,33 3,00 12,76 3,00 12,45 1,00 12,07

Japan 24,96 25,07 26,30 22,71 21,10 1,00 13,28 3,00 25,07 1,00 20,67 1,00 5,16 1,00 5,95

Kiribati 0,06 0,12 0,08 0,12 0,14 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,14Laos 9,08 7,46 8,01 7,06 6,80 3,00 9,08 3,00 7,46 3,00 8,01 3,00 7,06 3,00 6,80

Malaysia 7,48 9,61 13,17 10,91 9,95 3,00 7,48 3,00 9,61 3,00 13,17 3,00 10,91 3,00 9,95

Maldives 0,06 0,14 0,09 0,14 0,16 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,14 3,00 0,09 3,00 0,14 3,00 0,16Marshall Islands 0,06 0,13 0,08 0,12 0,14 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,13 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,14

Federated States of Micronesia 0,05 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 3,00 0,05 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,00

Mongolia 2,42 2,49 3,38 3,61 3,55 3,00 2,42 3,00 2,49 3,00 3,38 3,00 3,61 3,00 3,55Myanmar 6,58 7,21 8,50 8,67 10,61 3,00 6,58 3,00 7,21 3,00 8,50 3,00 8,67 3,00 10,61

Nauru 0,06 0,13 0,08 0,13 0,15 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,13 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,13 3,00 0,15Nepal 0,72 0,95 1,67 2,27 2,42 3,00 0,72 3,00 0,95 3,00 1,67 3,00 2,27 3,00 2,42

New Caledonia 0,32 0,24 0,26 0,35 0,31 3,00 0,32 3,00 0,24 3,00 0,26 3,00 0,35 3,00 0,31

New Zealand 8,12 9,77 12,68 12,24 10,05 3,00 8,12 3,00 9,77 3,00 12,68 3,00 12,24 3,00 10,05

Northern Mariana Islands 0,06 0,13 0,08 0,12 0,14 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,13 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,14

Pakistan 9,96 15,70 21,58 21,18 23,98 3,00 9,96 3,00 15,70 3,00 21,58 1,00 6,69 1,00 3,07

116

Palau 0,06 0,13 0,08 0,12 0,14 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,13 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,14Papua New Guinea 1,17 2,00 1,10 1,43 1,53 3,00 1,17 3,00 2,00 3,00 1,10 3,00 1,43 3,00 1,53

Philippines 6,93 9,53 10,93 10,22 10,00 3,00 6,93 3,00 9,53 3,00 10,93 3,00 10,22 3,00 10,00

Republic of Korea 13,39 16,62 20,59 21,19 21,60 3,00 13,39 3,00 16,62 3,00 20,59 1,00 6,68 1,00 5,45

Russian Federation 69,28 69,49 72,27 74,04 77,79 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 18,32 4,00 22,21

Samoa 0,06 0,12 0,08 0,12 0,14 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,14

Singapore 7,10 9,52 12,02 10,64 9,72 3,00 7,10 3,00 9,52 3,00 12,02 3,00 10,64 3,00 9,72

Solomon Islands 0,08 0,14 0,10 0,14 0,16 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,14 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,14 3,00 0,16

Sri Lanka 6,18 9,30 10,96 10,11 8,07 3,00 6,18 3,00 9,30 3,00 10,96 3,00 10,11 3,00 8,07

Thailand 12,32 13,58 16,40 17,32 17,37 3,00 12,32 3,00 13,58 3,00 16,40 1,00 10,55 1,00 9,67

Timor-Leste 0,00 0,10 0,07 0,96 0,63 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,07 3,00 0,96 3,00 0,63Tonga 0,06 0,12 0,08 0,12 0,14 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,14Tuvalu 0,06 0,12 0,08 0,12 0,14 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,14

United States 100 100 100 100 100 4,00 0,00 4,00 0,00 4,00 0,00 4,00 0,00 4,00 0,00Vanuatu 0,07 0,13 0,09 0,13 0,15 3,00 0,07 3,00 0,13 3,00 0,09 3,00 0,13 3,00 0,15

Vietnam 9,38 9,19 12,01 13,96 13,68 3,00 9,38 3,00 9,19 3,00 12,01 1,00 13,91 1,00 13,37

TABLE A.96: CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF CIAP I (1:2:2)317

317 Own compilation, standardization, calculation (SPSS) and illustration. ‘KMEANS’ = k-means clustering of respective year; ‘Distance’ = distance to respective cluster centre. Note that numbers in KMEANS indicate grouping and not ranking. Colour coding: purple = primary power(s), dark blue = regional great powers, azure = middle powers, pastel green = small powers or ‘the rest’.

117

Country CIAP1992

CIAP1997

CIAP2002

CIAP2007

CIAP2012

KMEANS1992

Distance1992

KMEANS1997

Distance1997

KMEANS2002

Distance

2002KMEANS

2007Distance

2007KMEANS

2012Distance

2012

Australia 21,85 24,69 27,97 24,00 23,27 1,00 1,45 1,00 0,00 1,00 5,10 1,00 0,00 1,00 2,45


Brunei D 7,73 11,49 13,42 9,63 8,80 3,00 7,73 3,00 11,49 1,00 9,45 3,00 9,63 3,00 8,80

Cambodia 5,79 6,88 7,72 6,73 7,05 3,00 5,79 3,00 6,88 3,00 7,72 3,00 6,73 3,00 7,05

China 34,66 49,36 63,37 66,93 82,46 1,00 11,36 2,00 0,00 2,00 9,22 2,00 13,12 4,00 17,54

Hong Kong 2,17 2,32 2,76 2,62 2,20 3,00 2,17 3,00 2,32 3,00 2,76 3,00 2,62 3,00 2,20Macao 0,99 1,11 1,10 1,37 1,48 3,00 0,99 3,00 1,11 3,00 1,10 3,00 1,37 3,00 1,48

DR Korea 4,08 4,55 4,82 10,50 11,17 3,00 4,08 3,00 4,55 3,00 4,82 3,00 10,50 3,00 11,17Fiji 3,31 3,38 4,34 5,33 3,63 3,00 3,31 3,00 3,38 3,00 4,34 3,00 5,33 3,00 3,63

French P 0,03 0,09 0,06 0,10 0,11 3,00 0,03 3,00 0,09 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,11

India 37,64 39,30 45,62 53,81 51,82 1,00 14,35 2,00 10,06 1,00 22,76 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,00

Indonesia 8,67 10,63 10,94 10,73 12,96 3,00 8,67 3,00 10,63 3,00 10,94 3,00 10,73 1,00 12,76

Japan 23,30 23,71 24,88 21,61 20,38 1,00 0,00 1,00 0,98 1,00 2,02 1,00 2,39 1,00 5,34

Kiribati 0,05 0,10 0,06 0,10 0,11 3,00 0,05 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,11Laos 9,48 7,00 6,79 5,98 5,68 3,00 9,48 3,00 7,00 3,00 6,79 3,00 5,98 3,00 5,68

Malaysia 7,03 8,67 11,87 10,08 9,01 3,00 7,03 3,00 8,67 1,00 10,99 3,00 10,08 3,00 9,01

Maldives 0,05 0,11 0,08 0,11 0,14 3,00 0,05 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,14Marshall 0,05 0,10 0,07 0,10 0,12 3,00 0,05 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,07 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,12

Federated States of Micronesia 0,04 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 3,00 0,04 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,00


Nauru 0,05 0,11 0,07 0,10 0,12 3,00 0,05 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,07 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,12Nepal 0,76 1,00 1,88 2,56 2,71 3,00 0,76 3,00 1,00 3,00 1,88 3,00 2,56 3,00 2,71

New Caledonia 0,26 0,20 0,21 0,29 0,25 3,00 0,26 3,00 0,20 3,00 0,21 3,00 0,29 3,00 0,25

New Zealand 7,08 8,44 10,87 10,59 8,73 3,00 7,08 3,00 8,44 3,00 10,87 3,00 10,59 3,00 8,73


Pakistan 9,91 16,15 22,87 22,65 25,72 3,00 9,91 1,00 8,54 1,00 0,00 1,00 1,34 1,00 0,00

118


Philippines 6,24 8,53 9,61 9,05 8,82 3,00 6,24 3,00 8,53 3,00 9,61 3,00 9,05 3,00 8,82

ROK 14,35 17,33 20,93 21,83 22,27 1,00 8,94 1,00 7,36 1,00 1,93 1,00 2,16 1,00 3,45


Samoa 0,05 0,10 0,06 0,10 0,11 3,00 0,05 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,11

Singapore 7,00 9,15 11,64 10,35 9,38 3,00 7,00 3,00 9,15 1,00 11,22 3,00 10,35 3,00 9,38

Solomon Islands 0,07 0,12 0,08 0,12 0,14 3,00 0,07 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,14

Sri Lanka 5,96 9,03 10,32 9,87 7,74 3,00 5,96 3,00 9,03 3,00 10,32 3,00 9,87 3,00 7,74

Thailand 11,15 12,11 14,38 15,28 15,39 3,00 11,15 3,00 12,11 1,00 8,48 1,00 8,72 1,00 10,32

Timor-Leste 0 0,08 0,06 1,13 0,70 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,06 3,00 1,13 3,00 0,70Tonga 0,05 0,10 0,06 0,10 0,11 3,00 0,05 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,11Tuvalu 0,05 0,10 0,07 0,10 0,12 3,00 0,05 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,07 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,12


Vietnam 9,10 7,89 10,29 13,14 12,85 3,00 9,10 3,00 7,89 3,00 10,29 1,00 10,85 3,00 12,85

TABLE A.97: CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF CIAP II (1:2:3; ‘CLINE SCENARIO’)318


119

Country CIAP1992

CIAP1997

CIAP2002

CIAP2007

CIAP2012

KMEANS1992

Distance1992

KMEANS1997

Distance1997

KMEANS2002

Distance

2002KMEANS

2007Distance

2007KMEANS

2012Distance

2012

Australia 29,26 32,36 36,14 31,44 30,69 1,00 0,00 1,00 8,24 1,00 10,90 1,00 0,00 1,00 0,00


Brunei Darussalam 6,88 10,30 12,42 9,19 8,23 3,00 6,88 3,00 10,30 3,00 12,42 3,00 9,19 3,00 8,23

Cambodia 5,68 6,85 8,01 7,02 7,03 3,00 5,68 3,00 6,85 3,00 8,01 3,00 7,02 3,00 7,03

China 45,23 63,58 80,02 83,63 100 1,00 15,97 2,00 15,42 4,00 19,98 4,00 16,37 4,00 0,00

Hong Kong 2,43 2,61 3,10 2,94 2,43 3,00 2,43 3,00 2,61 3,00 3,10 3,00 2,94 3,00 2,43Macao 1,08 1,23 1,21 1,51 1,59 3,00 1,08 3,00 1,23 3,00 1,21 3,00 1,51 3,00 1,59

DR Korea 3,94 4,44 4,51 8,82 9,05 3,00 3,94 3,00 4,44 3,00 4,51 3,00 8,82 3,00 9,05Fiji 3,05 3,17 3,95 4,59 3,14 3,00 3,05 3,00 3,17 3,00 3,95 3,00 4,59 3,00 3,14

French Polynesia 0,02 0,11 0,07 0,11 0,13 3,00 0,02 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,07 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,13

India 46,59 48,17 55,05 65,65 62,56 1,00 17,33 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,00 2,00 0,00

Indonesia 12,09 14,07 14,22 14,06 16,79 3,00 12,09 1,00 10,04 1,00 11,03 3,00 14,06 1,00 13,90

Japan 24,08 24,12 25,25 21,91 20,10 1,00 5,18 1,00 0,00 1,00 0,00 1,00 9,53 1,00 10,59

Kiribati 0,04 0,11 0,07 0,11 0,12 3,00 0,04 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,07 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,12Laos 8,38 6,90 7,41 6,57 6,24 3,00 8,38 3,00 6,90 3,00 7,41 3,00 6,57 3,00 6,24

Malaysia 7,20 9,14 12,39 10,32 9,34 3,00 7,20 3,00 9,14 3,00 12,39 3,00 10,32 3,00 9,34

Maldives 0,04 0,12 0,09 0,13 0,15 3,00 0,04 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,09 3,00 0,13 3,00 0,15Marshall Islands 0,04 0,11 0,07 0,11 0,12 3,00 0,04 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,07 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,12

Federated States of Micronesia 0,03 0 0 0 0 3,00 0,03 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,00


Nauru 0,04 0,12 0,08 0,11 0,13 3,00 0,04 3,00 0,12 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,13Nepal 0,85 1,11 1,82 2,39 2,54 3,00 0,85 3,00 1,11 3,00 1,82 3,00 2,39 3,00 2,54

New Caledonia 0,29 0,23 0,25 0,33 0,29 3,00 0,29 3,00 0,23 3,00 0,25 3,00 0,33 3,00 0,29

New Zealand 7,54 9,04 11,67 11,29 9,12 3,00 7,54 3,00 9,04 3,00 11,67 3,00 11,29 3,00 9,12


Pakistan 10,53 15,78 21,02 20,79 23,23 3,00 10,53 1,00 8,34 1,00 4,23 1,00 10,65 1,00 7,46

120


Philippines 7,11 9,57 10,79 10,20 9,92 3,00 7,11 3,00 9,57 3,00 10,79 3,00 10,20 3,00 9,92

Republic of Korea 12,59 15,53 19,13 19,69 19,66 3,00 12,59 1,00 8,59 1,00 6,11 1,00 11,75 1,00 11,04


Samoa 0,04 0,11 0,07 0,11 0,12 3,00 0,04 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,07 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,12

Singapore 6,41 8,61 10,85 9,61 8,61 3,00 6,41 3,00 8,61 3,00 10,85 3,00 9,61 3,00 8,61

Solomon Islands 0,08 0,15 0,11 0,15 0,17 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,15 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,15 3,00 0,17

Sri Lanka 5,78 8,59 10,08 9,32 7,32 3,00 5,78 3,00 8,59 3,00 10,08 3,00 9,32 3,00 7,32

Thailand 12,24 13,29 15,87 16,80 16,55 3,00 12,24 1,00 10,83 1,00 9,38 1,00 14,64 1,00 14,15


United States 100 100 100 100 97,90 4,00 0,00 4,00 0,00 4,00 0,00 4,00 0,00 4,00 2,10Vanuatu 0,06 0,13 0,10 0,13 0,14 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,13 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,13 3,00 0,14

Vietnam 9,39 9,23 11,87 13,67 13,24 3,00 9,39 3,00 9,23 3,00 11,87 3,00 13,67 3,00 13,24

TABLE A.98: CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF CIAP III (1:1:1)319


121

Country CIAP1992

CIAP1997

CIAP2002

CIAP2007

CIAP2012

KMEANS1992

Distance1992

KMEANS1997

Distance1997

KMEANS2002

Distance

2002KMEANS

2007Distance

2007KMEANS

2012Distance

2012

Australia 27,98 31,83 35,96 30,13 28,88 1,00 14,45 1,00 15,43 1,00 8,67 1,00 5,95 1,00 6,52

Bangladesh 5,29 7,87 10,04 8,51 9,71 3,00 5,29 3,00 7,87 3,00 10,04 3,00 8,51 3,00 9,71

Bhutan 3,30 5,46 8,52 7,34 7,04 3,00 3,30 3,00 5,46 3,00 8,52 3,00 7,34 3,00 7,04

Brunei D 7,94 11,89 14,79 11,25 10,29 1,00 5,59 1,00 4,51 3,00 14,79 3,00 11,25 3,00 10,29

Cambodia 6,54 8,12 9,89 8,59 8,56 3,00 6,54 3,00 8,12 3,00 9,89 3,00 8,59 3,00 8,56

China 34,66 50,88 66,64 72,02 89,38 1,00 21,13 2,00 14,02 2,00 1,49 4,00 18,91 4,00 10,62

Hong Kong 3,24 3,45 4,12 3,90 3,27 3,00 3,24 3,00 3,45 3,00 4,12 3,00 3,90 3,00 3,27Macao 1,50 1,67 1,65 2,06 2,21 3,00 1,50 3,00 1,67 3,00 1,65 3,00 2,06 3,00 2,21

DR Korea 4,11 4,73 4,55 8,66 8,90 3,00 4,11 3,00 4,73 3,00 4,55 3,00 8,66 3,00 8,90Fiji 3,59 3,75 4,56 5,04 3,60 3,00 3,59 3,00 3,75 3,00 4,56 3,00 5,04 3,00 3,60

French P 0,06 0,14 0,09 0,14 0,17 3,00 0,06 3,00 0,14 3,00 0,09 3,00 0,14 3,00 0,17

India 35,04 37,58 44,64 53,11 49,88 1,00 21,51 1,00 21,18 1,00 0,00 4,00 0,00 2,00 0,00

Indonesia 10,74 13,24 13,92 13,43 16,00 1,00 2,79 1,00 3,16 3,00 13,92 1,00 10,75 1,00 6,35

Japan 27,01 26,86 28,19 24,18 22,09 1,00 13,49 1,00 10,46 1,00 16,45 1,00 0,00 1,00 0,27

Kiribati 0,08 0,15 0,09 0,15 0,17 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,15 3,00 0,09 3,00 0,15 3,00 0,17Laos 9,01 8,18 9,51 8,36 8,10 1,00 4,52 3,00 8,18 3,00 9,51 3,00 8,36 3,00 8,10

Malaysia 8,06 10,76 14,83 12,01 11,08 1,00 5,47 1,00 5,64 3,00 14,83 3,00 12,01 3,00 11,08

Maldives 0,09 0,17 0,11 0,17 0,20 3,00 0,09 3,00 0,17 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,17 3,00 0,20Marshall 0,08 0,16 0,10 0,15 0,18 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,16 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,15 3,00 0,18

Federated States of Micronesia 0,07 0 0 0 0 3,00 0,07 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,00 3,00 0,00


Nauru 0,09 0,16 0,11 0,15 0,18 3,00 0,09 3,00 0,16 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,15 3,00 0,18Nepal 0,61 0,83 1,40 1,93 2,05 3,00 0,61 3,00 0,83 3,00 1,40 3,00 1,93 3,00 2,05

New Caledonia 0,40 0,29 0,31 0,43 0,37 3,00 0,40 3,00 0,29 3,00 0,31 3,00 0,43 3,00 0,37

New Zealand 9,41 11,44 14,95 14,33 11,71 1,00 4,12 1,00 4,97 3,00 14,95 1,00 9,85 1,00 10,65

Northern Mariana Islands 0,09 0,16 0,10 0,15 0,18 3,00 0,09 3,00 0,16 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,15 3,00 0,18Pakistan 9,76 15,22 20,5 19,89 22,36 1,00 3,77 1,00 1,18 3,00 20,55 1,00 4,28 1,00 0,00

122

5Palau 0,08 0,15 0,10 0,15 0,17 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,15 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,15 3,00 0,17

Papua New Guinea 0,95 1,69 0,94 1,24 1,32 3,00 0,95 3,00 1,69 3,00 0,94 3,00 1,24 3,00 1,32

Philippines 7,53 10,51 12,32 11,40 11,11 1,00 6,00 1,00 5,89 3,00 12,32 3,00 11,40 3,00 11,11

ROK 12,78 16,40 20,91 21,24 21,62 1,00 0,75 1,00 0,00 3,00 20,91 1,00 2,94 1,00 0,74


Samoa 0,08 0,15 0,09 0,15 0,17 3,00 0,08 3,00 0,15 3,00 0,09 3,00 0,15 3,00 0,17

Singapore 7,51 10,30 12,92 11,39 10,50 1,00 6,02 1,00 6,10 3,00 12,92 3,00 11,39 3,00 10,50

Solomon Islands 0,10 0,17 0,11 0,16 0,19 3,00 0,10 3,00 0,17 3,00 0,11 3,00 0,16 3,00 0,19

Sri Lanka 6,59 9,90 12,00 10,71 8,66 3,00 6,59 1,00 6,50 3,00 12,00 3,00 10,71 3,00 8,66

Thailand 13,53 15,19 18,65 19,61 19,57 1,00 0,00 1,00 1,21 3,00 18,65 1,00 4,57 1,00 2,79



Vietnam 9,65 10,48 13,79 14,92 14,58 1,00 3,88 1,00 5,92 3,00 13,79 1,00 9,26 1,00 7,78

TABLE A.99: CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF CIAP IV (1:3:2)320


123

Countries/Year 1992 1997321 2002 2007 2012322

Australia 0,835 0,885 0,895 0,859 0,725Bangladesh 0,541 0,54 0,546 0,542 0,658

Bhutan 0,399 0,468 0,617 0,494 0,766Brunei Darussalam NA NA NA NA NA

Cambodia NA 0,436 0,441 0,536 0,598China 0,421 0,645 1,001 1,022 1,141


DR Korea NA NA NA NA NAFiji 1,187 1,243 1,082 1,313 1,344

French Polynesia NA NA NA NA NAIndia 1,179 1,051 0,995 1,196 1,051

Indonesia 0,999 1,008 0,716 0,735 0,709Japan 0,841 0,826 0,79 0,839 0,849Kiribati NA NA NA NA NALaos NA 0,541 0,602 0,767 0,993














United States 0,844 0,87 0,768 0,795 0,711Vanuatu NA NA NA NA NAVietnam 1,106 1,026 1,103 1,15 1,131

TABLE A.100: RELATIVE POLITICAL EXTRACTION (RPE)323

321 1998 figures for Cambodia.322 Only 2011 figures available.323 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from TransResearch Consortium (2013).

124

Countries/Year 1992 1997324 2002 2007 2012325

Australia 1,134411 1,107106 1,106428 0,9673052 0,9662187Bangladesh 1,09419 1,067489 1,038014 1,013448 1,001692

Bhutan 0,8552706 0,860828 0,863507 0,8730387 0,8554013

Brunei Darussalam NA NA NA NA NACambodia NA 1,116353 1,068802 1,082497 1,057898

China 0,9618191 1,12399 1,068151 1,036324 1,02071


DR Korea NA NA NA NA NA

Fiji 0,9906975 0,9788709 0,962166

4 0,9514837 0,940783

French Polynesia NA NA NA NA NA

India 0,9758371 0,9573445 0,929836 0,9026303 0,8477521

Indonesia 0,9731029 0,9866655 1,006531 1,021942 1,021009

Japan 1,003145 1,013393 0,9828006 0,9493284 0,9373439

Kiribati NA NA NA NA NALaos NA NA NA NA NA

Malaysia 0,9804738 0,9649944 0,968086

5 0,9297253 0,9063002

Maldives NA NA NA NA NAMarshall Islands NA NA NA NA NA



Nauru NA NA NA NA NA

Nepal 0,9505004 0,943533 0,938016

4 0,9093524 0,8962111



Pakistan 0,8802331 0,86601 0,867161

7 0,8884328 0,8874106


Philippines 1,068376 1,051589 1,082441 1,014364 1,019214




Sri Lanka 0,8581548 0,8031136 0,796776

6 0,7839582 0,7571945

Thailand 1,155353 1,099573 1,060495 1,041137 1,00015Timor-Leste NA NA NA NA NA

Tonga NA NA NA NA NATuvalu NA NA NA NA NA

United States 1,13991 1,123661 1,081259 1,050548 1,024136Vanuatu NA NA NA NA NAVietnam NA NA NA NA NA

324 1998 figures for Cambodia.325 Only 2011 figures available.

125

TABLE A.101: RELATIVE POLITICAL REACH (RPR)326

326 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from TransResearch Consortium (2013).126

Countries/Year 1992327 1997328 2002329 2007330 2012331

Australia 1,23106 1,28313 1,25521 1,26166 1,45102

Bangladesh 0,783305 0,894535 0,84067

6 0,862076 1,12904

Bhutan 0,88445 0,904837 1,01649 1,24034 1,14142Brunei Darussalam NA NA NA NA NA

Cambodia NA NA NA NA NA

China 0,592065 0,852466 0,79341

6 0,755743 0,900919

Hong Kong NA 0,757236 0,781375 0,774524 0,758879

Macao NA 1,07736 1,20338 1,15386 1,20731DR Korea NA NA NA NA NA


India 1,06171 1,0688 1,02836 1,34398 1,27063

Indonesia 0,821127 0,771374 0,59817 0,60027 NA

Japan 1,3378 1,2992 1,28654 1,13786 1,1025Kiribati NA NA NA NA NALaos NA NA NA NA NA

Malaysia 1,19625 1,25042 1,40972 1,38364 1,45127Maldives NA 1,27059 1,49692 1,19019 1,01807



Mongolia NA 1,0251 1,06803 1,29408 1,35393

Myanmar 1,1673 0,771996 0,943821 0,663816 NA

Nauru NA NA NA NA NA

Nepal 0,798637 0,947403 1,14507 1,24373 1,3312

New Caledonia NA NA NA NA NA

New Zealand 1,00913 0,981141 0,961773 1,14721 NA


Pakistan 0,864054 0,887025 0,71992

9 0,822688 1,09899

Palau NA NA NA NA NA

Papua New Guinea 1,07409 1,18413 0,848636 0,844915 NA

Philippines 0,937699 1,14148 0,95492

6 0,93516 0,978573



7 0,727719 0,903688

Samoa NA NA NA NA NASingapore 1,28147 1,07326 1,00626 1,12831 1,06311

Solomon Islands NA NA NA NA NASri Lanka 1,01072 1,0579 1,06866 1,0443 1,01441Thailand 1,47945 1,20981 1,30227 1,54076 1,45865


327 1994 figures for Russian Federation.328 1999 figures for Russian Federation, 1996 figures for Macao, and 2000 figures for Hong Kong.329 2001 figures for New Zealand.330 2004 figures for Indonesia; 2005 figures for Myanmar.331 2009 figures for Bhutan, Philippines, Thailand and United States; 2010 figures for Australia, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Macao, Fiji, Japan, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, ROK, Russian Federation and Singapore

127

United States 1,24325 1,2476 1,16295 1,15064 1,02715Vanuatu 1,19708 1,11559 1,23461 1,23287 NAVietnam NA NA NA NA NA

TABLE A.102: RELATIVE POLITICAL ALLOCATION (PLA)332

332 Own compilation and illustration based on data taken from TransResearch Consortium (2013).128

Acknowledgements

In many ways writing a PhD thesis is a long expedition: Neither the precise length

of the trip nor the exact place of arrival is certain at the time of departure. Fortunately,

several persons have supported me during the years of my research voyage, particularly

by encouraging me to explore new methodologies and theoretical approaches, by

helping me to stay focused or by providing spiritual support in times of frustration (yes,

research is rarely a straight journey, detours have to be taken and sometimes a pat on

the back is all that is needed to get back on track).

First and foremost, I wish to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Xuewu Gu from the

Center for Global Studies (CGS) at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelm’s-University of

Bonn, not only for offering me the interesting and challenging opportunity to closer

investigate the potential power shift between China and the US, but for constantly

pushing my academic boundaries and always giving me invaluable academic advice

and moral support when needed. Without him and his guidance, this dissertation would

not have been possible. His constructive criticism as well as the helpful ideas put

forward by him in our numerous discussions on the matter contributed immeasurably to

the formation, development and conclusion of my PhD thesis.

I am furthermore very much indebted to Prof. Dr. Christoph Schuck from the TU

Dortmund’s Institute for Philosophy and Political Science for being my secondary

supervisor. He guided my research both in personal and telephone conversations and

his valuable suggestions fostered this thesis in many ways. When he offered me the

opportunity to present my research in his PhD colloquium at the TU Dortmund, I did not

expect initially that the participation in the colloquium could trigger such an inspiring and

helpful exchange of ideas. I am thus very grateful to him and all of the other participants.

In the same context, I also wish to thank the members of the CGS PhD colloquium as

well as the participants of the Shanghai International Workshop on “Structural Power”. In

both fora I found diligent researchers that provided helpful comments over the years of

my research.

I also benefitted from the comprehensive academic and private encouragements

provided by my other wonderful current and former colleagues at the CGS. Prof. Dr.

Maximilian Mayer, Krystin Unverzagt, Dr. Andrej Pustovitovskij, Hendrik Ohnesorge,

Katharina Below and Jan-Frederik Kremer have allowed me to discuss my thoughts with 129

them in a truly inspiring and productive academic environment. I always found their

comments to be helpful in one way or the other and our discussions constantly

stimulated my research endeavours. Moreover, Hendrik was kind enough to proofread

large parts of the thesis and provided truly helpful feedback. Several other current and

former colleagues at the CGS were likewise supportive: Pavlina Schmitz, Valentin

Urban, Susan Westhoff, Orsina Kather, Sanni Kunnas, Nina Nick, Eva Bosse and Iris

Volg not only constantly encouraged me, but aided me in my academic duties at Bonn

University, for which I am very grateful to them.

Big thanks are also due to Prof. Dr. Sarah Kirchberger from Hamburg University’s

Asia-Africa-Institute, Dr. Henrike Viehrig from Bonn University’s North America Studies

Program, Dr. Klaas Staal from Stockholm University’s Economic Department, Dr. Omer

Majeed from the College of Asia & the Pacific of the Australian National University and

Dr. Thomas Lenzen for kindly proofreading and polishing essential parts of the thesis as

well as for providing valuable comments on important aspects of my project even on

very short notice. Furthermore, I am grateful to Dr. David Teller for his many precious

remarks during our productive discussions throughout my research.

I am also indebted to Prof. Dr. Reimund Seidelmann, emeritus at Gießen

University, who has frequently enabled me to discuss my ideas with international

scholars on multiple occasions in Europe and Asia. Furthermore, I am grateful to Dr.

Gudrun Wacker from the German Institute for International and Security/Stiftung

Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) for her helpful comments on a paper draft during the

DVPW conference in October 2011 in Munich, during which I discussed some of the

ideas of this thesis for the first time, as well as for the generously provided opportunity to

debate with some of the leading figures of our discipline during the many times she

invited me to SWP’s prestigious Berlin Conference on Asian Security.

I furthermore wish to thank two of my former academic mentors: Prof. Dr. Stefan

Schirm from the Chair for International Relations at the Ruhr-University Bochum and

Prof. Robert Ayson, PhD, from the Centre for Strategic Studies at the Victoria University

of Wellington. Without their great teaching, intellectual integrity and helpful guidance

through my academic career’s earlier stages I probably would not have decided to

remain in academia. Stefan Schirm was responsible for triggering my interest in

International Relations in the first place and outlined to me the importance of theory for

130

understanding the world’s complexity. At the Australian National University, Robert

Ayson deepened my understanding of the many significant layers of Asia’s rise and

piqued my empirical curiosity regarding the role of middle powers in international affairs.

I hope they both like the final results of my research.

Last but not least, I am profoundly indebted to my family and my friends for their

unwavering practical and spiritual support throughout the many years it took to research

and write my thesis. Doing a PhD next to a full-time position as research fellow

consumes a lot of time. This affects inevitably social relations with relatives and close

friends. I thank all of them for their tolerance and understanding. In particular, I wish to

thank my parents for their love and support during the years of writing. My wonderful

wife Katja supported me immensely both in emotional and academic ways. She has

accepted – at times complaining, but always generous – my research’s impact on our

family live with our amazing son Leopold, who despite the many hours I have spend in

office still recognises me. Without my wife’s patience, her sound advice as an academic

working at the crossroads of economics and political science as well as her proofreading

in evening hours, on weekends and during holidays, this thesis would probably never

have reached its current empirical depth and methodological strength. Thank you for

everything, my love. It is to you that I gratefully dedicate this work.

131

Statutory Declaration

Hiermit versichere ich, Enrico Fels, an Eides statt, dass die vorgelegte Arbeit –

abgesehen von den ausdrücklich bezeichneten Hilfsmitteln – persönlich, selbständig

und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt wurde. Die

aus anderen Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Daten und Konzepte unter

Angabe der Quelle sowie wörtliche Übernahmen sind durch An- und Abführungszeichen

kenntlich gemacht worden. Die vorgelegte Arbeit oder ähnliche Arbeiten ist bzw. sind

nicht bereits anderweitig als Dissertation eingereicht worden. Eine wahrheitsgemäße

Erklärung über frühere Promotionsversuche und deren Ergebnisse lege ich bei. Ich

versichere zudem, dass für die inhaltlich-materielle Erstellung der vorgelegten Arbeit

nicht fremde Hilfe, insbesondere keine entgeltliche Hilfe von Vermittlungs- bzw.

Beratungsdiensten (Promotionsberater oder andere Personen), in Anspruch genommen

wurde, sowie keine Dritten vom Doktoranden unmittelbar oder mittelbar geldwerte

Leistungen für Tätigkeiten erhalten haben, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Inhalt der

vorgelegten Arbeit stehen.

-------------------------------------

132

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