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WATMAN Magazine May 2016

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Page 1: WATMAN Magazine May 2016
Page 2: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

EditorNaina Shah

[email protected]

Head Offices:

WATER TODAY Pvt. Ltd. 3d, III Floor Bhagheeratha Residency,

124, Marshall’s Road, Egmore, Chennai - 600 008, TN, IndiaTel : +91 - 44 - 42916900

Email : [email protected] Web: www.watertoday.org

Resident EditorHemlatha Govindaraj

[email protected]

Senior DesignerN. Sirajudeen

[email protected]

Submissions

We inspire and encourage perspective authors to write

articles, case studies, technical papers and application stories on water

and wastewater industry and follow Water Today’s Author’s guidelines

before submitting manuscripts. Write to us at [email protected]

to obtain Author’s Guideline.

Regional Offices:

No.504, Windflower, Mantripark, Goregaon – East,

Mumbai – 400 065, India Maharashtra, India

Circulation [email protected]

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to order for bulk subscriptions,please contact us on

+91 44 4291 6900 or write to us at [email protected]

Reprint & Permissions

All rights reserved. Without the written permission of the publisher, reproduction /

republishing / reprinting of this magazine, in whole or in part, are strictly prohibited. To acquire permission write to [email protected]

The Publishers and the Editors do not necessarily, individually or collectively, identify themselves with the views expressed in this magazine. The views expressedare those of the authors only. The Magazine also does not claim any responsibility for information contained

in the advertisements. The magazine assumes no liability or accountability of any kind in connection with the information thereof.

Masthead

UNITING THE VIBRANT WORLD OF WATER - TO PROVIDE A PROACTIVE PLATFORM FOR THE WATER INDUSTRY TO CONVERGE AND WORK TOGETHER IN ACHIEVING SOLUTIONS TO GLOBAL WATER PROBLEMS.

Printed & Published by S. Shanmugam on behalf of WATER TODAY PVT. LTD.

Printed at Dawood Graphics, No. 63, Muthu Street, Royapettah, Chennai – 600014, Tamil Nadu, India.

Published at 3D, IIIrd Floor Bhagheeratha Residency, 124, Marshall’s Road, Egmore, Chennai - 600 008

Tamil Nadu, India

8 Water Today May 2016

Page 3: WATMAN Magazine May 2016
Page 4: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

C O N T E N T S

C-Tech Process for Treatment & Recycle of Sewage for a Thermal

Power Plant in Nagpur: A Case Study..............26

The article discusess Cyclic Activated Sludge Process for Treatment & Recycle of Sewage for a

Thermal Power Plant. Read on...By Satya Narayana Y. V. V.

SIBF System: A Proven & Sustainable Wastewater

Treatment & Reuse Method................34

SIBF system is a natural method of wastewater treatment based on ecological engineering

for the specific requirement. Read on…By Navin Singh & Rahul Babar

Use of Bacteriophages & Biofilms Based Technologies for Waste

Water Treatment .... 40The article discusses the use of bacteriophages & biofilms based technologies for Waste Water Treatment. Read on...

By Dr. Zarine P. Bhathena

Measuring Organic Compounds in Wastewater – Which Method Should I Choose? A Case Study

from a European Sustainable Sugar Manufacturer................46 This article compares three techniques which measure the

organic content in wastewater (BOD, COD & TOC), and which is the most suitable analysis depending on the processing

needs. Optimizing the method can lead to quick ROI in many instances. Read on...

By Alyson Lanciki & Peter Gulden

Sustainability of Water Resources: Role of Natural & Ecological Engineering in Climate Regulation, Water Demand & Purification............54The article discusses the role of natural & ecological engineering in climate regulation, water demand & purification. Read on... By Dr. J.S. Pandey

A Comprehensive Analysis on Sewage Treatment Facilities in NCR & Introduction of an Innovative Low Cost Sewage Technology for Rural & Urban Areas ....58The article discusses the importance of a pollution free environment with a special focus on existing situation & Issues related with non treatment of waste water and sewage water in NCR. By Aniruddh Gupta

Lime Storage Silos – Disasters Waiting to Happen?..........66Material in and around a Pressure Relief Valve on the top of a silo is a tell-tale sign that there’s something wrong and a catastrophic blow-out is waiting to happen. The latest silo protection technology provides much more than a safety system to prevent over-filling and over-pressurisation.By Maurice Mahoney

Sustainable Treatment & Reuse of Wastewater..................70The goal of ecological engineering is to attain High environmental quality, High yields in food and fiber, Good quality/high efficiency production, and Full utilization of wastes.By S. M. Kumar

10 Water Today May 2016

Page 5: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

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Page 6: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

Masthead ....................................8

Water Wire.................................14

Launch Pad................................18

Event Zone.................................20

Product Zone.............................24

Editorial Calendar.....................98

Subscription Form.....................99

Classifieds...............................100

Ad. Index..................................103

Editor’s Note.............................104

RE

GU

LA

RS

CIDCO Facilitates Design of New Stormwater Systems

With CivilStorm®....80By Aidan Mercer

Flow Measurement Solutions in Sewer Networks and

Waste Water Channels .... 84By Ram Warriar

C O N T E N T S

City of Auburn, Alabama, Converts WWTP from Chlorine Gas to Flexible & Modern UV Disinfection System .......90By Wayne Lem

Effective Waste Water Management to achieve New MoEF Norms for Coal Fired Thermal Power Plants .... 92By Dhanesh Sharma

Sustainable Developments in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse

Methods ... 76The article discusses sustainable developments in

wastewater treatment and reuse methods.By Daniel L. Theobald

12 Water Today May 2016

Page 7: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

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Page 8: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

White Paper on Urban Wastewater PPPs Released

Secretary of Ministry of Water Resources, Ganga Rejuvenation and River Development, Shashi Shekhar, released a white paper on Urban Wastewater PPPs, prepared by the FICCI Water Mission and 2030 Water Resources Group. Developed as a joint collaboration between the FICCI Water Mission and the 2030 Water Resources Group (2030 WRG), the Paper advocates for governments, both at the national and state levels, to focus on improvement in the quality of sewerage services in the country through Public-Private (Community) Partnerships (PP(C)P), over and above private sector participation as a means to bridge the investment gap.

The outcome of extensive stakeholder consultations with industry participants, water and wastewater utilities, government agencies and financiers, the Paper recommends a three level payment security mechanism which involves ring fencing of sewerage revenues at the local government/state utility level, followed by funding support from the state government through a separate State Sanitation Fund, and backstopped by a guarantee facility from the Government of India. It also suggests that the country needs to move to a regime where sewerage charges at least cover O&M expenses.

Water wastage to invite Rs 2,000 fine in Chandigarh

In view of the rising temperature and shortage of water, the municipal corporation (MC) is set to launch a drive to check on the wastage of potable water supplied to the city residents during the morning hours (5.30 am to 9am). To be launched from April 15, the drive will continue till June 30. The MC has formed 16 teams, comprising three members each, to challan people misusing potable water with a fine of Rs 2,000. Last year, nearly 248 challans were issued, mostly from the southern sectors and only two challans from the northern sectors.

BK Dhawan, executive engineer, MC, said notices will be issued to residents for wastage or misuse of water such as overflow from overhead or underground water tanks, leakages in pipeline from ferrule to water meters and leakage or overflow from desert coolers. People have been given time to repair the defects. If not solved in time, they will be fined,” he said, adding the fine would be recovered through regular water bills, and even booster pumps and hosepipes used by the defaulters would be confiscated. The water connection of repeated offenders will be disconnected without any notice. There were more than one lakh houses in the city and every household, on an average, had two cars. According to the official records, wastage of water due to leakage is 20 million gallons per day — causing loss of around Rs 10 crore to the MC — and can be used to meet the demands of around 48,000 houses in the city.

Making Pit Water Potable

The Central Institute of Fuel and Mining Research (CIMFR) centre has come up with a technology through which water can be made potable and supplied to the nearby villages of the mining area. The project proposal has got a go ahead from the Prime Minister’s office (PMO) on Wednesday, said director of CIMFR, P K Singh at the institution. Singh also apprised about the arrival of Science and Technology minister, Harsh Vardhan on April 7.

While explaining about the project, Singh said that the system has been successfully installed at Baliahar in Putki and handed over to Bharat Coking Coal Limited. He said that 25 such projects would be completed at different places within a time span of 2 years so that drinking water crisis is solved to some extent. “The mining water, also known as pit water, is in abundance near the mining sites but not safe for drinking. However, after treatment the same water can be made potable. A sizeable population of the state dwells along the mining area be it coal, iron ore or other minerals. Installation of the system will be a boon for them,” said Singh.

Centre Seeks Report On Groundwater Depletion In UP

Continuing depletion in groundwater levels in Uttar Pradesh is assuming alarming proportions with food grain output likely to suffer in key hubs of Baghpat, Hathras, Jalaun and Jaunpur areas. Taking note of reports of decline in groundwater levels in various parts of UP, the union agriculture ministry has now sought reports from the state government. “There are reports about steep decline in water level in Baghpat, Ghaziabad, Varanasi, Meerut, Hathras, Mathura, Saharanpur, Banda, Jaunpur, Jalaun and Hamirpur. This signals that urgent steps need to be taken against unhindered exploitation of water resources and drying up of wetlands and ponds. The centre is waiting for a report from the state government on the issue, the official added. The situation is turning worrisome as there is increase in water depletion by about 20-30% in some areas, adding that in some pockets the decline is even higher.

Even at the national level, the water situation looks worrisome, as according to the Central Water Commission as many as 91 major reservoirs nationwide have recorded “the lowest in a decade” water levels. Fear of drought or drought-like situations prevail in many parts of the country including Maharashtra, Bundelkhand region of UP and MP, parts of Odisha, Karnataka and AP.

14 Water Today I May 2016

Page 9: WATMAN Magazine May 2016
Page 10: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

Scientists Warn of Water Crisis in Ghana

Scientists at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research have warned of imminent water shortage in the near future as a result of changing weather patterns. According to them, the volume of water across the West Africa sub-region has dropped by 30%, attributing the challenge to climate change patterns and human factors such as farming and illegal mining along river bodies, among others. Dr Joseph Addo Ampofo, Director of CSIR-Water Research Institute says we are facing challenges with our water bodies principally because there is climate change. According to him, Ghana is experiencing dry periods than before, adding that Ghana’s originally 70% water cover has seen 30% reduction over the last 30 years. He cautioned that most of the country’s water bodies may dry up in the coming years.

Dr. Barnabas Amisigo, also with CSIR, called for attitudinal change so as to safe Ghana’s water bodies from drying. He also urged stakeholders to embark on educational campaigns often to sanitize people of the dangers of polluting water bodies. Nearly half of Africans went without enough clean water for home use during the past year, according to new findings from Afrobarometer.

EPA funds water reuse studies

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has committed US$ 3.3 million to funding for research into water reuse and conservation. The funding will go to five research institutions to research human and ecological health impacts associated with water reuse and conservation practices.

To help promote sustainable water reuse, this research will evaluate how reclaimed water applications such as drinking water reuse, replenishing groundwater, and irrigation can affect public and ecological health. The money will go to: Water Environment Research Foundation to identify contaminant hotspots, assess the impact of those hotspots on human and ecological health, and quantify the impact of water reuse and management solutions: University of Illinois to develop a new framework to understand how adaptive ultra violet and solar-based disinfection systems reduce the persistence of viral pathogens in wastewater for sustainable reuse; Utah State University, to assess the impacts and benefits of stormwater harvesting using Managed Aquifer Recharge to develop new water supplies in arid western urban ecosystems. University of Nevada to quantify microbial risk and compare the sustainability of indirect and direct potable water reuse systems in the US; and University of California to measure levels of contaminants of emerging concern in common vegetables and other food crops irrigated with treated wastewater, and to evaluate human dietary exposure.

Application Process Opens For Retail Licences

Companies and individuals who are interested in providing retail water services to businesses in England under the new competition regime can now apply for a licence to do so. Retail services cover activities such as billing, reading water meters and customer services and advice. At present, businesses based wholly in England and who use more than five mega litres of water per year – which means a water bill of about £9,000 per annum – can choose their water retailer. However, from April 2017 the market will open to the remaining estimated 1.2 million businesses, charities and public sector organisations – enabling them to either stay with their existing supplier, or shop around to find a new one who could deliver more benefits and a better service. Once open, the new market will be the largest retail water market in the world, delivering an estimated £200 million of overall benefits to customers and the UK economy.

Those interested in providing retail services will need to hold a Water Supply Licence or a Water and Sewage Supply Licence. In the new market, it will also be possible for individual eligible customers, such as large supermarket and hotel chains or hospitals, to become their own retailer and self-supply with retail services. This would allow them to supply their own sites and those of persons associated with them, but would not allow them to become a retailer for any other sites.

Scientists Recommend Immediate Plan to Battle West Coast Ocean Acidification

A new report published revealed that global carbon (CO2) emissions are triggering permanent and alarming changes to ocean chemistry along the North American West Coast. As per the 20-member West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Science Panel, action is needed to combat this problem, and a failure to respond to this fundamental change in seawater chemistry, known as ocean acidification, will have devastating consequences for the West Coast in the decades to come.

Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are not just responsible for global climate change; these emissions also are being absorbed by the world’s oceans,” Dr. Alexandria Boehm, co-chair of the Panel and a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University, said in a media release. In fact, ~50% of all human CO2 emissions have been absorbed by the oceans since the industrial revolution. Due to the way the Pacific Ocean circulates, the North American West Coast is exposed to excessive volumes of seawater with elevated acidity levels. Already, West Coast marine shelled organisms are having trouble forming their protective outer shells, and the West Coast shellfish industry is seeing high mortality rates during the early life stages when shell formation is vital.

16 Water Today l May 2016

Page 11: WATMAN Magazine May 2016
Page 12: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

CPC Unveils Genderless AseptiQuik® G

W600 Series Controller

Zero B Kitchen Mate with Revolutionary ESS Technology

Bandscreen Monster

Genderless AseptiQuik® G Connectors enable quick and easy sterile connections, even in non-sterile environments. The easy-to-use genderless design simplifies system integration and minimizes the risk of operator error. The connectors cater to the demands of higher pressure applications including pre-use or poststerilization filter integrity testing. These newly introduced connectors are rated to 60 psi for 30 days and 75 psi for 48 hours. The connectors’ robust construction provides enhanced user confidence and reliable performance without the need for clamps, fixtures or tube welders.

Walchem’s NEW W600 controller has powerful programming that gives you complete control of chemical metering pumps and valves in a broad range of water treatment applications. The W600 series provides reliable, flexible and powerful control for your water treatment program. Key Features are: Large touchscreen display with icon based programming makes setup easy; Universal sensor input provides extraordinary flexibility; the same controller can be used with almost any type of sensor needed; Optional dual analog (4-20 mA) input for Fluorometers or nearly any other process value; Multiple language support allows simple setup no matter where your business takes you; Six control outputs allow the controller to be used in more applications; Economical wall-mount package for easy installation; On-screen graphing of sensor values and control output status.

Ion Exchange (India) Limited, India’s largest water management company under its flagship brand ZERO B introduces Kitchen Mate, a phenomenal breakthrough world over in the RO based home water purification with ESS (Electrolytic System Sanitizer) technology first of its kind that protect storage tank water from slime formation 24 x 7. This 7 stage RO water purifier helps to remove heavy metals, chemical impurities, micro-organisms and other contaminants from the water and gives crystal clear pure drinking water. Kitchen mate is a perfect choice for designer kitchens as it fits under the sink thereby saving valuable kitchen space. Zero B Kitchen Mate is safe as voltage cuts off if the current and voltage increase from the specified limit.

JWC introduces the Bandscreen Monster, a member of the Monster Separation System line of high performance screens. This system offers incredibly high capture rates and is able to remove a wider variety of solids, particularly small solids and trash, better than traditional screens. It is frequently specified to protect high-tech MBR so they can run more efficiently and with less maintenance. The rotating panel are positioned parallel to the flow and as wastewater enters the screen it flows left or right through the perforated screening panels. Panels available with 5/64”, 1/8” or ¼” (2, 3 or 6mm) openings.

CPC (Colder Products Company)Ref Code: A282

Ion Exchange (India) LimitedRef Code: A283

JWC EnvironmentalRef Code: A285

Walchem, Iwaki America Inc.Ref Code: A284

18 Water Today l May 2016

Page 13: WATMAN Magazine May 2016
Page 14: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

20 Water Today May 2016

The 3rd International Congress on Water, Waste and Energy Management (EWWM) is organized by academics and researchers belonging to different scientific areas of the C 3i/Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (Portugal) and the University of Extremadura (Spain) with the technical support of ScienceKnow Conferences. The event has the objective of creating an international forum for academics, researchers and scientists from worldwide to discuss worldwide results and proposals regarding to the soundest issues related Water, Waste and Energy. This event will include the participation of renowned keynote speakers, oral presentations, posters sessions and technical conferences related to the topics dealt with in the Scientific Program as well as an attractive social and cultural program.

For more information, log on to http://www.waterwaste.skconferences.com/

International Congress on Water, Waste and Energy Management

The Singapore International Water Week (SIWW) is the global platform to share and co-create innovative water solutions. The biennial event gathers stakeholders from the global water industry to share best practices, showcase the latest technologies and tap business opportunities. SIWW is part of the strategic programme of the Singapore Government to grow the water industry and develop water technologies. Held in between the main SIWW editions, the SIWW Spotlight series are exclusive by-invitation events to continue the dialogue from SIWW and foster ongoing exchanges on pressing challenges faced by the water industry worldwide. This meeting of minds focuses on critical issues and discussions in greater depth, where the outcomes will shape the programme and content for SIWW. These events are organised by Singapore International Water Week Pte Ltd, a company set up by Singapore’s Ministry of the Environment & Water Resources and PUB, Singapore’s national water agency.

For more information, log on to http://www.siww.com.sg/

Singapore International Water Week 2016

Page 15: WATMAN Magazine May 2016
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22 Water Today May 2016

Presented by the ISA Water and Wastewater Industries Division, in collaboration with the Florida AWWA Section, the WEF Automation and Info Tech Committee, the Florida Water Environment Association, and the Instrumentation Testing Association, the WWAC Symposium helps professionals in the water and wastewater industries understand how instrumentation, SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition), and automatic control applications are vital to the treatment and distribution of water; the collection and treatment of wastewater; and the management of stormwater. The symposium also provides an excellent opportunity to gain valuable technical information, networking, professional development, and continuing education credits (CEUs and PDHs).

For more information, log on to http://isawwsymposium.com

2016 ISA Water/Wastewater and Automatic Controls Symposium

The world of water and wastewater management will converge in Surabaya for the 12th INDOWATER 2016, the biggest Expo & Forum for the fast growing water and wastewater industry in Indonesia. This show will bring together over 6,000 industry professionals and experts also over 250 exhibitors from 20+ countries. It is proven platform for industry professionals to get updated on the latest trends and developments and to build valuable partnerships. It is also where water supply & sewerage companies, consultants, contractors, industrial wastewater treatment professionals and decision makers look for cost-effective solutions and technology. INDOWATER 2016 provides the stage for the gathering of top professionals in the water and wastewater industry. Government officials, regulators, water and sewerage companies, manufacturers, industrial users, consultants and industry experts make their business plan by attending this important event.

For more information, log on to http://www.indowater.merebo.com/English/english.html

Indowater 2016

Page 17: WATMAN Magazine May 2016
Page 18: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

24 Water Today May 2016

Sewage & Sludge Pumps for Waste Water UV Systems For Corrosive Media

FORMULA X Wet Well Mounted Pump Station

ETS has developed a range of drinking water UV systems that comply with the requirements of the US EPA Design Guidance Manual and have been independently validated to demonstrate performance under a variety of operating conditions. The systems are modeled using CFD and FEA emulation tools, which are continuously and iteratively improved following bioassay, routinely undertaken with a variety of surrogate organisms such as B. Subtilis, T1, and MS2 phage.

BARRC range of Submersible Sewage and Sludge Pumps are designed to perform impeccably in the adverse conditions. It is designed to work phenomenally by giving high hydraulic efficiency, maximum blockage resistance and free passage of solids. Every angle has been considered whilst creating the product range to suit various applications. The cooling of the motor plays a major role in the performance and long term operation of the pump. The optimum functionality and uninterrupted operation of the pump depends on an innovative Impeller design. Double Channel Impeller or Open Cutter Impeller or Vortex Impeller, they are designed to perform effectively without any blockage and thus offering superior hydraulic efficiency.

Xylem offers long disinfection experience and a broad portfolio of UV solutions specially for corrosive media like saltwater. Backed by a huge, global reference base in various applications including aquaculture, aquariums and thermal springs, and systems with validated disinfection performance, Xylem is the right partner for your water treatment needs. The WEDECO BX UV system made of Duplex stainless steel allows for safe and energy-efficient disinfection of high flows of saltwater or other corrosive media.

The FORMULA X® Wet Well Mounted Pump Station embodies the Smith & Loveless design philosophy of pump station excellence. The combination of proven Smith & Loveless Pumps and advanced factory-built station technology demonstrates why the FORMULA X® sets industry standards. Additionally, the pump station’s life-cycle-costs are proven to be second to none. The moment you slide open the split station enclosure, the quality is evident in its pumps, controls, construction and durability. And Smith & Loveless backs up this new station with the longer, enhanced FORMULA X® Warranty.

Neptune Benson

Ref. Code: BO 467Smith & Loveless, Inc

Ref. Code: BO 469

Vishnu Pumps

Ref. Code: BO 468

WEDE CO UV- a Xylem brandRef. Code: BO 470

ETS-UV For Drinking Water

Page 19: WATMAN Magazine May 2016
Page 20: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

C-Tech Process for Treatment & Recycle of Sewage for a Thermal Power Plant in Nagpur: A Case Study

The article discusess Cyclic Activated Sludge Process for Treatment & Recycle of Sewage for a Thermal Power Plant. Read on...

By Satya Narayana Y. V. V.

Water is the lifeline of all living beings. All human settlements on earth are developed near the source of water. Even though two third of earth is covered

with water, only a small fraction of total water is actually usable by mankind. As the population and industrialization is increasing, demand for water is also increasing. This is exerting more stress on the existing water resources. With changes in climatic conditions, and steadily declining rainfall in many areas, the problem is further aggravated. Many major cities in India are under severe scarcity of water. The stress on water resources results from an imbalance between the consumption of water and the available water resources. The time has come to understand the root cause of the problem and address the impending threat of a water crisis which jeopardizes the existence of millions of people around the world. A catastrophic water shortage could prove the biggest threat to mankind in coming years. If we value our own future on this planet, we should sit up and take notice of the many ways we can conserve water and live in a way that does not pose a danger to the delicate natural climatic processes of the earth.

When we look at the water scenario in India, it has 16% of world population and only 4% of its fresh water resources. In 1955, per capita availability of water was 5300 m3/capita/year which came down to 2200 m3/capita/year in 1996. It is expected that by 2020 India will become water stressed with water availability of 1600 m3/capita/year.

In addition to water supply to domestic consumption, industries also consume a major portion of water supplies. While industrial growth is equally important for the development, using of alternative sources of water, particularly sewage water, leads to sustainable development of the region. Sewage water is one of

the cheapest options available for industries to meet their water needs. Also, sewage is a perennial source. With the availability of modern sewage treatment technologies, it is very easy to treat the sewage to required quality. As many of the industries are located near cities or towns, reuse of sewage can be explored seriously.

Sewage Treatment & Its Reuse:

Sewage contains more than 99% of water and less than 1% of unwanted material or pollutants. If we can treat the sewage effectively to remove these pollutants, we can recover water which can be reusable in industries. Sewage reuse and recycle is not new. Many industries are already practicing it all over the world including India. Case studies such as reuse of sewage by Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, Madras Fertilizers Limited, RCF Mumbai, etc. are well documented in India. Treatment technologies are available to treat sewage to any degree of purity. New Water in Singapore is treating sewage to drinking water standards before discharging into their water reservoirs. As many technologies are available for treatment of sewage for reuse, following points need to be kept in mind while selecting the technology:

• Highest organic and suspended solids removal in biological treatment for economical sizing of tertiary treatment

• Nutrient (Nitrogen & Phosphorous) removal to avoid growth of algae and other aquatic plant growth. This is also required for minimizing fouling of membrane/ resin based tertiary treatment plants.

• Degree of tertiary treatment if needed to meet the reuse objective in power plants

26 Water Today l May 2016

Page 21: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

• Lowest area requirement to fit in minimum area

• Lower power consumption

• Lower overall operation and maintenance cost

• Modular design for easy expansion

Case Study: Treatment Of Sewage By C-Tech Process For Recycle In Koradi Thermal Power Station, Nagpur:

Koradi Thermal Power Station, a state owned power generation company of Maharashtra, has taken initiative to set example for recycle of treated sewage in power plants.

One of the power power plants of Mahagenco, Koradi Thermal Power Station (KTPS), is a coal based power plant with installed capacity of 1100 MW and is located near Nagpur. When Mahagenco wanted to expand the power plant capacity by 1980 MW to meet energy needs of the state, they could not find the water source to meet their needs. Pench dam, which is the main water source for city of Nagpur, could not provide the required water to Mahagenco’s new power plant. The region is already suffering with frequent draught conditions and could not spare water from any other conventional source. As a solution to water problems, Mahagenco has explored the use of sewage generated from Nagpur city as its alternative source of water to meet its expansion plans. Accordingly, Mahagenco made an agreement with Nagpur Municipal Corporation to treat 130 MLD sewage and use the treated sewage in their power plant. It is one of the best examples of sustainable water recycle model in India. Sewage treatment reduced the pollution in the city of Nagpur and the treated water solved the water problems of Mahagenco’s new power plant. Besides, it saved valuable drinking water for use in the city of Nagpur. Additionally, city of Nagpur is getting revenue from Mahagenco to the tune of Rs. 15 Cr per year for providing land and raw sewage.

Modern and proven treatment technology in the form of Cyclic Activated Sludge (C-Tech) process is used to treat the sewage to remove all pollutants such as BOD, COD, TSS, Nutrients, etc. Many C-Tech plants are already in operation in India treating sewage to high quality treated water with values up to BOD < 5mg/L, TSS < 10 m/L, Ammonia < 1 mg/L & Phosphates < 1 mg/L. This further reinforced the confidence of Mahagenco in

implementing sewage recycle plant. Besides performance, C-Tech consumes less power, occupies less area, requires less manpower and operates automatically. Sludge digesters are also provided to generate biogas which can be used to generate power. Gravity sand filtration is used to filter the treated sewage before pumping into power plant.

Characteristics of raw sewage as received at the C-Tech process based sewage treatment & recycle plant are given in Table 1.

S.No. Parameter UNIT VALUE

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Design Flow

pH

BOD

COD

Total Suspended Solids

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Total Phosphorous

MLD

--

mg/L

mg/L

mg/L

mg/L

mg/L

130

6.8 - 7.8

250

500

300

45

8

Table 1: Raw Sewage Characteristics for C-Tech based Sewage Treatment & Recycle plant

Treatment Scheme:

Based on the raw sewage characteristics and the treated water quality requirement, a most cost effective treatment scheme is developed as shown in Figure 1.

As shown in the treatment scheme, the raw sewage is first treated with screens for removal of floating material like plastic and big size objects and thereby avoiding choking of pumps and pipe lines. A grit removal system is provided after screens to remove heavy silt material such as sand. If not removed, this silt material may clog pipes, channels and may fill up useful process volume of biological treatment tanks. Also, heavy grit will cause excessive wear and tear of equipment and reduce their useful life.

A primary clarifier is provided to remove settle able suspended solids to reduce organic and suspended solid load on biological process. The solids separated are sent to anaerobic digester along with excess biological sludge generated from biological treatment process.

Water Today l May 2016 27

Page 22: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

Figure 1: 130 MLD Capacity C-Tech based Sewage Treatment and Recycle plant

Figure 2: Overview of 130 MLD C-Tech based Sewage Treatment & Reuse plant

Figure 3: C-Tech cycle

After primary clarifier, sewage flows into biological treatment process. The success of the whole plant depends on this process. Treatment is done for the removal of organic matter which is measured in terms of BOD/COD. Treatment is also done for removal of nutrients in the form of Nitrogen and Phosphorous. Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology (C-Tech) is adopted for this process. A detailed description of the process is given below.

C-Tech is a Cyclic Activated Sludge process. It provides highest treatment efficiency possible in a single – step biological process. The C-Tech System is operated in a batch reactor mode. This eliminates all the inefficiencies of the continuous process. A batch reactor is a perfect reactor, which ensures 100% treatment without short-circuiting. The complete process takes place in a single reactor, within which all biological treatment steps take place sequentially. Eight such tanks are provided to ensure continuous treatment of sewage.

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No additional Settling Unit, Secondary Clarifier is required in this process. The complete biological treatment is divided into Cycles with each Cycle is of 3 hrs duration, during which all treatment steps take place. A basic Cycle comprises of the following phases which take place independently in sequence to constitute a Cycle and then gets repeated:

• Fill / Aeration (F/A)

• Settling (S)

• Decanting (D)

Fill / Aeration (F/A):

This refers to the process loading time in the cycle. Loading occurs outside of the designated settle and decant sequences during which time influent is received into the basin through an admixture (selector) reactor. Biomass from the main aeration zone is admixed with influent load in the biological selector reactor. Complete-mix reaction conditions prevail in the main reaction zone during this variable volume operational sequence, being typical of a fed-batch reactor operation. Aeration can be regulated to maximize co-current nitrification-denitrification that takes place and to insure the aerobic uptake of phosphorus previously released during anaerobic operation. Ferric Chloride is added in the aeration phase to further reduce phosphorous to

Figure 4: Quick Settling Sludge In C-Tech Plant

Table 2: Treated Sewage Characteristics for C-Tech basedSewage Treatment & Reuse plant

required level of less than 0.5 mg/l. The process typically employs a nominally constant rate of recycle from the main reaction zone that is pumped to a zone at the inlet end of the admixture reactor.

Settling (S):

The air is turned off and influent to the reactor basin is stopped. During the first five minutes of this sequence, the residual mixing energy within the reaction basin is consumed. At this time gentle bio-flocculation initially takes place, a solids-liquid interface forms under partial hindered settling conditions. Rising sludge does not occur.

Decanting (D):

This sequence is an extension of the settle sequence and is also totally quiescent whereby a moving weir lowering decanter is used to take the operating liquid level in the basin to its designated bottom water level reference position. In this way supernatant is withdrawn from a subsurface position under laminar flow conditions. This allows optimum removal over the decant depth without entrainment of settled solids or floating debris. Upon completion of the supernatant liquid removal sequence, the moving weir decanter returns to its rest position located out of liquid. Completion of the decant sequence terminates the designated use of the basin as a stratified, interrupted inflow reactor. Typically, fill sequencing begins while the decanter is travelling to its upper rest position.

After above treatment, C-Tech is designed to produce treated sewage quality of BOD < 5 mg/L, TSS < 10 mg/L, Total Nitrogen < 10 mg/L and Total Phosphorous < 0.5 mg/L.A rapid gravity sand filter is provided after C-Tech for removal of suspended solids from 10 mg/L to 5 mg/L. Filtered water is disinfected with chlorine and pumped to Power plant for various uses.

S.No. Parameter UNIT VALUE

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

pH

BOD

COD

TSS

Turbidity

Total Nitrogen as N

Total Phosphorous

Residual Chlorine

--

--

mg/L

mg/L

mg/L

mg/L

mg/L

mg/L

7.6

4.2

16

2.6

1.2

6.42

0.5

0.4

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Figure 4: Treated water from Chlorine Contact Tank

Figure 5: Comparison of treated sewage water and NMC Drinking Water

Anaerobic digester is provided to stabilize sludge from primary clarifier and generate biogas.

Performance of Plant in Operation:

Biological treatment process is the main treatment process that is key to the success of the project for Koradi Thermal Power Plant, Nagpur. The plant is commissioned and generating very good quality water meeting the requirement of the power plant. Table 2 shows the actual treated water quality generated from the C-Tech based Sewage Treatment & Reuse plant. Figure 4 shows the actual photographs of the treated water quality after Chlorine Contact Tank (and before Sand Filtration) from the plant. Figure 5 shows the quality of treated water after filtration in comparison to drinking water supplied by Nagpur Municipal Corporation.

Additional Benefit of Gas Generation:

As shown in the treatment scheme, the plant is designed for produce biogas from primary and secondary sludge generated from the C-Tech based Sewage Treatment Plant. Considering the raw sewage characteristics, it is estimated that around 8,400 m3 of biogas will be generated per day. The methane content of the biogas is expected to be around 60%. Assuming electrical efficiency of 40% for the biogas engines, the power generation potential of the plant with biogas available is around 875 MW. This is equal to the 75% of the power requirement of STP without pumping stations.

Benefits of C-Tech Based Sewage Treatment & Recycle Plant by Koradi Thermal Power Plant in Nagpur:

Benefits To Koradi Thermal Power Plant:

• Availability of 130 MLD of treated water for power plant in draught prone region of Vidarbha

• Independent and reliable water supply source for expansion of power generation plant

• Generation of 875 kW of power from biogas

• Potential to generate organic sludge of 21,000 kg/day for use as manure or fuel with calorific value around 3000 Kcal/kg when dried to 15% moisture content

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Benefits To Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC):

• Revenue of Rs. 15 Cr per annum

• Relief from burden of setting up and operating 130 MLD STP which is a cost center to NMC

• Availability of 130 MLD of raw water for city supply which otherwise would have been supplied to Mahagenco.

Benefits To Citizens Of Nagpur City:

• Availability of more water for household use

• Reduced water pollution as the sewage is not discharged into river or lake.

• Better civic facilities with the additional income generated to NMC

Koradi Thermal Power Plant’s C-Tech based Sewage Treatment & Recycle plant generates benefits to all stake holders. The plant stands as an example which can be followed by many power plants to get reliable alternative water source and help nearby cities in combating problems of water pollution and water scarcity.

Conclusions

It is possible to treat the sewage by C-Tech process to a quality required for recycle in power plants or in any other industries. Where ever domestic sewage is available, power plants or other industries should make efforts to use it as source of water for their plants. The Koradi Thermal Power Plant’s model should be adopted to generate benefits to all stake holders.

Satya Narayana Y. V. V. is working with SFC Environmental Technologies Pvt. Ltd. and is responsible for technology implementation, design &

engineering of wastewater treatment plants with C-Tech. He has done B. Tech. (Civil Engineering), M. Tech. (Environmental Engineering), Senior Management Program at IIM Ahmedabad and Course in Advanced Waste Water Treatment conducted by Crainfield University, UK. With over 25 years’ experience, he started his career with NEERI, Nagpur and later joined Reva Enviro Systems Pvt. Ltd. where he was responsible for execution of consultancy and turnkey jobs in the areas of water/ sewage/ wastewater treatment and biogas generation plants. He can be reached at [email protected].

About the Author

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Page 28: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

SIBF System: A Proven & Sustainable Wastewater Treatment & Reuse Method

SIBF system is a natural method of wastewater treatment based on ecological engineering. Here, an ecosystem is developed for the specific requirement of wastewater treatment. Read on...

By Navin Singh & Rahul Babar

Water is one of the basic necessities of life. Without water, life cannot sustain on this earth. 97.3 % of the total water available on this earth is salt water which

is stored in the oceans. Remaining 2.7% is fresh water. Of this, 75% is stored in polar ice and glaciers, @ 23% as groundwater and @ 2% in the form of soil moisture and atmospheric vapour. Only 0.3% fresh water (i.e., 127,000 BCM) is stored in the lakes and rivers. These lakes and rivers along with groundwater are the main sources of water.

In India, the per capita water availability is decreasing every year and shall reach water stress condition by 2025. The main reasons for this are high population growth, industrialisation and rapid urbanisation. The news about scarcity of water being faced in different parts of India is now a regular feature in our newspapers. This is mainly due to mismanagement and over-exploitation of water. The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development (NCIWRD) had estimated the total withdrawal/utilization for 2010 for all types of uses. The irrigation sector accounted for nearly 78% followed by domestic use 6%, industries 5%, power development 3%, and other activities claimed about 8% including evaporation losses, environment and navigational requirements.

As of now irrigation sector consumes about 80% of the total water use whichmay reduce to about 70% by 2050 due to competing demands from other sectors. Domestic water requirement is estimated to nearly double in the next 40 years (56 BCM in 2010 to 102 BCM in 2050 (MOWR, RD & GR 2000). Though the industrial water demand (including energy demand) at present constitutes only about 8% of the total water demand, its share of water use is rising rapidly and by the year 2050 is expected to

increase to about 13% of the total projected water use at that time. Effective measures have to be taken and legislations need to be brought out and enforced for treatment of domestic waste and industrial effluent discharge and its reuse. This will help in achieving higher water use efficiency in these sectors. The National Water Policy (2012) has also recommended reuse and recycle of wastewater to alleviate the problem of water scarcity.

The Challenge

The domestic wastewater generation sources are residential areas, industries and institutions. Nearly 70% sewage which is being presently let out untreated into the water bodies needs to be treated. For municipal sewage, the most commonly adopted treatment technology in Class I cities is the Activated sludge process (ASP) covering 59.5% of total installed capacity. The conventional methods in use based on Activated Sludge Process such as extended aeration, ASP, SAFF, MBBR, FAB, etc., are generally energy intensive and require skilled manpower. These systems have high capital costs and are expensive to operate. These STPs (especially de-centralised and small capacity ones) are usually run by unskilled people without any technical back-up. Thereby, the day-to-day variation in performance is not evaluated at most of the STPs. This results in poor performance of these systems leading to their failure. Hence, there is a need to identify energy efficient wastewater treatment systems which require less skill and which shall work in Indian conditions.

Presently, in general, the sewage in towns and cities is transported to one end of the city and then treated. Thus, there is heavy expenditure incurred for conveyance of sewage involving huge pipelines and more pumping stations. There is a need to set up

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STPs in decentralized manner to reduce the conveyance costs and also reuse the treated water in the same areas from where the sewage is collected. All big institutions, housing schemes, townships and industries need to be convinced the importance of having a proper sewage treatment plant.

The effluent generated in the industries needs to be treated as per pollution control board norms. Nowadays industries are encouraged to achieve ‘zero discharge’. Due to the high O&M costs, high technical skill requirement and fluctuations in daily wastewater generation, it is difficult for the industries to run the ETP based on conventional ASP process.

The Solution

There is a need for proper selection of technologies to tackle such enormous problem of sewage and industrial effluent treatment on a national level. There are many technologies like MBBR, SBR, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB), rotating biological contactors (RBC). But, considering the energy crisis, wherever possible, it will be beneficial to adopt natural treatment systems such as SIBF system, waste stabilization ponds, decentralized wastewater treatment system (DEWATS), soil biotechnology (SBT), Phytorid, etc., for treatment. The Solid Immobilised Bio-Filter (SIBF) system is however, a proven, effective and natural wastewater treatment system which can be implemented in a de-centralised way. Ideally, it would be most appropriate if the wastewater treatment is done at source itself.

SIBF System:

SIBF system is a natural method of wastewater treatment based on ecological engineering. The treatment is achieved through the ecosystem developed for the specific requirement. This system has many advantages over the conventional treatment systems. Salient features of the SIBF system:

• Eco-friendly treatment system: Eliminates drawbacks of conventional STP

• Landscaping: The total STP looks like a beautiful garden, thus adds to landscaping.

• Capital cost: Less than conventional treatment systems

• Tax benefit: 100% depreciation benefit

• Energy conserving: Saves 80-90% of energy costs over conventional treatment methods

• Easy to operate: Requires very low operating skill

• Very low operating cost: Attributed to low energy and low skill requirement

• Provides value addition: Re-usable treated water at very low operational cost, hence, a practicable approach towards groundwater recharge by using the treated water for gardening / irrigation throughout the year

Typical Hydraulic flow diagram for SIBF Systems

Note: 90% of the total STP / ETP area looks like a beautiful garden due to flowering Canna plants!

Legend: CT – Collection tank BF1 - Biofilter 1 SS – Side sump BF2 - Biofilter 2 AT – Alum tank

DMF / PSF & ACF – Pressure filters T - Treated water tank P - Pumps Canna plants (flowering plants)

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The Process:

The wastewater is treated through a three-stage process (refer typical hydraulic flow diagram).

• Primary treatment: Depending on the type of wastewater, this treatment involves screening, oil / fat removal, equalization, etc. After this, the wastewater is collected in the collection tank.

• Secondary treatment: From the collection tank, the wastewater is pumped to biofilter 1. This wastewater is spread evenly on the entire biofilter area by piping & distribution network. The wastewater flows vertically downwards through the ecosystem layer of aerobic bacteria – plants in the biofilter. The impurities in the wastewater are trapped and stabilized in this layer. The water from biofilter 1 is collected and pumped into biofilter 2 for second stage biofiltration.

• Tertiary treatment: The treated water after biofilter 2 is given tertiary treatment for polishing. This water is passed through alum tank followed by pressure sand filter and activated carbon filter. Finally, the treated water is disinfected and reused for gardening / toilet flushing / construction, etc.

Case Studies

We have presented below two case studies of SIBF system installations: one is an ETP for slaughter-house and other is a STP for an educational institution.

Case Study I - SIBF system at a Slaughter-house (150,000 litres per day)

The processing plant at Zorabian Chicks Pvt. Ltd., Khopoli has a capacity of 8000-10,000 birds per day. The wastewater generated during the processing has high pollution strength and has to be treated as per the pollution control board norms. The SIBF system has been installed to treat 150 m3/day of wastewater in the year 2007. The treatment system requires very low operation cost and skill. The biofilters look like a garden and add to the landscaping.The treated water conforms to the standards set by the pollution control board. There is about 80% saving in electricity and O&M costs compared to the conventional system.

The system is giving consistent performance since the last 8 years. Also, about 140 m3/day of treated water is available for gardening / irrigation throughout the year. Due to this, vast garden area is being maintained and also vegetables are grown for their in-house

Biofilters at ZPCL, Khopoli

Raw slaughter-house wastewater

Final treated water from Slaughter-house ETP being reused for gardening

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consumption. An extension of the ETP (additional 1,00,000 litres per day) has been planned.

Case Study II – SIBF at an Educational campus, Pune (50,000 litres per day)

SIBF system has been set up in the year 2015 at Maharshi Karve Stree Shikshan Samstha’s School of Fashion Technology at Pune. The campus is spread over 14 acres of land and has the college, administrative and hostel buildings. The total wastewater generation from the campus is estimated to be 50 m3/day. The treated water is being used for toilet flushing and gardening. As about 45,000 litres of treated water is available daily for reuse, the procurement of water through tankers has reduced. This system has been set up on an area of 225m2. Only one gardener level operator is operating the system. The treatment is completed within one shift. The daily power consumption is 22 units and the O&M cost is about Rs. 5/- per m3.

SIBF system at School of Fashion Technology, Pune

Final Treated water from STP at SOFT, Pune

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Conclusion

For waste management, all the major sectors of water use need to follow the primary rule of three R’s - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.Sewage and industrial effluents, if let out untreated into the water bodies, causes pollution and health hazard for human and animal life. Also, we lose the chance of reutilization (after treatment) of this precious resource by such disposal. Hence, if this wastewater is treated, it serves the dual benefit of pollution abatement as well as recovery of valuable resource i.e., water. The treated water can be reused for various non-potable purposes, thereby, saving on drinking quality water requirements. If we can reuse the treated water, then the water use efficiency shall also increase in direct proportion. Therefore, the discharge of effluents and sewage into water bodies should be discouraged and recycling should be promoted by the government.

We have seen in the case studies presented above that the slaughter-house wastewater and domestic sewage are being treated and reused in their respective premises. Thus, it will be more economical in setting up decentralized treatment plants so that the wastewater is treated at source itself, thereby, avoiding the cost of conveyance. Concerted efforts are required to make such installations possible at various levels (bungalows, townships, factories, institutions, villages, etc.). This will have a wider impact on sustainable development due to:

o pollution control

o prevention of contamination of drinking water sources

Navin Singh, Director - Projects & Planning, Energy Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Pune, has done Masters in Environmental Engineering from VJTI, Mumbai

University. Energy Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. offers consultancy in the field of pollution control for the past 18 years. The company has been instrumental in setting up the natural & sustainable wastewater treatment system - SIBF system. He is can be reached at [email protected].

Rahul Babar, Director - Operations, Energy Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Pune, has done Masters in Environmental Engineering from VJTI, Mumbai University.

About the Authors

o availability of treated water for non-potable reuse, thus conserving drinking quality water

o maintaining healthy ground water table

o economizing the cost on conveyance of wastewater

SIBF system is a proven and eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment. The annual O&M cost is very low and also skilled labour is not a requirement for the operation of the SIBF system. The system gives consistent quality of treated water for reuse, which conforms to the pollution control board norms. Thus, SIBF system can be an effective tool towards achieving sustainable development and fulfilling our dream of ‘Swachh Bharat’. There has to be a big awareness about water conservation so that our country does not face water scarcity in future.

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Water Today l May 2016 39

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Use of Bacteriophages & Biofilms Based Technologies for Waste Water Treatment

The article discusses the use of bacteriophages & biofilms based technologies for Waste Water Treatment. Read on...

By Dr. Zarine P. Bhathena

Reuse of treated wastewater has been long proposed and used as a viable option for addressing water shortage. However, recent outbreaks of waterborne diseases

have raised public concerns regarding the safety of such water supply, due to the incomplete removal of associated chemical and microbial contaminants.

The efficacy of conventional wastewater treatment processes in removing pathogenic microorganisms normally is due to a combination of treatments. In spite of that, biological treatment is routinely preferred over other treatment processes like chemical oxidation; thermal oxidation etc. in any integrated wastewater treatment plant due to the obvious economic advantage, both in terms of capital investment and operating costs. But the persistence of human pathogens in waters has thus led researcher’s revisit the uses of aerobic activated sludge process and explore different approaches for pathogen reduction to meet more stringent discharge specification put up by various pollution control bodies.

Though, water treatment systems are routinely engineered based on the amount and type of pollutant within wastewaters; systems that use biofilms employing the use of bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa to remove organic and inorganic materials from the surrounding liquid have found prominent advantage. But the complexity of biofilm activity and behaviour requires research contributions from disciplines, such as biochemistry, engineering, mathematics and microbiology to devise methods under which biofilms can improve their efficiency of reducing the organic load from their surroundings.

Bacteriophages have been ubiquitously found in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and their presence within various sewage

samples has led to interest in its use for wider environmental applications. The potential of phages to control bacterial infections in cultured fish, in plants and to control cyanobacterial blooms have been studied. There are reports of a phage enzyme capable of lysing the biological warfare bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. Commercial production of a phage to kill E. coli O157:H7 in manure and to remove pathogens from carcasses and food preparation areas is already underway.

Bacteriophage-mediated bacterial reduction thus can have potential to influence treatment performance by controlling the abundance of key microbiological groups. Bacteriophage treatments also have the potential to control environmental wastewater process problems such as: foaming in activated sludge plants; sludge de-waterability and digestibility; survival of pathogenic bacteria; and to reduce competition between nuisance bacteria and functionally important microbial populations.

Biological Processes

Biological wastewater treatment is mainly carried out by prokaryotes, though fungi, protozoa, algae and rotifers may also be represented. The microorganisms remove carbon and nutrient from sewage by employing various metabolic and respiratory processes thereby reducing its BOD and COD. In most cases organic matter is biochemically oxidized by heterotrophic bacteria under aerobic conditions resulting in production of carbon dioxide, water, ammonia and new biomass while biological nitrogen removal is achieved by a combination of nitrification, and denitrification, through the presence of nitrifying bacteria like Nitrobacter, Nitrospira, Nitrococcus and Nitrospina and Ammonia

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oxidizing bacteria (AOB), like Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira and Nitrosococcus spps. The denitrification process reduces the nitrates to nitrogen gas, thus removing nitrogen from the water phase. In this process, members of the genera Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, Paracoccus, Methylobacterium, Bacillus and Hyphomicrobium spps have been found to play an important role in wastewater treatment plants when culture dependant isolation methods are used.

Biological phosphorus removal is achieved by intracellular accumulation of polyphosphates in combination with cell uptake for growth. The most efficient phosphate removal bacteria are called polyphosphate accumulating organisms (POAs) in which accumulated phosphates can reach 10% of their cell dry weight. Such bacteria with enhanced aerobic phosphorus uptake ability and indentified through molecular techniques were found to belong to the genera of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter iwoffi and Aeromonas hydrophila.

Biofilm In Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater treatment in which biofilm systems are operational show several advantages like Operational flexibility, low space requirements, reduced hydraulic retention time, resilience to changes in the environment, increased biomass residence time, high active biomass concentration, enhanced ability to degrade recalcitrant compounds as well as a slower microbial growth rate resulting in lower sludge production as compared to suspended growth systems Such systems also permit enhanced control of reaction rates and population dynamics.

Various reactor configurations like trickling filters, high rate plastic media filters, rotating biological contactors, fluidized bed biofilm reactors, airlift reactors, granular filters and membrane immobilized cell reactors have been used based on the state of the support material applied within wastewater treatment plant. Fixed bed systems include all systems where the biofilm is formed on static media such as rocks, plastic profiles, sponges, granular carriers or membranes with the liquid flowing through the static media supplying the microorganisms with nutrients and oxygen. In contrast, moving bed systems comprise all biofilm processes with continuously moving media, maintained by high air or water velocity or mechanical stirring. Such reactors use material with a large specific surface area as within it, high biological activity can be maintained using a relatively small reactor volume. Keeping in mind to take due care in controlling its thickness by applying

shear force, altering the stirring intensity, flow velocity or by backwashing.Within such biofilms based reactors, organisms undertake biological degradation, bio-sorption, bio-accumulation and bio-mineralisation. Efficient bio-sorption of heavy metals and organic solvents by biofilm matrix components have been reported. Reactors using natural microbial flora or specific strains with the ability to remove specific metabolites like chlorophenols, pyrene and phenanthrene , n-alkanes , carbon tetrachloride and mixed effluent from pharmaceutical industry have been described in literature.

Stephenson and Stephenson used bioaugmentation to improve treatment by increasing diversity and/or activity through direct introduction of either selected naturally occurring or genetically altered microorganisms to the system. To achieve successful bio-augmentation the survival, activity and retention of the inoculated microorganisms have to be guaranteed in the new environment. Thus, biofilm-mediated bio-augmentation which offers the selected microorganisms protection against toxic compounds, protozoa grazing and washouts within the sheltered biofilm matrix, is the technique which can find potential use in wastewater treatment.

Biofilm Activity

Within such reactors the biofilm activity, or the reaction rate, is directly affected by substrate transport limitations. Transport of substrate into biofilms is normally the result of diffusion into the denser aggregates and potentially convective transport within pores and water channels. In many biofilm systems, diffusion has been shown to dominate mass transport. If the biofilm is under diffusion control, the reaction rate is additionally dependent on the specific diffusion constant (m2 s-1) and the bulk substrate concentration (kgS m-3). In such diffusion controlled biofilms, substrate and metabolite gradients normally arise within the film such that cells in the interior of the biofilm may not be able to contribute to the biochemical substrate conversion.

The diffusion constant is specific for each substrate, depending on size, hydrophobicity and electrical charges, but it also dependant on biofilm properties such as density, porosity, cell surface charges and hydrophobicity of the matrix components. A higher reaction rate is usually obtained in thin but dense biofilms due to high amounts of active cells in relation to EPS.

Water Today l May 2016 41

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The complex web of interactions within biofilm consortia is the key to understand biological community structure, composition and function. Inter- and intra species interactions influence all the aspects of biofilms; the formation, structure, EPS and polysaccharide production and composition as well as the biofilm activity. Biofilms are heterogeneous systems hosting different microenvironments with bacterial cells immobilised in relatively fixed positions. In such an environment microbial interactions are unavoidable. Compared to suspended systems where the behaviour of planktonic bacteria in mixed cultures often can be predicted based on the performance of each respective single strain, biofilm systems are much more complex. Studies have shown that two strains can coexist in biofilms even though one strain consistently out-competed the other in planktonic culture due to production of inhibiting compounds or superior growth rate.

Interactions which are beneficial to a population like reciprocal protection from environmental stress, enhanced degradation of organic compounds or increased biofilm formation are routinely observed within biofilms matrix. Other mechanisms known to offer increased protection in biofilms due to interactions are horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and enzyme complementation.

Enhanced degradation of organic compounds is often the result of cooperative metabolism or by the establishment of oxygen gradients allowing both anaerobic and aerobic species to coexist. Increased biofilm formation can be the result of enhanced coaggregation.

A phenomenon which cannot be overlooked when discussing interactions in biofilms is cell-cell signalling. The signals often referred to as autoinducers allow organisms to behave in a co-ordinated manner including regulation of biofilm formation, development and bacteriocin production. Interspecies signalling is mediated by the same molecules as in intraspecies signalling. Moreover some strains which do not synthesise autoinducer molecules themselves can respond to foreign molecules and adapt their behaviour accordingly. Thus the knowledge of mixed species biofilms and their interactions and the underlying diverse mechanisms needs to be understood.

Use of Bacteriophages In Treatment Plants

In addition to biofilms based biological treatments method used in wastewater, use of phages if explored may result in the

introduction of an original and eco friendly approach to tackle the problems such as foaming in activated sludge plants, sludge de-waterability and digestibility, reduction of pathogenic bacteria, and reduction in competition between nuisance bacteria and functionally important microbial populations. Bacteriophage-mediated bacterial reduction has the potential to influence treatment performance by controlling the abundance of key microbiological groups.

A large number of phages have been isolated from water and wastewater and their properties studied. Bacteriophages due to their specificity, may control only one specific target pathogen. This means that bacteriophage treatments target a specific host and would not inactivate normal biota. Alternatively they may be polyvalent bacteriophages with broad host ranges. That is, either E. coli or Salmonella or multiple serovars would be targeted by few bacteriophages in the cocktail as opposed to a cocktail with a single bacteriophage for each pathogenic variant. Such bacteriophages have found application in controlling pathogens in food and water. Detrimental effects of phages have also been observed. Barr et al reported deterioration of treatment plants where an unexpected decline in the phosphorus removal performance of a granular laboratory-scale wastewater treatment reactor was observed.

Though there have been reports on the potential for using bacteriophage to reduce pathogen contamination of waters and numerous review articles have been published highlighting the benefits and disadvantages of applying bacteriophages in health, food and agricultural industries limitations of obtaining effective bacteriophage mixtures that will prevent the selection of resistant bacteria yet retain a species-wide host range has limited this technology

An additional use of bacteriophage treatment within activated sludge plants is reduction of foaming caused by the excessive growth of unwanted mycolic acid containing filamentous bacteria, due to development of bacteria of the order Corynebacteriales, commonly termed as mycolata. This leads to environmental, operational and health related issues. A number of potential phages active against various mycolata have been isolated and characterized against Nocardia, Gordonia, Skermania among others

Although there are still many problems to address, research has shown potential that naturally occurring bacteriophages can be

42 Water Today l May 2016

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Page 38: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

isolated from the environment and applied to water/partially-treated sewage to effectively reduce pathogenic organisms. Successful application of bacteriophage therapy to wastewater treatment does though require a fuller understanding of wastewater microbial community dynamics and interactions. Strategies to counter host specificity and host cell resistance must also be developed, as should safety considerations regarding pathogen emergence through transduction.

The author would like to acknowledge the assistance of Ms. Sanjana Kuruwa in compilation of this article.

Selected References:

• Choi J, Kotay SM, Goel R. 2011. Bacteriophage-based biocontrol of biological sludge bulking in wastewater. Bioeng Bugs.2(4):214-7.

• Jassim SA, Limoges RG, El-Cheikh H. 2016. Bacteriophage biocontrol in wastewater treatment. World J Microbiol Biotechnol.;32(4):70.

• Motlagh AM, Bhattacharjee AS, Goel R.2016.Biofilm

Dr Zarine P. Bhathena is Associate Professor of Microbiology in the Department of Microbiology, at the University of Mumbai, India, and one of the

Principal Investigator and Scientist of Bhavan’s Research Center, Mumbai. A graduated in Microbiology, She gained a doctorate in Microbial Physiology on Vibrio paraheamolyticus isolated from shrimps caught off the coast of Mumbai. After a short postdoctoral period with Himalaya Drugs, she joined as an the academic staff at Bhavan’s college where she has remained to the current time; teaching undergraduate and post graduate students. She has guided 10 students for their M.Sc and Ph.D research dissertations besides 3 JRF scholars. She has published extensively in the field of natural colorant and in the areas of Microbial Levan, FOS, Biosurfactants, Biofilms, Myxobacterial metabolites and Anti quorum sensing molecules of microbial origin. She can be reached at [email protected].

About the Author

WATER TODAY’S WATER EXPO 2017

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control with natural and genetically-modified phages. World J Microbiol Biotechnol.32(4):67.

• Withey S, Cartmell E, Avery LM, Stephenson T. 2005. Bacteriophages--potential for application in wastewater treatment processes. Sci Total Environ. 339(1-3):1-18.

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Measuring Organic Compounds in Wastewater – Which Method Should I Choose? A Case Study from a

European Sustainable Sugar Manufacturer

This article compares three techniques which measure the organic content in wastewater (BOD, COD & TOC), and which is the most suitable analysis depending on the processing needs. Optimizing the method can lead

to quick ROI in many instances. Read on...By Alyson Lanciki & Peter Gulden

Suiker Unie is a company headquartered in the Netherlands which produces sugar, syrups, and other products originating from sugar beets. It is the European market

leader with its sustainable beet cultivation and processing methods, having won numerous awards. During each campaign of approximately 130 days, Suiker Unie processes on 2 sites in total six million tons of sugar beets, creating one million tons of sugar, and cleans 5,000,000 m3 of water before releasing it back into the environment. In 2009, a biogas installation was added to the Dinteloord site to recover organic compounds in wastewater, convert them into methane, and return the upgraded biogas to the Dutch energy grid. Sugar production regulations will be lifted in 2017 and plans are to increase output by about 10%.

Introduction

Sugar is an important foodstuff, consumed by everyone on the planet. According to Peter Gulden, the Production Leader at Suiker Unie for Biomass Fermentation, the average Dutch citizen consumes around 40 kg of sugar per year, and this number is even higher in other countries. The production of sugar and other agricultural products requires extremely large volumes of water. From farming and irrigation practices to washing the resulting produce, extracting compounds, evaporating and distilling, and even using the heat and energy from steam as utility, water is ubiquitous in all processes. The water needed in the sugar factory is mainly extracted from the beet during evaporation, and it is condensed and reused for washing.

Producing sugar from beets requires thorough washing of the vegetable slices, where a percentage of sugar is lost to the

rinse water. Suiker Unie Dinteloord prepares 27,000 tons of beets each day, equaling 40 tons of sugar lost in the rinse water. Before the water can be discharged to the environment, it must be analyzed and efficiently treated. Suiker Unie processes and cleans almost 2,500,000 m3 of water at the Dinteloord site each year, and utilizes an effluent treatment program combining both aerobic and anaerobic water treatment processes, releasing less than 3% of the total organic load upstream in the process. While aerobic treatments (holding ponds) are reserved for less contaminated water from their steam circuit, the biomass digester (Figure 1) and methane reactors reactors (anaerobic, Figure 2) are fed with influent containing a higher load of sugars. These reactors generate significant revenue for the company as the gas is cleaned and sold back to the power grid.

An overload of organic matter in the digester causes significant problems and downtime: bacterial death from pH changes, reactor shutdown, cleanup, and recommissioning procedures, which can be extremely costly. Until 2015, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) analysis was performed daily on site by the laboratory at Suiker Unie in order to measure the organic load of the influent and control the flowrate to the reactors. This measurement was based on 24 hour composite sampling—small amounts of influent collected every 15 minutes over the period of a day, combined in a 10 L tank for COD analysis. The company is allowed by law to discharge up to 125 mg/L COD back into the environment, therefore it is imperative that the wastewater treatment procedures are working efficiently. The maximum degradation which can occur (per reactor) is calculated around

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30 tons of COD per day, or 1400 kg per hour, equating to 3800 mg/L COD at high flowrates (800 m3/hour). During peak organic loads, the enriched influent can be diluted with less polluted water from the holding ponds to overcome overloading the methane reactors. However, the time-consuming COD measurement taken at such a low frequency does not ensure a constant organic load to the reactors. Peak loads are averaged in the daily COD results if they occur hours after the previous measurement was taken.

Other methods are available to measure the organic content in water, among them is Total Organic Carbon (TOC) a continuous, online, sum-parameter analysis. In late 2014 a Metrohm Process Analytics 7010 TOC Analyzer was installed at the Suiker Unie Dinteloord site at the inlet to the methane reactors to provide quick feedback about the stream (Figure 3). Over a three month testing period, a correlation factor was calculated and confirmed between the COD and TOC measurements. Suiker Unie now uses the 7010 TOC Analyzer to protect their investment: monitoring the organic concentration in their wastewater continuously in real-time (Figure 4).

Methods for Wastewater Monitoring

Wastewater originating from sugar production is especially problematic as it is filled with soluble, nutritional organic material which can lead to a severe depletion of dissolved oxygen levels due to microbial metabolism. In order to protect aquatic life, the organic content must be measured and treatments performed on very polluted effluents before this water can be reintroduced to the environment. There are many ways to measure the organic load, and therefore oxygen demand, in wastewater: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). The duration of both BOD and COD analyses is quite long, which leads to missed/averaged

peak organic loads, or requires multiple analyzers at increased cost. The measurement of TOC occurs in minutes, giving improved time resolution for dynamic processes and does not involve the use of toxic chemicals as with COD analyses. TOC measurements can be used for real-time control in a process and also to continuously monitor effluent discharge to adhere to environmental regulations.

Issues with Organics in Biogas (Green Gas) Production

Other than being a major sugar producer, Suiker Unie is the biggest green gas producer in the Netherlands. In 2015, 22,000,000 m3 green gas was created between their two main production sites and sold back to the Dutch power grid. During a campaign, Suiker Unie can generate 1.5 million euros worth of gas, thus it is very lucrative and in the best interest to keep the reactors running at maximum efficiency. Over the first six years of service for their biogas reactors, the organic content of the wash effluent was monitored by COD analysis in the laboratory. This analysis took place once every 24 hours from a 10 L composite sample (created by aliquots taken from the effluent stream every 15 minutes) to ensure the proper level of nutrients reached the bacteria. However this measurement frequency missed some significant overloading periods, which lowered the pH of the reactor, killing the activated sludge. A shutdown of the reactors and remediation procedures followed, costing more than €200,000.00 after which Peter Gulden, Biomass Fermentation Production Leader, began looking for other methods to better control this process.

Quantifying Organic Content: BOD, COD, and TOC

Measuring the organic levels in wastewater has different implications for each industry, depending on the reasons for performing the analysis. The three main analyses used are BOD, COD, and TOC and they vary widely, which can be confusing when determining which method is best for your process.

• BOD: The BOD is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms in 1 L of water within five days (BOD5) in order to reduce the organic load. This measurement is performed within a closed system to ensure no external influences will affect the oxygen concentrations inside of the bottle. If calculating the Ultimate BOD, this measurement can take longer than five days. This analysis has

Figure 1. The biomass digester installed in 2009 by Suiker Unie

Dinteloord to create biogas from their wastewater.

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very specific pH, nutrient, and chemical requirements, and is completely unsuitable for process control. Results are based on the activity of microorganisms and can be biased if there are any toxic substances also present in the wastewater.

• COD: The COD is a measurement of the oxygen required to oxidize all the organic matter present in a sample. This is performed titrimetrically such as in the norms DIN 38409, EPA 410.1, and ISO 60660. It differs from BOD in that it is much faster (between two and four hours per analysis) and requires a strong oxidizing agent for the task, rather than microbial processes.

Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is used to fully oxidize all organic matter under extremely acidic conditions to create CO2, the final product. An excess of the dichromate must be present in the sample, and after the oxidation process is complete, this excess reagent needs to be quantified via titration. After adding the oxidizing reaction solution and silver sulfate (Ag2SO4) catalyst, the mixture is heated for at least 2 hours before cooling and beginning the titration. The

titrant ferrous(II) ammonium sulfate is added, and the Cr6+ in solution from the K2Cr2O7 is reduced to Cr3+, oxidizing Fe2+ to Fe3+– the endpoint noted potentiometrically.

In this method, especially toxic reagents are used. In samples which contain large amounts of chloride, complexing with mercuric sulfate (HgSO4) is recommended in order to avoid interferences from the additional oxidation of Cl-

and formation of Cl2 gas. The handling and disposal of the reagents is important and highly regulated, since they are extremely poisonous. In more and more countries, the use of mercury is forbidden.

Although some industries still use COD as a measure of the organic content of their process waters, many are moving away to monitor and control their water treatment processes with online TOC process analyzers.

• TOC: The measurement of TOC has entered the market as a faster and alternative method compared to BOD and COD. TOC is a quick online method which oxidizes the entire organic content of the sample, measured as a sum-parameter (as CO2), meaning it gives no specific information about the individual organic compounds. A liquid sample is taken and the inorganic carbon is removed by acidification and purging of the sample. The organic carbon components are oxidized to CO2 which is then directed to a non-dispersive infrared detector (NDIR), where the CO2 is detected at a specific wavelength.

TOC Methods

Digestion of the organic components can be done in various ways. One method is the catalyst-assisted high temperature digestion, which burns all organic material in the sample between 650°C and 1200°C. Determinations are carried out batch-wise since the combustion tube in the furnace has to be refilled with an injection needle with each analysis. However, power consumption

Figure 2. Methane reactors on site at the Dinteloord Suiker Unie facility.

Method Suitability

For BOD and COD analyses, the oxygen content needed to stabilize organic matter is the foundation of the measurement. However, the reported values may differ based on the oxidation states of compounds within the sample, whereas the carbon concentration (measured by TOC) remains constant. Therefore, it is clear that TOC is the most suitable method to determine organic content, as the result is independent of different oxidation states in the sample. The TOC value provides a quick, easy, and accurate way of assessing the amount of organic substances in a sample stream without the need for toxic chemicals, unlike COD analysis.

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Figure 3. The Metrohm Process Analytics online 7010 TOC Analyzer in a protective shelter analyzing the influent to the biomass digester at Suiker Unie Dinteloord. This analyzer has replaced the old method of COD measurement at the facility and helps control

the amount of organics fed to the bacteria inside of the digester.

to keep the furnace running for constant TOC analysis may be quite costly.

An effective and economical oxidation method is the wet-chemical digestion with UV light using a strong oxidizing agent, usually persulfate (S2O8

2-). The analysis takes place continuously, and offers both high sensitivity and low maintenance for the user. The UV-persulfate digestion is the basis for the Metrohm Process Analytics online 7010 TOC Analyzer, and with no need for external air utility, consumables cost less than €600.00 per year. The system with its simple device configuration and low maintenance requirements has been developed based on years of experience with TOC analyzers for online operation.

Determining the Correlation Factor

Correlating the results between COD and TOC can be performed with long-term sampling and statistical analysis using the results from both techniques, although this ratio must be established at each sampling location. The COD-TOC correlation is based on

the oxidation state of the compounds in relation to the amount of carbon present. This ratio may differ for the same process stream if different sampling locations are used, as well as for a large variability in the organic species present.

Suiker Unie’s two methane reactors can treat up to 60 tons of sugar daily to create approximately 22,000 m3 of green gas,

Figure 4. TOC vs. Biogas generation over the course of 24 hour period.

Pink: TOC concentration Red: Biogas generation

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and any downtime can have significant consequences not only for the gas production, but also for the wastewater, which must contain less than 125 mg/L COD before it can be returned to the environment. For the correlation study, the 24 hour COD measurement was compared to a “composite” 24 hour TOC measurement (averaged value from multiple measurements on samples taken every 15 minutes, exactly how the daily COD sample is created) each day over a period of three months (Figure 5). A factor of 2.67 was determined between the COD and TOC measurements, meaning that Suiker Unie can still calibrate with the same standard sugar solution as before. Now they have no need for toxic chemicals containing mercury and silver, and have complete, real-time control over the organic load influent to the methane reactors.

Conclusion

It is nearly impossible to identify and quantify the myriad organic compounds present in wastewaters, which makes the sum-parameter measurement of Total Organic Carbon more than simply a shortcut to determining the total amount of organic substances in a sample. TOC measurement is not only convenient, but the only way of arriving at a conclusion about organic contamination and carbon content in such

samples. There are no toxic chemicals nor issues with different oxidizable species in the sample, making TOC a straightforward measurement. Monitoring and controlling dynamic processes is made easier with this fast, online measurement. By spending around €25,000.00 for a continuous online Metrohm Process Analytics 7010 TOC Analyzer and an analyzer shelter, and €200.00 on operational costs over a 130-day campaign, Suiker Unie has protected its significant investment in sustainability, saving €100,000.00 per reactor on activated sludge plus the millions of euros generated by selling green gas back to the Dutch power grid. For more information, please visit www.metrohm.com.

Other Applications of Continuous Online TOC:

• Effluent Consent Monitoring and Control

• Monitoring Breakthrough in Boiler Water

• Monitoring Surface Water Discharges

• Monitoring and Control of Coagulation

• Monitoring and Control of Recycled Water

• Organic Contamination/Build Up in Processes

Figure 5. A 3-month correlation study between the COD results and equivalent TOC measurements at Suiker Unie Dinteloord.

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Alyson Lanciki has a Ph.D. in Analytical/Environmental Chemistry from South Dakota State University, and a B.S. in Environmental Chemistry from the State

University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. She has worked at Metrohm Applikon B.V. since 2013 as an Applications Specialist and is currently the Technical Writer for Process Analytics.

Peter Gulden, Production Leader at Suiker Unie for Biomass Fermentation. Peter graduated from higher laboratory education and began working at the Suiker

Unie research laboratory in 1982. In 2008, Peter became head of the production laboratory in Dinteloord, the Netherlands and was also responsible for the water treatment and methane reactors. Since February 2015, Peter is now the Production Leader of the biomass digester and methane reactors.

About the AuthorsQUOTES (Peter Gulden):

Preliminary testing of the 7010 TOC Process Analyzer:“The guys in the control room saw this [TOC] figure the whole campaign, but I wanted to see if it was good enough to use it because if it’s broken down every 2 weeks, there’s a moment where they don’t look at it.”

After testing the 7010 TOC Process Analyzer:“It’s a simple system, nothing can happen.”“The calibration was only with a sugar solution.”

After full integration of the 7010 TOC Process Analyzer:“For me it was very satisfying. One time we saw there was a problem in the factory, there was 200 tons of sugar put in the water circuit and immediately it came to the methane reactors, and we saw that immediately, [with an] alarm”

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Sustainability of Water Resources: Role of Natural & Ecological Engineering in Climate

Regulation, Water Demand & Purification

The article discusses the role of natural & ecological engineering in climate regulation, water demand & purification. Read on...

By Dr. J.S. Pandey

Water resources are becoming a very serious threshold for further development in many countries (Pandey et al., 2013). With water use exceeding the

sustainable yield of aquifers, over-pumping is now commonplace all over the world. Underground Water tables are now falling in the southwestern USA, the US Great Plains, several states in India, in much of northern China, across northern Africa, in Southern Europe, and throughout the Middle East. Therefore, there is a global realization now that sustainable river basin management, which deals not only with technical, but also ecological and socio-economic aspects, should be accorded the highest priority, as it calls for a multi-disciplinary and integrated approach (Pandey et al., 2006).

The causes of and the solutions for water pollution are not to be found by confining only to the aquatic ecosystems. The entire drainage or catchment basin must be considered as the management unit. Thus the ecosystem unit for practical management must then include for every square meter or acre of water at least twenty times an area of terrestrial watershed. This ratio of water surface to watershed area may vary as it depends on rainfall, geological structure of underlying rocks and topography etc.

Eco-hydrology

Eco-hydrology refers to that branch of science which studies various hydrologic mechanisms underlying ecological patterns and processes. Plant biodiversity has got a very major role to play as it is not only an important regulator of the climate (Pandey et al., 2007, 2010) around us (through its significant role in evapo-transpiration, which is the largest component after precipitation

in the hydrological balance), but it also does phyto-remediation by way of decontaminating the environment from the pollutants present in air, water and soil (Pandey et al., 1997, 1998, 2002, 2004a,b).

The linkage between soil, vegetation and atmosphere regulates the climate. And, this linkage is substantially different from one region to the other as it is highly influenced by the physiological characteristics of vegetation, meteorology, air pollutants and the pedology of the soil. Thus these spatio-temporal linkages between the hydrologic and ecologic dynamics need to be studied through appropriate ecological models.

Water Resources and Land-Use Management

Land-use management and rehabilitation strategies have a significant impact on catchment water balance, water yield and groundwater recharge. The key parameters regulating evapo-transpiration are rainfall interception, net radiation, advection, turbulent transport, leaf area and plant-available-water-capacity. The relative importance of these factors depends on climate, soil, and vegetation conditions. Results show that for a given forest cover, there is a good relationship between long-term average evapo-transpiration and rainfall. The impacts of vegetation on water resources, environmental sustainability and economic viability depend immensely on the spatial distribution of the plants. The research on the hydrological role of vegetation has already extended over several decades (Pandey et al., 2006).

Fresh water is consumed in different ways. For example, in Asia and Africa during the 1980s, over 85% of fresh water was utilized

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for agricultural purposes. At the same time, in Europe only 30% of fresh water is used in agriculture, and its major part (55%) is spent for industrial needs. About one-third (1000 km3) of global fresh water consumption is by four countries : China, India, Pakistan and Japan, which spend it mostly for agricultural needs as 74% of the total irrigated land in Asia is situated within these four countries). (https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=9706920765).

Climate and Evapo-transpiration

Catchment evapo-transpiration is a complex process that is affected by rainfall interception, net radiation, advection, turbulent transport, canopy resistance, leaf area and plant-available-water. Under dry conditions the principal controls on evapo-transpiration are plant-available water and canopy resistance. Under wet conditions the dominant controls are advection, net radiation, leaf area and turbulent transport. Under intermediate conditions the relative importance of these factors varies depending on climate, soil, and vegetation.

Rooting depth determines the soil volume from which plants are able to draw water, and together with soil hydraulic properties, it defines the plant-available water capacity. Trees generally have much larger water capacity than herbaceous plants. During wet seasons, plants extract most water from shallow layers where the root density is the highest. As the soil progressively dries, more water is extracted from deeper layers to keep stomata open. As a result trees are able to maintain a relatively constant evapo-transpiration rate over time, even when soil-moisture in the upper part of the soil is limited. Under such conditions, shallow-rooted plants tend to close their stomata and have a reduced evapo-transpiration rate. In regions with dry climates, plant-available water capacity is expected to be a main reason for differences in annual evapo-transpiration between trees and shallow-rooted plants. The depth and distribution of plant roots is affected by a number of factors such as physical barriers, chemical barriers, and nutrient distribution (Pandey et al., 2006).

In general, temperature and moisture are so closely interlinked that they are usually conceded to be the most important parameters representing climate. Their interaction, as in the case of interaction of most of the factors, depends on the relative as well as the absolute values of each factor. In fact, there are two basic types of climate: (1) the continental climates are characterized by extremes of temperature and moisture, and (2)

the marine climates ((Pandey et al., 1998) are characterized by less extreme fluctuations because of the moderating effect of large bodies of water.

Main Objectives and Methodology

The main objective is to investigate the synergies between environmental pollution and climate change due to human and natural perturbations over Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and Himalayan regions and the impacts due to these synergies on ecosystem and human health (Pandey et al., 2005). The Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) is the main bread-basket of the country and provides various eco-system services to the country and, thus, holds immense societal and economic importance.

The work started with region-specific data collection for inter-linking biodiversity with phyto-remediation and eco-hydrological balance. Subsequently, by way of developing and applying appropriate models (Pandey et al., 2006), the region-specific environmental water demand (EWD) for maintaining the climate were determined. These results (Figure 1) were analyzed for their role in Jammu and Kashmir region and in the entire Indo-Gangetic plain. The models are undergoing suitable fine-tuning so as to make them amenable for studying the synergies between climate change and environmental pollution. In short, the methodology involves the following steps:

• Literature Review

• Selection of appropriate ecosystems for detailed analysis and data collection

• Identification of important issues and problems of the region

• Identification of Sensitive Hot Spots for deeper analysis

• Selection, Development, Calibration and Application of Models

• Development and application of appropriate functionalities for region-specific and site specific issues

• Impact on ecosystems and human health due to climate change and pollution synergy

• Quantification of process-inter-linkages

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Conclusion

Since the resources like land and water are finite, they must be utilized and managed judiciously. In the recent past the water resources have got unduly stressed globally. One must restore the degraded lands, cultivable wastelands and long fallows. This is a very urgent problem warranting a dynamic land use policy to ensure minimum and inescapable diversion of agricultural and forest land to other uses, so as to ensure a healthy water balance.

This programme will, inter alia, lead to understanding of causes, magnitudes and impacts of changing environment over IGP and Himalayan regions which have great importance for the country as the IGP is the main bread-basket of the country and Himalayan region provides invaluable ecosystem services to the country.

Proper understanding will help in mitigation of adverse impacts of changing environment (air, water, soil) in the region thus, inter alia, ensuring food security and sustainable development.

Acknowledgement

The author is grateful to all those sources of information including discussions, discourses, workshops and conferences, which have helped in shaping this article by way of a systematic data analysis and appropriate synthesis and conversion of the information into useful models. The author calls it ADAM (Accretion of Data and Modulation) and EVE (Environmentally Viable Engineering Estimates) Approach. Moreover, the views expressed are those of the authors’ mainly and his Institution may or may not share the same views.

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References

Pandey, J.S., Deb, S.C. and Khanna, P. 1997. Issues Related to Greenhouse Effect, Productivity Modelling and Nutrient Cycling : A Case Study of Indian Wetlands. Environmental Management 21(2) : 219-224. Pandey, J.S. and Khanna, P. 1998. Sensitivity Analysis of a Mangrove Ecosystem Model. Journal of Environmental Systems 26(1) : 57-72.

Pandey, J.S., Khan, S., Joseph, V. and Kumar, R. 2002. Aerosol Scavenging : Model Application and Sensitivity Analysis in the Indian Context. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 74 : 105-116.

Pandey, J.S., Joseph, V. , Shanker, R. and Singh, R.N. 2004a. Modeling the Role of Phytoremediation in Mitigating Groundwater Contamination in India. Journal of Environmental Systems 30 (3) : 177-189.

Pandey, J.S., Joseph, V. and Kaul, S.N. 2004b. A Zone-wise Ecological-Economic Analysis of Indian Wetlands. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 98 : 261-273.

Pandey, J.S., Kumar, R. and Devotta, S. 2005. Health Risks of NO2, SPM and SO2 in Delhi (India). Atmospheric Environment 39 : 6868-6874.

Pandey Jai S. and Devotta, S. 2006. Assessment of Environmental Water Demands (EWD) of Forests for Two Distinct Indian Ecosystems. Environmental Management 37 (1) : 141-152.

Pandey, J.S., Wate, S.R. and Devotta, S. 2007. Development of Emission Factors for GHGs and Associated Uncertainties. PROCEEDINGS : 2nd International Workshop on Uncertainty in Greenhouse Gas Inventories. International Institute for

Dr. J.S. Pandey is presently working as Chief Scientist and Professor, AcSIR. He is heading the Climate Change Programme at CSIR-NEERI.

After completing his graduation, post graduation and Ph.D. from IIT Kharagpur, he joined National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India as Scientist in 1987. At NEERI, he has worked on ever new and innovative concepts like “Temporal Risk Gradients (TRG)”, “Environmental Water Demand (EWD)”, “Ecosystem Health Exposure Risk Assessment (ËHER)” etc. He has been the recipient of the prestigious NEERI’s Best Scientist Award (known an NEERI Foundation Day Award) for two consecutive year and presently working on some emerging areas like Ecological and Carbon Footprints. He has published about 100 papers in International/National Journals, Conferences and Seminars and has written about seven chapters for National and International Books. He can be reached at [email protected].

About the Author

Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria, 27-28 September, 2007.

Pandey, J.S. 2010. Development of Ecosystem-specific Direct Emission Factors (DEF) for Estimating Carbon and Ecological Footprints (CF&EF). In “Climate Change, Global Warming and NE India : Regional Perspectives (Eds. : Borthakur, S.K., Sharma, R.K., Sharma, G.K. and Barbhuiya, A.H.), ERD Foundation, Guwahati, pp. 59-65.

Pandey, J.S. 2013. “Synergistic Impacts of Climate Change and Environmental Pollution : Studies Required for Impact Minimization and Environmental Management”. “Climate Change Impacts on Water Resource Systems” (Ed. Shete, D.T.), Excel India Publishers, New Delhi, India, pp. 112-118.

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A Comprehensive Analysis on Sewage Treatment Facilities in NCR & Introduction of an Innovative Low

Cost Sewage Technology for Rural & Urban Areas

The article discusses the importance of a pollution free environment with a special focus on existing situation & Issues related with non treatment of waste water and sewage water in NCR.

By Aniruddh Gupta

A pollution free environment is very important for human life sustainability but due to lack of information about the precautions and activities to take care of our

environment, we are spoiling our surrounding environment and the life is becoming difficult day by day.

A lot of initiatives have been taken by the Modi government in India to make our country clean and sustainable but till we all will not become part of this movement, our dreams of pollution free environment shall not be fulfilled.

There are many loopholes in the system as well; those needs to be corrected and willingness for the cleaner environment in the mind of every citizen of country should be developed. Here we will discuss some technical and environmental aspects about one Sewage Treatment Plant installed in a newly developed society in Greater Faridabad. This will help us to understand the importance of technicality and functioning of a sewage treatment plant.

Sewerage is the core element of physical infrastructure that determines the environmental status of any settlement and as such requires minute planning, development and management. Development of appropriate sewage carriage system with efficient treatment is the key element, which acts as a prerequisite for facilitating balanced and harmonized development.

As per the government rules, sewage should be treated before it is discharged into the water courses or on land or used for irrigation. The villages and towns where it is not possible to provide a proper treatment system due to topography and lack of resources, low cost sanitation measures may be adopted which can be replaced

by regular sewage system subsequently. Sewage should be treated to bring the pollution level to permissible limits as stipulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Pollution Control Boards irrespective of the type of disposal of the sewage. As far as possible, areas where the annual rainfall exceeds 75 cm, separate systems for sewage and storm water are recommended. Rural areas, where piped water supply system exists, should be provided with sewerage system with treatment facilities. Low cost sanitation measures such as sanitary latrines with septic tanks and soak pit should be provided in the villages with hand-pumps based water supply.

A review of Regional Plan-2001 was done in the year 1999, in which it was observed that only 20% towns of NCR were covered with partial sewerage system, while the rural areas did not have any access to such facilities. Since the last decade, no major progress has been made with regard to sewage treatment plants. The rivers (mainly Yamuna) and various seasonal streams had been converted into Nallahs, which carry untreated sullage polluting downstream areas. Some newly developed urban areas namely Faridabad, Gurgaon (in Haryana) and NOIDA (in U.P.) have installed sewage treatment plants provided by development authorities but reportedly not fully functional due to a variety of reasons.

As per the information available in Status Report of Sewage Treatment Plants in Ganga Basin by Central Pollution control Board (CPCP), The total wastewater generation from 222 towns in Ganga basin is 8250 MLD, out of which 2538 MLD is directly discharged into the Ganga River, 4491 MLD disposed into tributaries of river Ganga and 1220 MLD is disposed on land or low lying areas.

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Existing Situation and Issues

As per the recent studies reveal that at present barring Delhi, where 80% population is covered under sewerage and 1,500 mld of waste water is being treated, the sewerage cover ranges from 30 to 70% in U.P. and 60% to 80% in Haryana in the DMA (now NCR) towns only. Among the NCR towns, treatment facilities are available in Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad and NOIDA.

No sewerage treatment facility is available in any of the priority towns of U.P. Sub-region or Rajasthan Sub-region. Coverage of sewerage system in various priority towns ranges from 40.0% to 70.0% in Haryana, 3.0% to 5.0 % in Rajasthan and 0.0% to 30% in Uttar Pradesh. Not enough databases are available to determine the position of sanitation in rural areas. However, the overall picture is dismal. High incidence of water borne diseases in NCR is indicative of the poor state of sanitation in the region.

Also a report was published in Hindustan Times dated 18th July 2014 and as per the report, The comptroller auditor general (CAG) of India has pointed out various irregularities and flawed functioning of the sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Haryana.

The CAG report which was tabled in state assembly recently pointed out that 70 of 154 towns of Haryana had partial sewerage facilities, while remaining 84 had none. Stating that only 598 million litres per day (MLD) (50 %) of 1188 MLD sewage generated in the state was being treated, the CAG report said that there was an expenditure of Rs. 323.96 crore on 158 incomplete urban sewerage schemes as of March 2013. Out of these, 41 schemes were awaiting completion for the last three to eight years.

Identification of Main Reasons

Lack of Operation & Maintenance & Management Effort

Poor maintenance of the sewerage system by the local bodies and development authorities (in their respective areas of maintenance) has resulted in blocking and overflowing of sewers, open manholes and back-flows.

The inadvertent act of throwing street sweepings and garbage by street sweepers into manholes/open drains results in blocking of sewers and creates cess pools resulting in environmental degradation, foul smell and disease. Re-densification of

population in the existing townships and lack of proportionate improvement in sewerage systems have resulted in overflowing of sewers and manholes due to insufficient carrying capacity of sewers, thus, resulting in environmental degradation of the towns. Age old system of cleaning of sewers is still followed instead of use of modern machines like jetting cum suction machines, which are quick and do not damage the skin of the sewers, which is one of the main causes of subsidence of sewers.

Lack of Waste Minimization and Recycling/Reuse

The emphasis should be on waste minimization, which will help in improving the environment as a whole. Recycled waste water should be promoted for non-drinking purposes. Hotels, industrial units and large installations should be asked to recycle their waste water. Fiscal measures such as quantum based taxation for waste water should be taken up which will not only reduce the cost of treatment for the municipalities but will ultimately help in improving the overall environment of the cities

Other Areas Lacking Adequate Focus

Besides, other aspects/areas, which need attention include:

• Population living in marginal settlements and slum areas lack coverage.

• Small and medium towns and large villages, having population above 5,000 persons, should be provided with the requisite sewerage/sanitation facilities.

• Phased augmentation/replacement of sewers in congested areas of the cities.

• Suitable legislation/amendments to check mixing of industrial waste with domestic sewage and disposal of untreated sewage into open drains.

• Rural settlements need special focus where presently no sanitation exists.

Improvement Road Map

In order to improve the overall situation in the National Capital Region for the harmonized and balanced development, following policies and strategies are proposed:

• Preparation of Master Plan for Sewerage System and its Treatment

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Master/Development Plans of the towns and cities should incorporate land allocations at appropriate locations for following components of the sewerage schemes:

• Adequate space for underground laying of sewers along roads as per standard cross sections.

• Depending upon quantity of sewage to be pumped, land area for sewage pumping stations needs to be allocated. On an average, area of 0.25 hectare should be reserved for each pumping station.

• 0.2-1.0 hectare/mld land area should be reserved for sewage treatment plant as per the technology adopted, keeping in view the size of the town/area.

• Norms and standards provided in the CPHEEO Manual for sewerage and its treatment should be followed.

Each participating State with the help of the specialized agencies, experts and NGOs should take up the preparation of detailed Master Plans for laying/augmenting sewerage system and its treatment for all the towns. The Master Plans should also have a provision for recycling the treated effluent for irrigation, gardening and cooling in industries/hotels. Common effluent treatment plants in planned industrial estates should compulsorily be set up.

• Rehabilitation/Augmentation of Sewerage System and Treatment Facilities

Poor condition of existing sewerage system in townships/cities should be rehabilitated and wherever, this facility is not available

or is not up to the desired level, augmentation schemes, should be taken up.

Since treatment facilities in most of the townships are insignificant, emphasis should also be given to provide the same, as per the requirement.

• Operation & Maintenance

The lack of proper maintenance of the sewerage system results in blockage and overflowing of sewers, opens manholes and back -flows. Throwing street sweepings and garbage into manholes/open drains results in blocking of sewers and creates cess pools resulting in environmental degradation and diseases.

The operation and maintenance of STPs has been neglected. Often sewage is bypassed from STPs. At many places the condition of mechanical and electrical equipment is poor and pumps are old which consume more power. Renewals are not done timely. Preventive maintenance is generally not done.

• Cost Recovery & Collection System

Cost recovery and collection efficiencies are poor. Revenue generation through recovery of resources i.e. recycled water, manure and waste to energy plans; should be added for recovery of the expenditure in operation & maintenance. Proper and adequate maintenance is not possible in case of less cost recovery.

• Modern Technology/Equipments

Operation and maintenance should be given priority by the local bodies using modern and innovative technology/

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No:169, 2nd Main Road, Burma colony, Perungudi, Chennai - 600 096. Phone: 044-2496 0928

Mobile: 9840503070, 9500009534, Email: [email protected], [email protected], Web: www.owzeal.in.

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Buttery Valve - Handle / Worn Gear Operated Wafer Type Buttery Valve With CF8 Disc 2way Ball Valve

Polypropylene Body Theree Piece Design Ball ValveISD Solenoid Valve 3 Piece Design Metal Seated Ball Valve

Page 56: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

equipments. We shall also discuss here with a new innovative Low Cost Sewage Technology (NRM=LCSTT) for rural and urban areas at last.

• Policy of Dual Agencies

The policy of having dual agencies for the construction and operation & maintenance of these facilities in some of the constituent states should be discouraged. In order to have better environmental management and to avoid over-loading/under-loading of the system and for focused accountability, overall management of sewerage system and surface drains with its effluent treatment facilities should be with single agency in a given town.

• Recycling of Waste Water for Non Drinking Water Use

All new development areas should have two distribution lines, one for drinking water and other for non-drinking water/recycled treated waste water for reuse. All the waste requirements for non-drinking purpose in big hotels industrial units, central air-conditioning of large buildings/institutions, large installations, irrigation of parks/green areas and other non-potable demands should be met through treated recycled waste water.

• Creation of Mass Awareness

It is imperative to create mass awareness among public through mass media with regard to saving of water, waste minimization and utilization of treated waste water for non-drinking purposes.

• Commercial Approach for Tariff

With the increased requirement of improved quality of life, Government alone does not have financial capacity to continue with the subsidies for improving the sewerage system and treatment facilities in the times to come. Commercial approach should be adopted by the local bodies for revenue generation.

• Institutional Capacity Building

Institutional capacity building measures for management of sewerage system and sewage treatment plants in the towns should be done for efficient operation and maintenance of the system. Simultaneously, it should contribute towards improvement in the self sustainability of the system.

Implementation of New & Innovative Technologies:

There are various types of innovative technologies for treatment of Sewage water. Now days, most popular and cost effective technology are:

• Low Cost Sewage Treatment technology for Rural Areas (NRM-LCSTR)

• Low Cost Sewage Treatment technology for Urban Areas (NRM-LCSTU)

Low Cost Sewage Treatment Technology for Rural Areas (NRM-LCSTR):

“NRM-LCSTR” a new innovative technology which requires less capital investment, less power requirement, low maintenance, less manpower requirement, low operating cost compared to conventional technology and most important is very good outlet quality of treated sewage.

NRM-LCSTR Process is combination of pretreatment, biologically enhanced primary treatment and Biological Treatment (UASB) followed by degassing mechanism. This process is highly suitable for low strength wastewater especially domestic sewage.

1) Pretreatment.

Screening: Removal of floatables like clothes pieces, plastic bags, pouches etc using manual or mechanically raked screens.

Grit, Oil & Grease Removal: Removal of grit, sand, debris, fat, oil & grease using density differences of materials. FOG removed by skimmers & grit collected at bottom.

Treatment Process Chart for NRM-LCSTR for Rural Areas

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Equalization: Equalizes sewage flow as well as Physico-chemical & biological parameters like pH, BOD & COD.

2) Biologically Enhanced Primary Treatment.

Primary Tube Settling Tank: Removal of BOD, COD & TSS capable of removing 75 to 80% organic matter (BOD, TSS & COD)

Low Cost Sewage Treatment Technology for Urban Areas (NRM-LCSTU)

1) Pretreatment.

Screening: Removal of floatables like clothes pieces, plastic bags, pouches etc using manual or mechanically raked screens.

Grit, Oil & Grease Removal: Removal of grit, sand, debris, fat, oil & grease using density differences of materials. FOG removed by skimmers & grit collected at bottom.

Equalization: Equalizes sewage flow as well as Physico-chemical & biological parameters like pH, BOD & COD.

2) Biologically Enhanced Primary Treatment.

Primary Tube Settling Tank: Removal of BOD, COD & TSS capable of removing 75 to 80% organic matter (BOD, TSS & COD)

S.No. Parameter Unit Raw After PST & UASB

After Tertiary

1

2

3

4

5

--

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

6.5 - 8.5

250

400

200

15

6.9 - 7.2

≤ 30

≤ 50

≤ 25

≤ 5

6.9 - 7.2

≤ 20

≤ 30

≤ 10

≤ 2

pH

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Oil & Grease

Raw & Treated Sewage Water Quality

3) Secondary (Biological) Treatment

Root Zone Technology: Root Zone Treatment System are planted filter-beds consisting of sand/gravel/soil. It uses a natural way to effectively treat sewage. It removes 20 - 25% of organic load (BOD & COD).

4) Sludge Treatment.

Sludge Holding Tank, Sludge Dewatering Systems, Sludge Drying Beds Raw & Treated Sewage Quality with NRM-LCSTR:

3) Secondary (Biological) Treatment

Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) with polishing pond: UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the anaerobic microorganism. It reduces organic load by 20 - 25%.

Degassing Mechanism is removes dissolved gases present in the UASB outlet. It also increases dissolved oxygen in the UASB treated water.

4) Sludge Treatment.

Sludge Holding Tank, Sludge Dewatering Systems, Sludge Drying Beds (for Urban) or Centrifuge (for Municipal).

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S.No. Parameter Unit Raw After PST & UASB

After Tertiary

PCB Norms

1

2

3

4

5

--

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

6.5 - 8.5

250

400

200

15

6.9 - 7.2

≤ 25

≤ 75

≤ 30

≤ 2

6.9 - 7.2 6.5 - 9

≤ 20

≤ 30

≤ 10

≤ 2

≤ 30

≤ 100

≤ 100

≤ 10

pH

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(BOD)

Chemical Oxygen Demand

(COD)

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Oil & Grease

Plant Capacity Area Required for the Plant m2

Total WorkingElectrical Load (kWh)

1 MLD

5 MLD

10 MLD

217

850

1700

177

720

1800

Raw & Treated Sewage Water Quality

Area and Power Requirement

Aniruddh Gupta, Director – Natural Resource Managers Faridabad, has over 17 years’ experience in Power & Water sector. He has worked for the reputed water

treatment companies in India like Nuchem Weir, Fontus Water, Doosan Babcock, Lahmeyer International. He also possesses international exposure of working in countries like Germany, South Korea, China and UK. The author’s core expertise is in design engineering, technical due diligence and project execution. He can be reached at [email protected].

About the Author

Merits of “NRM-LCSTT” Process (Rural, Urban and Municipal)

1. Minimum installation cost & time.

2. Minimum electrical power requirement (only two pumps required).

3. Minimum maintenance.

4. Minimum operation cost (less manpower, Chemical, Lubrication cost).

5. Very good outlet quality.

6. Almost zero noise.

7. Removal of nitrogen & phosphorus poor (20 - 30%) in cold climate & better (50 – 60%) in tropics.

Conclusion:

With the help of innovative low cost sewage /effluent treatment technologies offered by Natural Resource Managers, effective government systems and mass public awareness, we can realise our dreams of pollution free environment.

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Lime Storage Silos – Disasters Waiting to Happen?

Material in and around a Pressure Relief Valve on the top of a silo is a tell-tale sign that there’s something wrong and a catastrophic blow-out is waiting to happen. The latest silo protection technology provides much

more than a safety system to prevent over-filling and over-pressurisation.

By Maurice Mahoney

Many lime storage silos at water treatment plants are disasters waiting to happen, putting lives at risk and posing serious threats to the environment. Water

companies are already under pressure to minimise the impact of treatment works on the local environment, especially in terms of odour and pollution. The potential for dust pollution from storage silos with ill-equipped protection systems adds another dimension to this. However this threat is totally avoidable.

Powdered lime is used during the treatment of waste water to reduce odour in raw, primary sludge, as a cost-effective alternative to using digesters. It is also used in other water treatment processes to help balance pH levels, and as part of composting processes for sludge removed from the bottom of primary tanks after it has been de-watered and compressed. The lime andremaining water in the sludge together creates a heated chemical reaction, accelerating the process.

Level measurement specialists Hycontrol have been designing specialist silo protection systems for over 20 years and have extensive experience of the potential problems that exist on sites, especially in the waste water industry sector. “Our findings are worrying to say the least and the photos taken by our installation engineers speak for themselves,” says Hycontrol’s MD Nigel Allen. “Companies just don’t seem to understand the consequences of poorly maintained protection systems. It’s quite frightening that operators accept pressure blow outs via the pressure relief valve (PRV), erroneously citing that ‘It’s OK - the PRV is doing its job’. This couldn’t be further from the truth - PRVs are there as a last resort. If the silo protection system is working correctly and is fitted with an automatic shut-off feature to prevent over-filling, the PRV should never be used. If a PRV blows then there’s

an inherent problem with the system or the filling protocol and corrective action must be taken.”

“Material in and around a PRV is a tell-tale sign that there’s something wrong and a catastrophic blow-out is waiting to happen,” continues Allen. “The material blown out from the silos will almost certainlysolidify over time and this will,at best,prevent the PRV from working correctly and, at worst, completely clog it up. Unfortunately many maintenance engineersjust don’t realise the potential dangers that lurk beneath. They often think that simply cleaning off the material on and around the PRV is good enough. They don’t realise that if the PRV doesn’t lift next time an‘event’occurs, the over-pressure could easily rupturethe silo or eject the filter housing from the top. On an ATEX rated silo the over-pressure couldbe sufficient to simulate an explosion and open the protective blast panels, resulting in costly loss of product and silo contents being left open to the elements.” With regard to filter housings, Hycontrol engineers have witnessed another worrying practice at a number of sites where companies fit chains to prevent the housing being blown off the top of the silo, almost acceptingthe inevitable is going to happen.

What Causes Over-Pressurisation Problems?

Silo protection systems are designed to prevent the damaging and potentially dangerous consequences of silo over-filling or over-pressurisation when powdered material is being transferred pneumatically from road tankers to silos. Unfortunately, perched out on the top of silos, such protection systems are all too often ‘out of sight - out of mind’ - that is, until a major problem occurs.

Problems during the filling process usually arise through an inherent problem with the silo protection system or with the

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air filtration system on top of the silo. Problems can also occur through tanker driver/operator error. Delivery tankers are pressure-tested vessels typically capable of withstanding up to 2 bar (29 psi) pressure. Storage silos are designed to withstand the weight of material stored in them and can rupture at pressures as low as 1-2 psi above atmospheric pressure. The consequences of over-filling or over-pressurisation include:

• serious or fatal injury to workers and the public.

• catastrophic silo damage

• loss of material and production

• harmful environmental pollution

• damage to company reputation

A key issue with many silo protection systems is that without adequate ground level testing capabilities, operators don’t know if they will work when needed. Working at height restrictions limit silo top inspections and maintenance, especially in adverse weather conditions. However the main problem is: what can engineers actually do when they are at the top of the silo? And furthermore, how do you physically test a relief valve or pressure transmitter unless you remove them?

Even if the protection system does do its intended job and prevents a major incident, companies rarely investigate the root cause of the problem so that remedial work can be carried out to prevent the situation re-occurring. Important ‘near miss’ events such as PRV lifts, high level events and high pressure events are routinely not recorded and often conveniently dismissed. Hycontrol have clear evidence that in practice there are more ‘near misses’ than realised and that the situation is a ticking time bomb.

Filter housings at the top of the silos are designed to vent the silo during filling, whilst preventing dust escaping into the atmosphere. Normally these are fitted with some form of self-cleaning system to keep filters clear. These are typically mechanical shakers or reverse jet systems. Although filter manufacturers give recommended check routines and filter replacement schedules, in practice it would appear these guidelines are regularly ignored. Faulty operation can be caused by a range of issues, including blockages and the fitting of unsuitable or wrongly-sized filters. Most powders form hard compounds when mixed with water from the atmosphere, further exacerbating the problems at the top of the silo.

Effective Silo Protection

The MPA (Mineral Products Association) publishes comprehensive guidelines for silo protection systems in quarries

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and cement works, but there are little or no such recommendations for powder silos used in a broader range of industries including waste water treatment,food and beverage, chemical, and plastics. However the primary principles are the same for protecting any pneumatically filled silos.

Even with guidelines in place, the bench mark for the effectiveness of any silo safety protection system can only relate to the last time all the components were fully tested.

Optimum Solution

The only effective solution is to take an integrated approach to silo protection design whereby the PRV, pressure sensor and high level alarmcan be tested at ground level, prior to each fill. Only when all these safety devices have passed the checks should the safety interlock allow the silo inlet valve to open and the delivery to commence.The use of a ground-level test (GLT) system, as utilised in Hycontrol’s Silo Protection System, will also eliminate the risks of working at height.

As an added benefit, an effective protection system can serve as a powerful predictive maintenance diagnostic tool by recording critical near-miss events that occur during the filling process. This information allows managers to carry out effective predictive maintenance by means of a logical step-by-step root cause analysis (RCA) process to understand why the problems are arising. For example, high pressure and PRV lift events may be due to filter problems, prompting questions such as.

• Are the filters the correct size?

• Is the filter cleaning regime fully operational?

• Have the filter bags/cartridges been changed as per manufacturers’ recommendations?

In parallel the logs will also indicate if the tanker drivers are routinely over pressurising during the fill process. In summary, the optimised silo protection system should incorporate:

• Pressure sensor, hi-alarm level sensor and PRV testing (essential)

• Simple ‘1’ button press to test all components

• Silo filling auto shut-off control

• Pneumatic cleaning of pressure sensor

• Recording of the number of events on incidents of over-pressure (time /date stamp)

• Recording of the number of events of PRV lift and opening (time /date stamp)

• Recording of the number of events of high level probe activation (time /date stamp)

• Filter ON / OFF output option to check filter status

• Filter air supply monitoring alarm option

Conclusion

There is strong empirical evidence that many silos are ‘disasters waiting to happen’. The practical reality is that powder storage silos can split or rupture at pressures as low as 1 or 2 psi above atmospheric pressure. Malfunctioning filter housings can be ejected at similar pressures.

Cursory visual inspections of silo protection equipment are woefully inadequate. Therefore it is imperative that any installed safety system must be capable of providing reliable protection that can be easily verified by testing critical components before each and every delivery – without having to climb to the top of the silo. This approach will provide total silo safety; protecting the surrounding environment, assets and, most importantly, site personnel and the public.

Maurice Mahoney has been Export Sales Manager at Hycontrol Ltd in the UK for 20 years, working with a network of distributors to provide level measurement

solutions worldwide. He can be reached at [email protected].

About the Author

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Sustainable Treatment & Reuse of Wastewater

The goal of ecological engineering is to attain High environmental quality, High yields in food and fiber, Good quality/high efficiency production, and Full utilization of wastes.

By S. M. Kumar

Water is one of the world’s most valuable resources, yet it is under constant threat due to climate change and resulting drought, explosive population growth, and

waste. One of the most promising efforts to stem the global water crisis is industrial and municipal water reclamation and reuse. The Water Reuse Association defines reused, recycled, or reclaimed water as “water that is used more than one time before it passes back into the natural water cycle.” Thus, water recycling is the reuse of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes such as agricultural, irrigation, industrial processes or replenishing a groundwater basin (referred to as groundwater recharge). Water reuse allows communities to become less dependent on groundwater and surface water sources and can decrease the diversion of water from sensitive ecosystems. Water reuse may reduce the nutrient loads from wastewater discharges into waterways, thereby reducing and preventing pollution. This ‘new’ water source may also be used to replenish overdrawn water sources and rejuvenate or reestablish those previously destroyed. In order to determine the appropriate treatment system, the developer must consider the area’s climate, topography, and socioeconomic factors.

Water scarcity and water pollution are crucial issues in today’s world. One of the ways to reduce the impact of water scarcity and pollution is to expand water. The increasing scarcity of water in the world along with rapid population increase in urban areas gives rise to concern about appropriate water management practices. In the context of trends in urban development, wastewater treatment deserves greater emphasis. Currently, there is a growing awareness of the impact of sewage contamination on rivers and lakes. Accordingly, wastewater treatment is now receiving greater attention from the World Bank and government regulatory bodies. Urban wastewater treatment has received less attention compared to ‘water supply & treatment.

Water scarcity coupled with the bursting seams of our cities and towns have taken a toll on our health and environment. The sewage contamination of our lakes, rivers, and domestic water bodies has reached dangerous levels and is being recognized by leading organizations like the World Bank. The current urban wastewater management system is a linear treatment system that is based on disposal. The traditional system needs to be transformed into a sustainable, closed-loop urban wastewater management system that is based on the conservation of water and nutrient resources. A wastewater management team is well equipped to create a wastewater management strategy that will result in the reduction of pathogens in surface and groundwater to improve public health. In a developing urban society, the wastewater generation usually averages 30-70 cubic meters per person per year.

In a city of one million people, the wastewater generated would be sufficient to irrigate approximately 1500-3500 hectare. This urban epidemic needs to be tackled ecologically because of so many pressing issues that are afflicting our waste management process: New immigrants to cities have low incomes and cannot afford municipal amenities like waste disposal and sanitary functions; In developing countries, approximately 300 million urban residents have no access to sanitation; approximately two-thirds of the population in the developing world has no hygienic means of disposing excreta and an even greater number lack adequate means of disposing of total waste water; It is often an acceptable practice to discharge untreated sewage directly into the bodies of water. According to the World Bank, “The greatest challenge in the water and sanitation sector over the next two decades will be the implementation of low cost sewage treatment that will at the same time permit selective reuse of treated effluents for agricultural and industrial purposes”.It is crucial that sanitation

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systems have high levels of hygienic standards to prevent the spread of disease. Other treatment goals include: The recovery of nutrient and water resources for reuse in agricultural production; Reducing the overall user-demand for water resources.

Wastewater Treatment in order to achieve ecological wastewater treatment, a “closed-loop treatment system” is recommended. Many present day systems use a “disposal-based linear system.” The traditional linear treatment systems must be transformed into the cyclical treatment to promote the conservation of water and nutrient resources. Using organic waste nutrient cycles, from “point-of-generation” to “point-of production,” closes the resource loop and provides a better approach for the management of valuable wastewater resources. Failing to recover organic wastewater from urban areas means a huge loss of life-supporting resources that, instead of being used in agriculture for food production, fill rivers with polluted water.

The development of ecological wastewater management strategies will contribute to the reduction of pathogens in surface and groundwater to improve public health. The goal of ecological engineering, in this particular context, is to attain: High environmental quality, High yields in food and fiber, Good quality/high efficiency production, and Full utilization of wastes.

The uncontrolled disposal to the environment of municipal, industrial and agricultural liquid, solid, and gaseous wastes constitutes one of the most serious threats to the sustainability of human civilization by contaminating the water, land, and air and by contributing to global warming.

With increasing population and economic growth, treatment and safe disposal of wastewater is essential to preserve public health and reduce intolerable levels of environmental degradation. In addition, adequate wastewater management is also required for preventing contamination of water bodies for the purpose of preserving the sources of clean water. Effective wastewater management is well established in developed countries but is still limited in developing countries. In most developing countries, many people lack access to water and sanitation services. Collection and conveyance of wastewater out of urban neighborhoods is not yet a service provided to all the population, and adequate treatment is provided only to a small portion of the collected wastewater.

In slums and peri-urban areas throughout the world, it is common to see raw wastewater flowing in the streets. A key component in any strategy aimed at increasing the coverage of wastewater treatment should be the application of appropriate wastewater treatment technologies that are effective, simple to operate, and low cost. Appropriate technology processes are also more environment-friendly since they consume less energy and thereby have a positive impact on efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change. Appropriate technology unit processes include the following:

• Preliminary Treatment by Rotating Micro Screens;

• Vortex Grit Chambers;

• Lagoons Treatment (Anaerobic, Facultative and Polishing), including recent developments in improving lagoons performance;

• Anaerobic Treatment processes of various types, mainly, Anaerobic Lagoons, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactors, Anaerobic Filters and Anerobic Piston Reactor (PAR);

• Physicochemical processes of various types such as Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT);

• Constructed Wetlands;

• Stabilization Reservoirs for wastewater reuse and other purposes;

• Overland Flow;

• Infiltration-Percolation;

• Septic Tanks; and

• Submarine and Large Rivers Outfalls.

Biofilms

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Out of these processes, various combinations can be set up. Combinations can also include some other simple processes such as Sand Filtration and Dissolved Air Floatation (DAF), which are not considered appropriate processes per se but are in fact appropriate processes. One interesting combined process is the generation of effluents suited for reuse in irrigation based on pretreatment by one of the mentioned unit processes followed by a stabilization reservoir. Developers should base the selection of technology upon specific site conditions and financial resources of individual communities.

One approach to sustainability is through decentralization of the wastewater management system. This system consists of several smaller units serving individual houses, clusters of houses, or small communities. Non-centralized systems are more flexible and can adapt easily to the local conditions of the urban area as well as grow with the community as its population increases. This approach leads to treatment and reuse of water, nutrients, and byproducts of the technology in the direct location of the settlement. Wastewater Treatment Communities must take great care when reusing wastewater, since both chemical substances and biological pathogens threaten public health as well as accumulate in the food chain when used to irrigate crops or in aquaculture.

In most cases, industrial pollution poses a greater risk to public health than pathogenic organisms. Therefore, more emphasis is being placed on the need to separate domestic and industrial waste and to treat them individually to make recovery and reuse more sustainable. The system must be able to isolate industrial toxins, pathogens, carbon, and nutrients. Wetland treatment technology

in developing countries offers a comparative advantage over conventional, mechanized treatment systems because the level of self-sufficiency, ecological balance, and economic viability is greater. Lagoon systems may be considered a low-cost technology if sufficient, non-arable land is available. Some mechanical problems may include clogging with sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, particularly with oxidation pond effluent. Biological growth (slime) in the sprinkler head, emitter orifice, or supply line causes plugging, as do heavy concentrations of algae and suspended solids.

Anaerobic Digestion: Another treatment option available, if there is little access to land, is anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic bacteria degrade organic materials in the absence of oxygen and produce methane and carbon dioxide. The methane can be reused as an alternative energy source (biogas). Other benefits include a reduction of total bio-solids volume of up to 50-80 percent, and a final waste sludge that is biologically stable can serve as rich humus for agriculture.

Soil Aquifer Treatment: is a geopurification system where partially treated sewage effluent artificially recharges the aquifers and is then withdrawn for future use. By recharging through unsaturated soil layers, the effluent achieves additional purification before it is mixed with the natural groundwater.

In water scarce areas, treated effluent becomes a considerable resource for improved groundwater sources. With nitrogen reduction in the wastewater treatment plants, the recharged effluent has a potential to reduce the concentration of nitrates

Sustainable treatment

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Waste water treatment

in the aquifer. This system is inexpensive, efficient for pathogen removal, and is not highly technical to operate.

Most of the cost associated is for pumping the water from the recovery wells, which is usually $20-50 USD per m3. It removes all BOD, TSS, and pathogenic organisms from the waste and tends to treat wastewater to a standard that would generally allow unrestricted irrigation. The biggest advantage is that it breaks the pipe-to pipe connection of directly reusing treated wastewater from a treatment plant. The pretreatment requirements vary depending on the purpose of groundwater recharge, sources of reclaimed water, recharge methods, and location. Algae can severely clog the soil of the infiltration basin.

Many countries have the problem of a severe water imbalance. This imbalance in water demand versus supply is due mainly to the relatively uneven distribution of precipitation, high temperatures, increased demands for irrigation, and the impacts of tourism. To alleviate water shortages, serious consideration must be given to wastewater reclamation and reuse. Reclaimed wastewater can be used for a number of options including agricultural irrigation. A wastewater treatment developer must perform an appropriate risk assessment before implementing the reuse of wastewater. Proper consideration of the health risks and quality restrictions

must be a part of the assessment. Source point measures rather than end of pipe solutions are essential. For the implementation and promotion of new technology, strategies must include local participation as well as municipal action. Local participation is a positive and important growing trend in government projects. The participation must fit with the local population to meet particular local needs.

S.M. Kumar, Director of Vishnu Pumps, Coimbatore, is the Sole Proprietor. He provides complete solutions for industrial motors and related components. He is the

manufacturer, trader and supplier of high quality range of products which comprises of Electric Motor, Pumping Equipment, Agricultural Equipment, Fuel Pump Set, Power Generator, Bakery Equipment, Chain Saw Machine and many more. He has worked on a project at Chennai related to waste water treatment. He can be reached at [email protected].

About the Author

74 Water Today l May 2016

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Sustainable Developments in Wastewater Treatmentand Reuse Methods

The article discusses sustainable developments in wastewater treatment and reuse methods.By Daniel L. Theobald

In this series of Backto Fundamentals

on water andwastewater, thearticle discusses

Sustainable Developments in Wastewater

Treatmentand Reuse Methods.

This is another in a series of educational articles on water/wastewater! This document is intended to discuss Sustainable Developments in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Methods. This generic presentation utilizes my extended

number of years of experience working with Sustainable Developments in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Methods:

Presentation Details:

Overview

Uses and Applications

Conclusion

Overview

Sustainable Developments in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Methods are necessary because population growth coupled with a rising global standard of living, a combination that has resulted in resource consumption (including water use) that exceeds the current resources on the planet.

There are water stresses in that water is inherently renewable. Mother Nature has been recycling water since the origin of life on the planet. When the rate of net abstraction and use of water prior to its being returned to the environment exceeds the natural rate of recycling, water stress develops.

Water management practices can add to water stress by reducing the amount of water available, for example by returning water to the environment in a polluted state or by altering land configurations in ways that adversely affect natural water restoration processes, such as those provided by wetlands.

Water stress is expected to affect 45 percent of the population by 2025.

Water sustainability is imperative which can involve new approaches to urban water and resource management defined as:

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1) access to clean water for everyone and appropriate sanitation;

2) greater use of local water resources;

3) energy neutrality;

4) more responsible nutrient management; and

5) financially stable utilities.

Realistic water sustainability goals can be established and met by evolving from the current linear approach to water and resource management to closed-loop systems, with a combination of decentralized and centralized elements, for recycling both water and waste material.

Uses and Applications

Sustainable Developments in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Methods are available for:

1) more efficient capture and local use of storm water to help conserve local water resources;

2) improved water conservation for reducing water consumption without compromising standards of living;

3) the reclamation and reuse of wastewater;

4) the management and extraction of energy from the wastewater stream;

5) the recovery of nutrients; and

6) the separation of specific wastewater sources. Many technologies are available to facilitate the implementation of systems.

The goal is to conserve local water resources for meeting a variety of local needs.

Technologies are available for managing storm water, which can be captured and either used directly or treated by natural means and infiltrated into the groundwater for subsequent use. These technologies include permeable pavements, green roofs, and rain gardens. As the characterization and understanding of these systems has improves, storm water capture and treatment becomes much more reliable and predictable.

Water and wastewater treatment technologies are crucial components of urban water systems. Membrane technologies

for removing particulate matter (micro- and ultra-filtration) and dissolved substances (nano-filtration and RO) are increasingly being used. When particle removal membranes are coupled with biological systems, they can create membrane bioreactor (MBR)processes, which are an essential water reclamation process.

Advanced oxidation processes include combinations of ozone, ultraviolet (UV) light, and hydrogen peroxide to create the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH).

In addition, activated carbon is available for water reclamation.

The remaining tools in the technology tool box do not necessarily reduce the overall abstraction of water but do contribute significantly to meeting environmental goals, such as energy neutrality and reduced nutrient dispersion.

An example is laundry and bath water (typically referred to as gray water), which contain very few pollutants, constitute the largest component of urban wastewater.

Because of its low-pollutant content, gray water requires only a modest degree of treatment to become reusable non-potable water. Thus recycling this large volume of wastewater requires less energy, and thus consumes fewer resources, than recycling combined potable and non-potable wastewater.

In addition, heat can be transferred to or from the treated gray water stream using specially designed heat exchangers and heat pumps, which represents a significant source of energy. Organic matter in the several components of the wastewater stream represents a principal source of energy, in addition to the heat value of the water itself.

Most of the organic matter (quantified as the five-day biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD5) is contained in toilet and kitchen waste (typically referred to as black water). The wastewater flow associated with these components is quite small, suggesting that the blackwater fraction can be used efficiently for energy production.

Energy producing technologies for organic matter in black water include thermal combustion and anaerobic treatment for producing biogas, which can be used in combined heat and power systems. The microbial fuel cell is an energy production technology.

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The majority of nutrients are found in the urine stream (typically referred to as yellow water).

When energy management and nutrient recovery are combined with source separation, energy can be efficiently produced and extracted from the wastewater stream, along with nutrient recovery.

A variety of technologies are available for nutrient recovery. For example, bio-solids containing nitrogen and phosphorus, produced from treatment and nutrient-recovery processes, can be applied directly to agricultural lands as fertilizer. A second approach is to apply phosphate fertilizers, containing either struvite (MgNH4PO4) or calcium phosphate, produced from the chemical precipitation of phosphorus.

Other Technologies include Membrane Filtration Systems, Nanotechnology, Microbial Fuel Cells, Natural Treatment Systems and Monitoring and Control Systems.

Membrane Filtration Systems:

The development of membrane filtration systems has led to the development of both advanced water treatment technology and MBRs, which is becoming the workhorse of the water reclamation industry.

With MBRs, biological solids residence times (SRT’s) are increased, making possible more complete biological treatment and the retention of pathogens (including viruses); treatment with MBR produces a highly clarified effluent that can be more easily disinfected. Thus treatment with MBR is ideal for producing non-potable water. For the reclamation of potable water, MBR must be followed by RO and UV treatment.

Nanotechnology:

Further dramatic improvements are feasible in the near future. Nanotechnology concepts are being investigated for higher performing membranes with fewer fouling characteristics, improved hydraulic conductivity, and more selective rejection/ transport characteristics.

Advances in RO technology include improved membranes and configurations, more efficient pumping and energy recovery systems, and the development of process technology, such as membrane distillation.

Microbial Fuel Cells:

With microbial fuel cells electrical energy can be extracted directly from organic matter present in the waste stream byusing electron transfer to capture the energy produced by microorganisms for metabolic processes.

First, microorganisms are grown as a biofilm on an electrode; the electron donor is separated from the electron acceptor by a proton exchange membrane, which establishes an electrical current. Electrical energy is then generated through the oxidation of organic matter (BOD5).

Although this breakthrough technology is in developing phase and significant advances in process efficiency and economics will be necessary, it has the potential to produce electrical energy directly from organic matter in the waste stream.

Natural Treatment Systems:

Our fundamental understanding and characterization of processes in natural treatment systems (NTS’s) is also improving, enabling us to take advantage of natural processes to improve water quality. In NTS’s, a variety of physical, chemical, and biological processes function simultaneously to remove a broad range of contaminants. For example, NTS’s are increasingly being used to capture, retain, and treat storm water, thereby converting this “nuisance” into a valuable source of water.

These natural systems have the advantage of being able to remove a wide variety of contaminants, including nutrients, pathogens, and micro-constituents (e.g., pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals). Long proven effective for treatment of potable water, NTS’s are increasingly being used for water reclamation.

Urine-Separating Toilets:

The development of urine separating toilets and technologies for treating urine to produce hygienic fertilizer products is a key to managing nutrients with minimal requirements for outside resources, such as additional energy.

Urine-separating toilets have already been developed and continue to be refined, and research on using them for waste management is ongoing.

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Daniel L. Theobald is “Wastewater Dan,” proprietor of Environmental Services. He is a professional wastewater and safety consultant/trainer with more than 24 years

of hands-on industry experience operating many variants of wastewater treatment processing units and is eager to share with others his knowledge about water conservation. Wastewater Dan can be reached at [email protected] or www.Conserve-On-Water.com

About the Author

Struvite precipitation and other processes are already available for producing usable fertilizer products from separated urine, and efforts are ongoing to improve the established approaches.

Monitoring and Control Systems:

Complex systems will require sophisticated monitoring and control systems.

The production and consumption of reclaimed water must be balanced so as not to exceed available storage capacity and to take into account variations in supply from rainwater. Water production must also be managed to maintain the integrity of the overall system and, particularly, the efficiency and effectiveness of the barriers that protect public health, such as the separation of potable and non-potable water.

In addition, because energy requirements vary daily and seasonally, energy consumption also requires active management.

Research on a new generation of sensor and system control technologies is ongoing

Conclusion

Sustainable Developments in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Methods are needed recognizing modern water supply and sanitation is the most significant contribution to public health in the past many years, and modern water supply and sanitation systems as one of the greatest engineering achievements of the past century, circumstances have changed, and new approaches

to water and sanitation systems are urgently needed. Thus we are faced with many new, interesting, and important challenges.

Fortunately many technologies to meet these challenges already exist, and work is being done on refining them and integrating them into higher performing, more sustainable systems. These are all areas in which engineers excel!

The “companion” challenge will be choosing among available options and developing institutional arrangements for implementing them in the most effective ways. This is where we will need help from other professions. There are some explanations of Sustainable Developments in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Methods.

So hopefully you are ready to Begin now to Advance the use of Sustainable Developments in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Methods. However; beforehand or in the process, feel free to reach out to me with your Treatment Chemicals use or any other Wastewater questions.

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CIDCO Facilitates Design of New Stormwater Systems With CivilStorm®

By Aidan Mercer

Figure 1: Dronagiri stormwater model shown in CivilStorm. The dynamic profile from Pond 1 to Pond 2 is displayed at Hour 11:30.

Well-planned tidal-water drainage system protects archipelago from flooding during monsoon season.

Drainage System Proposed

City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) of Maharashtra, India, is a planning authority for the Navi Mumbai area. It is responsible for the Dronagiri project, one of 14 new nodal townships in the previously undeveloped Dronagiri archipelago. The region typically experiences heavy rainfall from August through November that floods the area completely. To prevent this flooding from occurring once the area is fully developed, CIDCO deployed Bentley’s CivilStorm stormwater modeling and analysis software.

CIDCO used CivilStorm to plan a drainage system of interconnected channels that would discharge the runoff from high-intensity storms into holding ponds. These ponds would

be equipped with flap gates and outlet structures that would enable them to hold the runoff under the worst tidal conditions. With CivilStorm, CIDCO was able to evaluate the Dronagiri archipelago for overland flows in different regions, examine the channels and holding ponds, simulate water levels in each holding pond under different storm and tidal conditions, and check the adequacy of outlet pipes from the holding ponds.

Topographic Challenges

Dronagiri is located near Jawaharlal Nehru Port, one of India’s largest and most modern seaports. It spans residential and industrial zones as well as a warehousing zone. The 2,700-hectare township borders the Arabian Sea on the north, the Dronagiri Hills on the west, and Karanja Creek on the south.

Topographic data revealed that 99% of the area proposed for development was below RL 3.00 meters and the high tide level

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Figure 2: Holding pond’s hydraulic grade

was 3.25 meters. The ridge lines of Dronagiri Hills indicated that the catchment would drain storm runoff into planned residential areas and a market that would be below high tide. CIDCO adopted the Dutch Method of reclamation, which consists of holding ponds and retention ponds, to provide a stormwater disposal system and avoid flooding. It found this approach to be the most cost-effective.

Technical Challenges

CIDCO authorities determined that the high tide in this region occurred at RL (reduced levels) 3.25 meters and low tide at -0.75 meters. The water in the holding ponds would be discharged into the sea at low tide. But CIDCO needed a way to create the computations to predict the water levels in different holding ponds at different times – for any given tide level as the rainfall progressed – for each revision of the land use plan.

In addition, the holding ponds had to allow water to accumulate during high tides and heavy precipitation, and to allow flow back

into the sea at low tide. Moreover, CIDCO had to consider road levels and surrounding terrain that were directly related to the holding ponds.

Engineers also needed to know the land use development plans to determine how much runoff would enter the ponds and calculate their capacity (the runoff will vary depending on land use).

Holding Ponds Solution Using CivilStorm

Approximations of water levels using manual calculations or Excel spreadsheets were required, but getting the results, which were often inaccurate, was time consuming.

Using CivilStorm software for stormwater conveyance dynamic modeling, CIDCO’s engineers were able to calculate thousands of iterations in a few seconds and build a stormwater network model of Dronagiri from the catchment to the tidal outfalls. Because the modelers were able to test various scenarios for the modifications of the drainage systems to find out if they were adequate, the

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model simulated the effects of various changes in the planned drainage system. The software’s dynamic calculations also served as an accurate support tool for crucial decisions regarding the road levels and land development in Dronagiri.

“The CivilStorm model helped a lot during the planning stage of the project to update the alignment and capacity of various channels and holding ponds according to the changes in land use development plans,” said P.R. Natesh, executive engineer, CIDCO. “The same work would have consumed heavy manpower and time, and getting the results in the desired formats would have been hard to achieve.”

Environmental and Community Impact

The CivilStorm software helped CIDCO design and analyze the stormwater infrastructure to protect the Dronagiri archipelago during monsoon season once it is inhabited. Since the start of the project, CIDCO has developed basic infrastructure in the zone, and around 350 hectares (20 percent of the land) have been sold. In addition, around 90 hectares are currently being used for commercial purposes.

Thanks to the efficient and timely use of CivilStorm, which ensured accurate dynamic calculations, CIDCO was able to handle complex hydraulic problems, ensuring Dronagiri would be flood free to the best of its capacity.

Fast Facts

• Holding ponds need to accumulate water during high tides and heavy precipitation, and allow flow back into the sea at low tide

• CIDCO authorities determined that the high tide in this region occurred at RL 3.25 meters and low tide at -0.75 meters

• The 2,700-hectare township borders the Arabian Sea on the north, the Dronagiri Hills on the west, and Karanja Creek on the south

• CivilStorm software served as an accurate decision support tool for designing the stormwater system

Aidan Mercer is a senior industry marketer with Bentley Systems responsible for industry marketing functions for government and water and wastewater.

He has held various roles in geospatial and utilities marketing with Bentley prior to focusing on the government and water and wastewater sector. Mercer holds a master’s degree in marketing from the University of Gloucestershire and various CIM chartered marketing qualifications. For more details contact [email protected].

About the Author

Project Summary

Project: Analyzing complex stormwater systems with holding ponds below high tide levels in an archipelago of Navi Mumbai

Project Location: Dronagiri, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Organization: City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) Ltd.

Be Inspired Awards Category: Innovation in Water, Wastewater,and Stormwater Networks

Project Objective: Ensuring proper drainage of the Dronagiri area by building a stormwater network model of Dronagiri from the catchment to the tidal outfalls and calculating the roads level and land development related to the project

Software Used: CivilStorm

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Flow Measurement Solutions in Sewer Networksand Waste Water Channels

By Ram Warriar

Figure 1: Three-Stage SBT

Flow Measurements in sewer systems must be suitable for specific flow hydraulics and geometric boundary conditions. Channels are often dimensioned to convey

off high water volumes at heavy rainfall, while the water volume by night or in dry weather periods may be extremely low compare to the designed flow capacity.

Measurement devices for such applications must yield usable measurement values under conditions of high water volumes, backwater, low water levels and low flow velocities. Complex channel profiles, stream turbulences caused by feed openings, manholes and arcades must be taken into account. This task is highly demanding for the used measurement technique.

The Background

The water and waste management practices of the olden times required great skills of the engineers for its performances. The old Romans had already built such plants and recognized that: The Flow Q cannot be measured by only measuring the fluid height.

The simplest measurement method for investigating flow consists of measuring the fluid height in a channel with defined geometry.Flow Q is a function of Q/h, the slope J and the roughness coefficient k. The roughness coefficient is determined experimentally and is dependent on the material types and the age of the material. For example, a concrete channel will have

a different roughness from the original due to coating of the channel by grease and lime etc. This will cause a smoother surface and thus a different measurement value.

Robert Manning (1816–1897) was born in Normandy, but he lived in Ireland. He wrote many papers on hydraulics. During living period, Manning devoted considerable effort to the development of a simple, dimensionally homogeneous formula for open-channel flow. His paper “On the Flow of Water in Open Channels and Pipes” (1891) became the primary reference for his work and the source of Manning’s monomial equation

Present Scenario

Area Velocity Method: The open channel discharge measurement is carried out using area velocity method.The cross section in case of Sewers or waste water channels are well defined, however the cross section is physically measured, and a water level sensor collects the real time data of changes in water level.The challenge, however, is to arrive at the average water velocity value accurately.Various methods using Acoustic Signal or radar Signal have been developed to achieve the best performances in this measurement.

Average Flow Velocity: The velocity in flowing water isn’t evenly distributed. Therefore the average flow velocity can’t be measured directly.

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Figure 2

Figure 3

Provided, that a relation can be established between the measured and the mean velocity in the cross-section, discharge can be computed. It will be necessary to establish a relation between this measurement and the mean velocity in the cross-section. If this relation is stable, calculation can be straightforward, with flow derived as:

Q = Vmeasured * k * A

Where: Q is the discharge rate in m³/s

k is a velocity factor, derived empirically or by modelling, varying with the depth

vmeasured is the measured velocity in m/s, perpendicular to the area

A is the cross-sectional area in m², which is a function of the water depth

For cross-sectional area, one must know the exact geometrical data of the channel. For partially-full channels, the level must be determined in addition. If there are going to be deposits or silting in the channel, then this must be taken into account, too.

Flow Profiles: Sufficiently low flow velocities give rise to laminar flow. This is represented as stratified flow in a physical condition. The single water layers glide over each other without any mixing. By means of the frictional strength (roughness of the walls, viscosity of the medium etc.), the flow velocity at the walls is 0. For full-filed pipes, for example, the maximum flow velocity is in the middle of the pipe.

Transition flows are intermixing of the laminar and turbulent flows. These forms of hydraulic flows are unstable and swinging. It cannot develop a defined, stable flow profile. The flow profiles cannot be assessed. Hence to arrive at average velocity one need actual measurement of velocity samples from various points with the wetted area of cross section and it needs to be backed by awell-established mathematical model implemented into the flow meter electronics.

Ultrasonic Doppler Method Uses Advanced Evaluation Technique The measurement principle is based on the fact that a bundled ultrasonic beam is continuously beamed into a liquid in a defined

angle and a known frequency. A part of the ultrasound energy is reflected by the solids or gas bubbles contained in the liquid. Caused by the particles’ movement a frequency diversion occurs. This diversion is direct proportional to the particle velocity

In continuous wave doppler measurement, signals are received from all scatterers within the entire ultrasonic beam. They have no range discrimination. The returned signals must be evaluated with the help of analytical methods to determine the characteristic velocity within the measurement distance.

In pulse wave Doppler measurement, both, the range and velocity are determined and the signals are received from a limited sample volume which is controlled by the transmitter. Pulse wave Doppler measures velocity in a defined cell (window) and reflections from particles in other areas do not have any influence on the

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velocity measurement. This makes it possible to assign defined measurement windows for velocity measurements and obtain a velocity spectrum that provides accurate measurement of the entire velocity profile.PW velocity measurement is more accurate than the CW velocity measurement. Also, CW Dopplerdoesn’t give you an accurate average velocity, while measuring the entire velocity profile, PW Doppler are much closer to the average velocity of the entire cross section.

The Q-Eye PSC MT type of area velocity flow meter uses permanently mounted “mouse” type Pulse wave Doppler velocity sensor with a built in submerged ultrasonic water level sensor.This instrument is designed for application in full or partially full pipes of 100 to 2000 mm pipe diameter or open channel with depths of 400 to 2000 mm, It uses advanced Doppler profiling technology to directly measure the velocity profiles making it the best choice for sites with non uniform ,rapidly changing , back watered , near zero, negative or reverse flow conditions This eliminates the need for on site calibration thereby reducing the cost of installation significantly. Combined with an integral upward looking ultrasonic or secondary external hydrostatic level sensor for determining the water level,the meter is using a numerical model for average velocity in the entire cross section and the continuity equation to calculate the flow. A variant design Q Eye MIII offers similar features in a portable version with data logging and telemetry additions.

software to ensure accuracy and repeatability.The IP65 compact flow computer has a local alpha numeric display and a 4 button keyboard.All configuration data and the measured data and the calculated data are stored in a 16GB MicroSD card.It controls the measurement calculates the flow rate and provides freely programmable current out puts,status alarm frequency output and totalizer readings.The configuration of such unit can be done at site using any Android device,however protected by certain level of password.

Data Transmission

Automatic data transmission via GPRS communication is an option for stationary as well as mobile version.The logged data can be sent to any host computer (FTP-Server) or to HydroVision ‘s web based HydroCenter at a user selectable frequency.Alternatively, WLAN and Ethernet communication is available.A suitable insertion sensors of the same technology is to be used when the measurement is done in a pipe in which liquid is flowing full bore flow some time and partially flowing at other times

Easy to mount sensors -all sensors can be attached to a mounting plate, spring and sissor rings to install them in few minutes inside the sewer pipe reducing the time in the manhole. The sensor is first attached to a carrier and can slide into any of the compatible mounting system.this maintains a height suitable for measuring flow rates and velocities at very low water level .to install the sensors in rectangular, semicircular, trapezoidal or earthen channels it is recommended to use mounting plates sutable to the location This instrument is an ideal tool for permanent flow monitoring studies and surveys of

• Waste water collection systems (Infiltration studies,Hydraulic Model calibration,event notification,lomg term trend analysis etc)

• Combined Sewer systems (Characterise combined sewer overflow impacts)

• Waste water treatment facilities ( influent measurement,real time process control,effluent measurement)

• Irrigation Channels (Supply measurement)

• Inductrial flow (Flow measurement,process optimisation)

• Storm water run off monitoring

Figure 4

The flow meter electronics Q-Eye PSC MT is a major improvement in open channel flow measureent over its preavious versions.This flow computer incorporates all the required algorithms and

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Flow Measurement Using Dopper Radar Type Non Contact Sensor

An alternative technique has been devised to measure the discharge in open channel and selected sewers using area velocity method.Q-Eye RadarMT- which is a non-contact open channel flow meter.It consists of a pulse wave Radar Based velocity sensor and an ultrasonic or radar based water level sensor. The Radar velocity sensor It uses the frequency shift of the backscattered (Bragg) microwave signal of 24 GHz , from the roughness or ripples on the surface of flowing water.The sensor has to be mounted on cross over / bridge, over a an open channel or on a suitable clamping arrangement inside manhole if a sewer flow has to be measured.The sensor is mounted at a defined inclination facing the upstream or downstream of the flow direction.Though the Radar sensors picks up the velocity sample from the surface of the flowing water, at a certain known location from the bank preferably at the centre of the stream if the approach conditions are not conducive , the flow computer uses a “finite Differential Algorithm “ developed by HydroVision GmbH, that yields to an accurate determination of average velocity from the measurement of surface velocity at a known point of the flow surface.The system is designed for a continuous operation and suitable for measurement of flows not only in waste water channels, sewers and irrigation channels, but also on Rivers and large channels.

The flowmeter Q-Eye Radar MT offers all the feature explained above for the ultrasonic doppler system. Certain version of radar Velocity sensor uses a built in “Inclination Sensor”so

that the instalation error or any unwanted repositioning of the sensor are detected and can be corrected hence eleminating the measurement error . The system can be used with an optional surcharge depth sensor, so the system can measure when the flow condition changes from open channel condition to surcharge conditions like in sewers.

The maximum permissible instalation height of such radar sensors are about 30 meter from the water surface, whereas the minimum distance could be 0.5 M or 0.2 meter for various version of sensors. These sensors are capable of measuring the surface velocity as low as 0.05 m/s .the water level sensor is seprately installed and can be an ultrasonic type or a radar type based on the site condition.

Figure 5 Figure 7

Figure 6

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A non contact vradar type velocity sensor offers distict advantage to the user for example

• Accurate flow measurement

• Easy installation

• No need to stop the flow for installation or maintenance

• Bi Directipnal flow measuremebt

• No need of periodic cleaning of the sensor as in case of submurged sensors

• Integrated inclination sensor

• Optional surcharge water level sensor

• The installation and operation man power need not to be in touch with waste water or sewer water

Conclusion

The acoustic principle has become a growth driver for flow meters. More and more users have already begun to appreciate the advantages of contact free measurements. With a comprehensive range of products and solutions we can determine flow in various applications. Accuracy and reliability are given top priority.

The application of acoustic technology includes

• To measure flow in pressurised pipe regardless the approach flow conditions and piping orientation

• Measurement of flow in partially filled pipes and sewers

Ram Warriar, GM - India region , Hydrovision GmbH, is an Instrumentation professional and can be reached at [email protected], [email protected].

About the Author

• To measure flow in Open channels of water , waste water of any geometrical shape

• To conduct flow measurement study using portable devices for closed pipe and open channel

And, other than flow measurement the technology has been successfully applied to measure Sediment concentration and particle size in flowing water or reservoirs To run the sewer system efficiently, to manage the storm water situation effectively, and to operate the sewage treatment plants with best possible efficiency, a monitorand control of waste water discharge is necessary around the clock, and acoustic technology comes with a definite answer to many of such measurement challenges.

Reference

“Sewer Flow Monitoring”

a) Vladimir Patrčević, Ph.D. Civ.Eng, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering Varaždin, University of Zagreb

b)Kristijan Boda, B.Sc. Civ.Eng., Faculty of Civil Engineering, University J.J. Strossmayer in Osijek

c) Jürgen Skripalle, Ph.D. Civ.Eng., Hydro Vision GmbH, Kaufbeuren, Germany.

88 Water Today l May 2016

Page 83: WATMAN Magazine May 2016
Page 84: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

City of Auburn, Alabama, Converts WWTP from Chlorine Gas to Flexible & Modern UV Disinfection System

By Wayne Lem

Installed TrojanUVSignaTM at H.C. Morgan WPCF

The City of Auburn is a thriving community of approximately 60,000 residents. It is a college town and is the home of Auburn University, which has an enrollment

of just over 25,000. Auburn is located between Montgomery, AL and Atlanta, GA. Auburn has been marked in recent years by rapid growth.

Auburn sits near the divide between the Chattahoochee and Tallapoosa River watersheds. The City has two treatment facilities – the Northside Water Pollution Control Facility (WPCF) which has a permitted capacity of 2 MGD (315 m3/h) and the H.C. Morgan WPCF which has a permitted capacity of 11.25 MGD (1,772 m3/h). The Plants were originally constructed in 1985.

In April 2008, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM) finalized a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for the Saughatchee Creek Watershed, where effluent from the Northside WPCF discharges to. The TMDL established a Total Phosphorus (TP) waste load allocation of 0.25 mg/l for the Northside WPCF - requiring a 90% reduction in TP for the facility.

Subsequently, the City hired CH2M Hill to evaluate options for compliance with the TMDL. The following two options were considered:

1. Upgrading the Northside WPCF to be able to meet the TP discharge requirements, and

2. Ceasing discharge at the Northside WPCF, utilizing a recently constructed transfer sewer system to pump everything to the H.C. Morgan WPCF and upgrading the H.C. Morgan WPCF to handle the additional flow.

After extensive analysis, option (2) was selected. The H.C. Morgan WPCF is an activated sludge/ extended aeration plant, utilizing both mechanical and biological treatment. It treats the majority of the sanitary wastewater for the City, and discharges to Parkerson Mill Creek.

Auburn, AL Treatment Plant

As part of the H.C. Morgan WPCF plant upgrade in 2012, the City decided to convert from chemical (chlorine) disinfection to environmentally-friendly disinfection with Ultraviolet Light (UV). This conversion not only enables the City to benefit from UV’s safety and environmental advantages but also from the long term savings in operation and maintenance costs. The City had been disinfecting with gaseous chlorine and dechlorinating with sulfur dioxide.

With their consultant, CH2M Hill, the City evaluated UV disinfection manufacturers and products; the TrojanUVSigna™ was selected by the H.C. Morgan Water Pollution Control Facility for its benefits, including:

• Suitability for seasonal operation

90 Water Today l May 2016

Page 85: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

• Lowest number of UV lamps required and ease of operation and maintenance

• Low total installed capital cost and long-term operating cost

• System design features and Trojan’s overall experience and support

• Simple retrofit installation into the existing chlorine contact chamber

• Simplicity of operation and maintenance

The TrojanUVSigna installation in Auburn was brought on-line in October 2012, just in time for college football season and the resulting populations swell to the City. The system was designed with two 22 lamp banks (expandable to 29) to treat a peak capacity of 34.20 MGD. The TrojanUVSigna incorporates the latest innovative features including: the TrojanUV Solo Lamp™ technology, advanced control capabilities, ActiClean™ automatic sleeve cleaning, and an Automatic Raising Mechanism which has simplified maintenance and operation for plant operators. Since start-up, the system at Auburn has consistently performed under the regulated disinfection limit (see Figure 1) and the site has enjoyed minimal maintenance during the first few years of operation.

When converting from chlorine to UV, existing chlorine contact tanks are often used for a retrofit. This is the approach Auburn took; not only does it reduce construction costs, it also enables the surplus areas within old chlorine contact tanks to be used for water storage, bypass, and other purposes.

The TrojanUVSigna system is specifically designed for large-scale wastewater disinfection applications, makes conversion to UV disinfection easier, reduces total cost of ownership compared to chemical disinfection and simplifies maintenance for the wastewater treatment plant operations staff.

The TrojanUV Solo Lamp Technology combines the best features of both medium and low-pressure lamp technology.

Benefits of MP Lamps

• Low lamp count and small footprint

• Dimmable from 100 to 30% power

Benefits of LPHO Lamps

• Low power consumption (1/3 the energy usage of MP lamps)

• Long lamp life (>15,000 hours)

• Low carbon footprint and environmental impact

Figure 1.The disinfection performance of the TrojanUVSigna has consis-tently been below the regulatory limit for the plant.

System Design Parameters

• Peak Design Flow: 34.2 MGD (129,460 m3/d)

• UV Transmittance: > 65%

• Disinfection Limit: 126 E.coli/100mL (30 day average)

• Number Of UV Units: Two channels, two banks of 22 lamps (expandable to 29) in each channel Average Solids Concentration: 30 mg/L TSS

• Upstream Treatment: Biologically Treated Secondary Effluent, Unfiltered

Wayne Lem P. Eng. has a background in Chemical Engineering and he is a licensed professional engineer in the Province of Ontario, Canada. He

has over 20 years of experience in the water industry, with in-depth involvement in technologies used in several treatment applications, including municipal wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and trace contaminant removal. Wayne has been with Trojan Technologies since 2003. Prior roles included Senior Process Engineer as well as Manager of Validation and Research. He is currently Municipal Market Manager and leads various global market strategies, new product developments and reactor validations. His role also encompasses educating engineers, regulators and operators about the science behind UV technology and various other water treatment processes. He can be reached at [email protected]

About the Author

Water Today l May 2016 91

Page 86: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

Effective Waste Water Management to achieve New MoEF Norms for Coal Fired Thermal Power Plants

By Dhanesh Sharma

Waste water management can be helpful in lowering fresh water consumption of power plants. As per latest MoEF notification for thermal power plants, all

new plants (installed after 1st Jan, 2017), requires to meet specific water consumption upto 2.5 m3/MWh and achieve zero waste discharge. The effectively designed Wastewater Management, can achieve this limit of specific water consumption and will be able to lower fresh water consumption for thermal power plants. This waste water management has been represented in present paper for typical 2x660 mw coal fired power plant with fresh water as river based.

Introduction

The Waste water generated in Power Plant from various processes (viz., cooling system, DM plant, CPU regeneration, filters backwash, PT plant, etc.) is generally taken to central monitoring basin for neutralization and further use as makeup required for Ash Handling system, Horticulture& CHP dust suppression. Latest MoEF notification (dated 07 Dec 2015), for new plants installed from1st Jan 2017, requires SO2 reduction in Flue gas

emission to 100 mg/Nm3 from earlier 200 mg/Nm3(for units above 500MW capacity), which needs Flue Gas Desulphurization process (FGD). Wet scrubber based FGD itself requires makeup (clarified) water for lime slurry preparation. This increases fresh water consumption of plants. On other hand, same MoEF notification requires specific water consumption to be achieved upto 2.5m3/MWh. This article discusses about recent trends in waste water balance for power plants to meet above challenges, reducing the specific water consumption and its help in achieving effective waste water recycling.

Current Waste Water Management in Power Plants

The waste water generated from power plant consists of:

• Cooling Tower(CT) blowdown(TDS 3000 ppm)

• Side stream filters (SSF) waste (TSS > 100 ppm)

• DM Plant (UF-RO-MB) (TDS 3000 ppm)

• CPU regeneration (TDS – 200 ppm)

92 Water Today l May 2016

Page 87: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

157114

2307Evap. + 6497

Drift(3). 3939

3359 Raw Water 583 331

Makeup 2972 163029 Blowdown To CHPDust Supprs.

580Ash. MU* SSF 83 76

Backwash To Evap. 49 GardeningLoss 79 54

Cycle MUTo 291

32 Ash Sump25 (3). 291

3310 3303 7240 CPU

Regen *63 70

* Power 22 28 House

* Transfor.Area

116 * Fuel Oil

Solid Cakes Area

FromCMB AHP Sealing

291 Notes:(3). 291 120 (1)  This Water Balance is prepared for typical

2x 660MW Coal Fired Plant25 846 966 (2) Design COC is considered as Five (5). 

Ash 270 (3)  0% Water Recovery during First 

Conditioning ** 150 Year of Plant operation of Plant, during this period makeup for AHP shall be from Raw WaterReservior. Recovery from Ash Pond is considered

** To Ash Pond  as 70% of Total Slurry Disposal from Second Year 580 278 of Operation.(3) Raw Water 966 270 **100% Fly Ash disposal / utilisation shall be Reservior progressively achieved in Dry Form from Fourth 

Year operation of Plant as per MoEF notification 580 dt. 3.11.2009

(4) Turbine Cycle Makeup is considered as 1% Ash Pond Recovery of BMCR. DM plant consist of UF‐RO‐MB units.

** 162 (5) * Indicates Intermittent Flow and same is not To Evap. 386 considered here for Water Balance

loss 386 **

Typical 2x660MW - Water & Waste Water Management

CentralMonitoring Basin

(CMB)Two

Compartments

Ash Water sump Ash Handling Plant

Ash Slurry Sump

Ash Pond

Filtration +DM Plant

Aerator + Clarifier

PotableWater

Plant + Colony

Cooling TowerCOC 5

Raw Water Reservior

(Strorage - 7 Days)

ServiceWater

N Pit

Oil Water Seperator

Com -mon Oily Water Pit

Waste:- CHP - AHP sealing- HVAC (AW + CT MU)- SW

Condenser

ACW

SludgeThicknr

Centriguge/Filter press

Figure 1

Water Today l May 2016 93

Page 88: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

• Oily water from Power house, transformer area and fuel oil handling area (Oil & Grease >30 ppm)

• Coal handling plant waste water (TSS >1500ppm)

• Service water & Potable waste water (TSS 50ppm)

From the above, CT blowdown, SSF, CPU regen. & DM plant are the major waste water generation systems.

The figure 1 shows the Water & Waste water balance diagram of typical conventional 2 x 660MW coal fired power plant.

Effluents generated from these processes accounts for 698 m3/hr.; breakup of same is as below:

• CT blowdown - 583 m3/hr (COC-5 of cooling water circuit)

• SSF – 83 m3/hr and

• DM plant N pit – 32 m3/hr

These effluents are collected and neutralized in central monitoring basin (CMB) for use in further processes (having acceptable waste water qualities) like ash handling plant makeup, CHP dust suppression and horticulture etc.

a) Ash handling plant requires 966 m3/hr of makeup water for conveying of Dry & Bottom ash in wet slurry (lean) form and 25 m3/hr for ash conditioning. This consumption is met from:

• AHP sealing water (120m3/hr)

• CMB (291 m3/hr)

• Raw water reservoir (580m3/hr), during first year of plant operation. From second year onwards, this makeup ismet from recovered water from Ash pond(2)reducing the Raw water requirement. Nearly 60-70% recovery (580 m3/hr) is practically achievable from Ash pond after installing clarifier. From Fourth year of operation, after complete utilization of fly ash in dry mode is achieved, makeup water for Ash handling system is reduced to 175 m3/hr and additional water from CMB is recirculated to Ash pond.

Recently some plants have MoEF clearances with fly ash collection in HCSD (high concentrated slurry) mode (instead of above lean slurry mode), having makeup water

requirement reduced by approx. 15% to 495 m3/hr from 580 m3/hr (from first year operation onwards). However, Fly ash collection in lean slurry mode is discussed here.

b) CHP dust suppression is nearly 331 m3/hr depending on Coal stock yard (storage) area, conveyor length (intermittent) and transfer towers (intermittent) up to coal bunker. This is met from CMB.

c) Horticulture requirement is ~76 m3/hr.

Considering different processes makeup water like CW, DM, Service water & Potable water (refer figure 1), total plant makeup water requirement is 3359 m3/hr & 3939 m3/hr (during first year of operation) for 2x660MW Coal Fired Plant. Specific water consumption for plant will be 2.984 m3/MWh (considering temporary makeup water requirement during first year of operation) and 2.54 m3/MWh subsequently.

Challenge To Achieve Specific Water Consumption As Per Latest MoEF Notification:

With Latest MoEF notification, for all operating plants, SO2 reduction is required to be reduced to 100 mg/Nm3 from earlier 200 mg/Nm3 in Flue gas emission. This can be achieved with installation of Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) process. Wet scrubber based FGD requires makeup water for lime slurry preparation in the range of 150-178 m3/hr for 2 x 660MW plant and with water quality TDS< 50-500 ppm & chloride <50 ppm. This increases fresh water consumption of plant to 3537m3/hr (i.e. specific water consumption to 2.68 m3/MWh) (Refer figure 2). However on the other hand, in same MoEF notification it is mentioned that specific water consumption to be achieved upto 2.5m3/MWh for all new plants installed after 2017.

Proposed Waste Water Management To Reduce Water Consumption For New Plants

In the proposed waste water management (figure 3), other than 698m3/hr (from CT blowdown, SSF backwash and DM N-pit), additional waste water generated will be collected in central monitoring basin (CMB) from:

• Potable waste water through STP recovery (2m3/hr)

Total waste water collected in CMB will be 700 m3/hr.

94 Water Today l May 2016

Page 89: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

157114

2307Evap. + 6497

Drift(3). 4117

3537 Raw Water 583 331

Makeup 2972 163029 Blowdown To CHPDust Supprs.

580Ash. MU* SSF 83 76

Backwash To Evap. 49 GardeningLoss 79 54

Cycle MUTo 291

32 Ash Sump25 (3). 291

3488 3481 7240 CPU

Regen *63 70

* Power 22 28 House

* Transfor.Area

116 * Fuel Oil

Solid Cakes 178 Area

FromCMB AHP Sealing

291 Notes:(3). 291 120 (1)  This Water Balance is prepared for typical

2x 660MW Coal Fired Plant25 846 966 (2) Design COC is considered as Five (5). 

Ash 270 (3)  0% Water Recovery during First 

Conditioning ** 150 Year of Plant operation of Plant, during this period makeup for AHP shall be from Raw WaterReservior. Recovery from Ash Pond is considered

** To Ash Pond  as 70% of Total Slurry Disposal from Second Year 580 278 of Operation.(3) Raw Water 966 270 **100% Fly Ash disposal / utilisation shall be Reservior progressively achieved in Dry Form from Fourth 

Year operation of Plant as per MoEF notification 580 dt. 3.11.2009

(4) Turbine Cycle Makeup is considered as 1% Ash Pond Recovery of BMCR. DM plant consist of UF‐RO‐MB units.

** 162 (5) * Indicates Intermittent Flow and same is not To Evap. 386 considered here for Water Balance

loss 386 **

Typical 2x660MW - Water & Waste Water Management

CentralMonitoring Basin

(CMB)Two

Compartments

Ash Water sump Ash Handling Plant

Ash Slurry Sump

Ash Pond

Filtration +DM Plant

Aerator + Clarifier

PotableWater

Plant + Colony

Cooling TowerCOC 5

Raw Water Reservior

(Strorage - 7 Days)

ServiceWater

N Pit

Oil Water Seperator

Com -mon Oily Water Pit

Waste:- CHP - AHP sealing- HVAC (AW + CT MU)- SW

Condenser

ACW

SludgeThicknr

Centriguge/Filter press

FGD

Figure 2

Water Today l May 2016 95

Page 90: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

157114FromETP 2307

(3). 3859 169 RO Evap. + 6497Raw Water Drift

3123 Makeup583

2972 Blowdown To CHP 199163029 Dust Supprs.

736Ash. MU* 83 20

SSF Backwash To Evap. 49 54 Gardening Loss 79 Cycle MU

48132

25

3074 3135 7 2240 CPU *

Regen STP 66 Recov.

61 240

** Power

22 27 House 481

* Transfor. CW makeup 347Area 169

11 3 1785 * Fuel Oil 135

Solid Cakes Area2CMB

To Ash Water Sump

Coal Pile*166 Run Off

FromETP RO AHP Sealing135

120ForAsh 25 846 966 132

Conditioning ** 150 ** 270Notes:(1)  This Water Balance is prepared for typical

** 165  2x 660MW Coal Fired Plant736 To Ash Pond (2) Design COC is considered as Five (5). 

(3) .From Raw Water (3) 0% Water Recovery during First Reservior 966 270 Year of Plant operation of Plant, during this 

period makeup for AHP shall be from Raw WaterReservior. Recovery from Ash Pond is considered

Ash Pond Recovery 734  as 70% of Total Slurry Disposal from Second Year of Operation.

** 205 **100% Fly Ash disposal / utilisation shall be progressively achieved in Dry Form from Fourth 

232 Year operation of Plant as per MoEF notification ** 230 dt. 3.11.2009

To Evap. (4) Turbine Cycle Makeup is considered as 1% loss of BMCR. DM plant consist of UF‐RO‐MB units.

(5) * Indicates Intermittent Flow and same is not considered here for Water Balance

Typical 2x660MW - Water & Waste Water Management

CentralMonitoring Basin

(CMB)Two Compartments

Ash Water sumpAsh Handling Plant

Ash Slurry Sump

Ash Pond

Filtration +DM Plant

Aerator + Clarifier

PotableWater

Plant + Colony

Cooling TowerCOC 5

Raw Water Reservior

(Strorage ‐ 7 Days)

ServiceWater

N Pit

Clarifier+Filtration+ ETP RO

Oil Water Seperator

Com -mon Oily Water Pit

Waste:- CHP - AHP sealing- HVAC (AW + CT MU)- SW Distribution

Consumed

STP

Waste

Coal Settling Pond

Clear water for CHP Dust Suppression

Condenser

ACW

FGD

SludgeThicknr

Centriguge/Filter press

Figure 3

96 Water Today l May 2016

Page 91: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

This collected waste water from CMB will be neutralized &utilized effectively to reduce plant make up water requirement further (after FGD water requirement) in following ways:

• Reduction in CHP dust suppression

By installing Coal settling pond, considering 50% run off coefficient, 132m3/hr waste water can be recovered for dust suppression of coal stock yard. CMB make up water requirement for coal dust suppression can be reduced to 199 m3/hr from 331 m3/hr.

• ETP RO

CMB waste water can be recovered in clear water (TDS <300 ppm, upto 70%) by installing ETP RO with clarifier and DMF on upstream. Nearly 347m3/hr clear water can be achieved through ETP RO and can be used as makeup to CW system(169 m3/hr)& FGD system (178m3/hr).

The reject (135 m3/hr) from ETP RO can be used as makeup to Ash handling system.

By adopting the above methodology of Waste water management, plant raw water makeup can be reduced to 3123 m3/hr from 3537 m3/hr.

Dhanesh Sharma, Associate Manager, Adani Infra (I) Ltd. has over 9 years’ experience in Design & Detailed Engineering of Complete Water systems from Intake

to Effluent treatment & reuse for Utility Thermal power plants. He can be reached at [email protected].

About the Author

Conclusion

The proposed waste water management presented in this paper is effective in meeting latest MoEF notification and FGD make up water requirement. The same can be used to reduce specific water consumption from 2.68 m3/MWh to 2.36 m3/MWh for typical river water based 2x660MW Coal Fired Power Plant.

References

1. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF), Notification dated 7th December 2015

2. Report on Minimization of water requirement in coal based thermal power stations, CEA, January 2012

Acknowledgements1. Sh. S Ravishankar, Head Engineering, Adani Infra (I) Ltd

2. Sh. Prasada Reddy, HOD mechanical, Adani Infra (I) Ltd

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Advanced Composites Private Ltd. 53

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Harshal Aqua Inc. 37

Hitech Sweet Water Technology Back Double Spread

Hitech Ultraviolet Pvt. Ltd. 49

Jay Water Management Pvt. Ltd. 29

Jaysons Industries 53

Klean Environmental Consultant Pvt. Ltd. 61

Kumar Process Consultants & Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. 69

LANXESS India Private Limited Front Inner Cover

Lexcru Water Tech Pvt. Ltd. 15

LG Chem 7

Lubi Industries LLP 21

M&D Pet Cotainers 73

Max Pure Water System Pvt. Ltd. 17

Mintech Sales And Services 100

Parth Poly Valves Pvt. Ltd. 63

Permionics Membranes Pvt. Ltd. 9

Premier Tech Aqua 11

Rakiro Biotech System Pvt. Ltd. 25

S.Abbas & Co 73

Silver Water Technology 31

Technomax Enterprises (I) Pvt. Ltd. 51

Toray International India Pvt. Ltd 13

Unitop Aquacare 19

Vens Marketing 102

Water Today l May 2016 103

Page 98: WATMAN Magazine May 2016

Water quality crisis is one of the most challenges issue facing across the global today. Continuing population growth and urbanisation, rapid industralisation, and expanding and intensifying food production are

all putting pressure on water resources and increasing the unregulated or illegal discharge of contaminated water within and beyond national borders. This presents a global threat to human health and wellbeing, with both immediate and long term consequences for efforts to reduce poverty whilst sustaining the integrity of some of our most productive ecosystems.

There are many causes driving this crisis, but it is clear that freshwater and coastal ecosystems across the globe, upon which humanity has depended for millennia, are increasingly threatened. It is equally clear that future demands for water cannot be met unless wastewater management is revolutionized.

The global population is expected to exceed nine billion people by 2050. Major growth will take place in developing countries, particularly in urban areas that already have inadequate wastewater infrastructure. The financial, environmental and social costs are projected to increase dramatically unless wastewater management receives urgent attention.

Currently, most of the wastewater infrastructure in many of the fastest growing cities is lacking. It is outdated, not designed to meet local conditions, poorly maintained and entirely unable to keep pace with rising urban populations. Experiences have shown that appropriate investments done in the right manner can provide the required returns. However, it will require not only investments, but careful and comprehensive integrated water and wastewater planning and management at national and municipal levels. This must transcend the entire water supply and disposal chain involving ecosystem management (including coastal waters), agricultural efficiency and production and treatment of wastewater and a stronger focus on urban planning.

The articles in this issue discuss on adopting a strategic approach to wastewater treatment, optimizing the reuse of wastewater, the role of improved monitoring of wastewater and identification of wastewater and its vital role in sustainable development and reuse methods.

Happy Reading!

Naina Shah

EditorEdi

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