waterers and watering systems - ksre bookstoreand watering systems: a handbook for livestock owners...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Waterers and Watering Systems:
A Handbook for Livestock Producers and LandownersKansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service
![Page 2: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................... 2Water Sources ................................................................. 7 Stream................................................................. 9 PondandPit..................................................... 13 DevelopedSpring............................................. 17 HorizontalWell................................................ 21 WetWell........................................................... 27 DrilledWell...................................................... 31 WaterHarvesting.............................................. 37 RuralWaterDistrict(PublicSupply)................ 45 HauledWater.................................................... 49Power Sources, Pumps, Pipelines and Storage Tanks ........................................................ 53 SolarPower....................................................... 55 Pump................................................................ 59 Wind-PoweredAirPressureSystem................. 65 Windmill.......................................................... 69 Animal-ActivatedPumpingSystem.................. 73 Water-PoweredPump....................................... 77 PipelineNetwork.............................................. 83 WaterStorageTank.......................................... 87
Animal Drink Delivery .................................................. 91 ConcreteWaterers............................................ 93 LimitedAccessWateringPoints....................... 97 HardenedSurfaceAccess.................................101 Super-InsulatedWaterer..................................105 BottomlessTank..............................................109 TireTank.........................................................113 FiberglassorGalvanizedTank.........................117Livestock Management Practices .............................. 121 HardenedMat(geosyntheticsandgravel).......123 GrazingManagementChanges forWaterQuality...........................................127 FencingthePond.............................................131Supplemental Materials ............................................. 135 WaterVolumeRequirementsforLivestock.....136 SitingWateringFacilities.................................137 CalculatingTankCapacity...............................138 CalculatingRequirePipelineSize....................139 CalculatingWetWellCapacity........................142 PermitsinKansas.............................................143 HelpfulResources............................................146Credits .......................................................................... 148
![Page 3: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1
This reference should be cited as:Blocksome,C.E.andG.M.Powell(eds).2006.Waterersandwateringsystems:Ahandbookforlivestockownersandlandowners.KansasStateUniversityAgriculturalExperimentStationandCooperativeExtensionService,Manhattan,KS.
ThishandbookwillalsobeavailableinasmallerprintedformasKansasStateUniversityAgriculturalExperimentStationandCooperativeExtensionServicepublicationS-147.Order-inginformationisavailableathttp://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/orbycalling(785)532-5830.
FinancialassistancefortheKansasGrasslandWaterQualityStewardshipProgramisprovided,inpart,throughEPASection319Non-pointSourcePollutionControlGrantK3-016byagrantagreementwiththeKansasDepartmentofHealthandEnvironment.
Kansas Grassland Water Quality Stewardship Program,
Dept. of Agronomy, Kansas State University
![Page 4: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2
Why should I be concerned about where my cattle drink?Livestocktendtoconcentratearoundwatersources.Thisactivitycanleadtoreducedvegetativecoverandincreasedmanureconcentrationinandaroundwatersources.Thewatersourcecanbecomepollutedwithsediment,nutrients,andfecalcoliformandstreptococcusbacteria,leadingtoimpairedwaterquality.
How can I change my livestock drinking and loafing behavior?Livestockdistributioncanbealteredbymanipulatinglive-stockattractants.Wateristhestrongestattractant,bothfordrinkingandloafing.Otherattractantsaremineralandsaltfeeders,oilersandscratchingposts,gates,shade,windpro-tection(winter),breezyheights(summer),feedingareas,patchesofhighlypalatableforageandcattleinadjacentpas-tures.Removingoraddingattractantsorredistributingthemcanaltercattledrinkingandloafingbehavior.
Cattle defecate in the water and erode the streambank and pond edge.
Introduction
![Page 5: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
3
How can I use my water resources to meet both the needs of my livestock and water quality concerns?Existingwaterresourcescanberenovatedormodifiedandnewsourcesofwatercanbeadded.Frequentlyanexistingwatersourcecanbeusedwitharelocateddistributionpoint(watererortank).Theareaaroundawaterdistributionpointcanbeprotectedtoreducemudanderosionproblems.Cattlespendaslittleas4minutesadayactuallydrinkingbutcanspend10timesaslongloafingaroundthewatersource.1Loafingactivitiesincreasethewaterqualityproblemsassoci-atedwithwaterdistributionpoints.Thesedistributionpointscanbemadelessattractiveforloafingbyremovingnearbyattractants,placingotherattractantswellawayfromthedis-tributionpoint,andbymakingthedistributionpointlesscomfortableorlesseasilyaccessibleforloafing.Providingawatersourceawayfromastreamcanreducetimespentbycattleintheriparianareabyupto96percent.Pro-vidingshadeawayfromstreamscanalsoreducetheamountoftimecattlespendintheriparianarea.21Clawson,J.E.1993.Theuseofoff-streamwaterdevelopmentsandvariouswatergapconfigurationstomodifythewateringbehaviorofcattle.M.S.Thesis,OregonStateUniversity.2Byers,H.L,M.L.Cabrera,M.K.Matthews,D.H.Franklin,J.G.Andrae,D.E.Rad-cliffe,M.A.McCann,H.A.Kuykendall,C.S.HovelandandV.H.CalvertII.2005.CattleuseofriparianareasintheGeorgiaPiedmont,U.S.A.J.Environ.Quality34:2293-2300.
Cattle congregating under trees can destroy vegetation, especially if the trees are located near a water source.
![Page 6: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
4How is water made available to animals?Therearethreemainoptionsforprovidingwatertoanimals: •directaccesstoawatersource •gravityflowfromahigherelevation •pumpfromalowerelevationDo animals have a preference about where they drink?Severalstudieshaveexamineddrinkingpreferences.Hay-fedcattlehavebeenshowntopreferdrinkingfromatroughratherthanastream3.Crawfordetal.(2001)foundnodifferencesincattlepreferenceforpondvs.wellwater,eventhoughthepondwaterhadhighlevelsoffecalcoliformbacteria4.Anotherdemonstrationstudy5foundthat76%ofthetimecattledrankfromatankratherthanapondwhenbothwereavailable;tankwaterhadmuchlowerlevelsofsus-pendedsolids(sediment)thanpondwater.How do livestock respond to water quality?Livestockmayrespondtofecalcontaminationofwaterqualitybyreducingwaterintake6.Thismayaffectproductionthroughreducedfeedintake.3Miner,J.R.,J.C.Buckhouse,andJ.A.Moore.1992.Willawatertroughreducetheamountoftimehay-fedlivestockspendinthestream(andthereforeimprovewaterquality)?Rangelands.Soc.forRangeManagement.14(1):35-38.4Crawford,R.J.,andE.Cole.1999.Effectofwatersourceandqualityonwaterintakeandperformanceofcowsandcalvesgrazingtallfescue.1999ResearchRep.,South-westMissouriAgric.Res.EducationCenter,Mt.Vernon.5Suber,G.,K.WilliamsandM.Manoukian.2006.Drinkingwaterqualityforbeefcattleanenvironmentfriendlyandproductionmanagementenhancementtechnique.Beef:questionsandanswers.MontanaStateUniversityExtensionandMontanaBeefCouncil,Bozeman.6Willms,W.D.,O.R.Kenzie,T.A.McAllister,D.Colwell,D.Veira,J.F.Wilmshurst,T.Entz,andM.E.Olson.2002.Effectsofwaterqualityoncattleperformance.J.RangeManage.55(5):452-460.
![Page 7: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
5
How do I decide which option to use?Thepurposeofthishandbookistoassistyouinchoosingawateringsystemthatfitsyourbudgetandneeds.Somesys-temswillonlyworkincertainsituations.Theymayrequirespecificgeologicalformations(suchassprings)ordependonspecificelevationdifferences.Whilecomponentsmaybeoff-the-shelf,thearrangementandinstallationofawateringsystemmustbeadjustedtoeachsite.Asyoulookthroughthishandbook,keepinmindthecharacteristicsofyourlandandsite,thetimeyouhaveavailableformanagementandupkeep,andthesizeandtypeofanimalyouhave.Thesewillallfactorintoyourdecisionsaboutwhichoptiontochoose.
![Page 8: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
6
Water Sources Comparison Chart
Stream
Pond
Developed Spring
Horizontal Well
Wet Well
Drilled Well
Water Harvesting
Rural Water District
Hauled Water
Source Estimated CostPrimary Disadvantage(s)Primary Advantage(s)Naturallyoccurring,nodirectinstallationcost
Watermaybecomestagnantandofpoorqualityinlowflows;canincreaselevelsoffecalcoliformandotherbacteriainwater
Doesnotinvolvemechanicalorelectricalpartsthatcanfail;oftenusedforfishingandotherrecreationalactivities
Directlivestockaccesscancausepoorwaterquality;costofinitialconstructionandrestorationishigh
Relativelyinexpensive;smallflowscanbeturnedintoavaluablewatersupply
Springsmaynotbepresent
Canaccessasignificantlylargerwater-bearingzonethannormallycanbeaccessedwithaverticalwellborehole
Localwelldrillersmaybeunfamiliarwiththeprocess;horizontalwelldrillingequipmentmaynotbereadilyavailable
Simpleandinexpensive;lesssedimentandfewernutrientsenteringstreamsandponds
Streamaccessrequired;mayrequirerentedequipmentoracontractortoinstall;fewexamplesinKansas
Waterqualityfromwellsisusuallyquiteconsistent;typicallyhasalongusefullifewhenregularlymaintained
Groundwatermaybedeep,makingwelldrillingexpensive;aquifermaynotbepresent
Usefulinareaswherenaturalwatersourcesarescarce;canbelocatedinextremelyremoteareaswhereotherwatersourcesareimpractical
Waterquantityisdependentuponrainfallandharvestedarea;mostusefulforsmallnumbersoflivestock
Dependentontype;$300forsmallself-supportingstructure
Ruralwaterdistrictsuppliesaregenerallyreliablewithfewinterruptionsoroutages;wateristreatedandmeetspublicwatersupplystandards
Notavailableatalllocations;minimumwaterusechargesevenduringtimewhenwaterisnotused;membershipand/ormeterfees
Dependsondistancefromwatermaintodistributionpoint;$1,000-$2,000ormoreplusmonthlyfees
Verymobile;allowsshort-termgrazingoftemporaryforagesuppliessuchascropresidue
Haulingwaterislaborintensive;muddyorsnowyconditionscancomplicateorevenprohibitwaterdelivery
Usedanhydroustankandtrailercanbepurchasedforabout$500;recurringlaborandfuelcosts
$3,000ormore
Noneforunrestrictedaccess
$15-30/ft.todrill;$500-$1,000ormoreforapumpingsystem
$1,000ormore
$10/ft.todrill;smallsubmersiblepump$350;pumpcasing$150;4”PVCpipe$1/ft.;totalwellcost$1,500-$2,500(higherfigureincludeselectricityhookup)
$1,500-$2,500installed
![Page 9: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
7
Water Sources
![Page 10: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
8
![Page 11: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
9
Stream
OverviewSmallstreamsareacommonsourceoflivestockwaterinKansas.Whiletherearesomeadvantages,youshouldcare-fullyconsiderotherissues,suchasconcernsaboutreliability,bankerosionandwaterquality.Specialstepsshouldbetakentominimizetheseproblemsiflivestockwillbegivendirectaccesstostreams.
Advantages •Naturallyoccurring,nodirectinstallationcost •Waternormallycleanandfresh •Hardenedsurfaceaccesspointscanbeusedtominimize
animaldamage •MayprovideavehiclecrossingpointLimitations •Susceptibletobankerosion •Potentialinjurytolivestockslippingonbanksorgetting
caughtintreeroots •Needsregularrepairstowatergapsafterfloods •Serveasattractantsthatcancauseheavyuseofriparian
areasandpoorgrazingpatterns •Flowmaybeseasonalandstopduringdryperiods •Watermaybecomestagnantandofpoorqualityinlow
flows •Increaseslevelsoffecalcoliformandotherbacteriain
water
![Page 12: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
10
![Page 13: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
11
Stream
Design ConsiderationsRestrictingaccesstospecificpointsalongastreamshouldbeaprimarygoal.Thiswilleliminatemostofthebankerosioncausedbylivestocktrafficaswellaspotentiallivestockinju-ries.Developaccessrampsortrailswithhardenedsurfacessuchascoarsegravelovergeotextileandslopesof6:1orflat-ter.Theseshouldalloweasyaccesstopoolswithinthestreamthatlivestockpreferoverriffles.Locatingshade,salt,minerals,andwinterfeedingsitesinportionsofthepastureawayfromthestreamwillhelpreducethetimelivestockspendatoradjacenttothewater.Refertothe“LimitedAccessWateringPoints”section(p.97)foradditionaldesigninformation.Thispracticemayrequirepermits.Pleasereadthepermitsectionofthishandbook(p.143).
![Page 14: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
12
![Page 15: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
13
Pond and Pit
OverviewPondsarethemostcommonsourceoflivestockwaterthroughoutmuchofKansas.Theygenerallystorelargequan-titiesofwater,canbeconstructedinvarioussettings,andmayprovideotherbenefitslikerecreationandfloodcontrol.How-ever,concernsaboutsedimentationandwaterqualityjustifyconsiderationofalternatewatersources.
Advantages •Simpleandadaptabletomanylocations •Willgenerallystorealong-termsupply •Multipleexamplesandexperiencedcontractors
readilyavailable •Doesnotinvolvemechanicalorelectronicparts
thatcanfail •Oftenusedforfishingandotherrecreationalactivities •Oftendesignedfordetentionofheavyrunofftoreduce
floodingdownstream
Limitations •Sedimentationandbankerosionlimitlifeofreservoirstorage •Directlivestockaccesscancausepoorwaterquality •Initialconstructionandlaterrestorationcostsarehigh •Steepbanksarehazardstolivestockwhenmuddy •Animalswalkingonthepondinthewintermayfall
throughtheice •Aholemayneedtobechoppedintheicetoprovide
waterforlivestockinwinter •Erosioninemergencyspillwaysisacommonproblem •Runoffneededtorefillthereservoirwillbelimited
andsporadicinlowrainfallarea •Generallynotsuitableforsandyorrockysoils •Pondsthatdonotholdwateraredifficulttoremedy
![Page 16: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
14
Pond
EmergencySpillway
Dam
Longitudinal Section(not to scale)
Cross Section(not to scale)
![Page 17: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
15
Pond or Pit
Design ConsiderationsMostpondsareconstructedbyexcavatingmaterialthatisusedtobuildanembankment(dam)acrossaninciseddrain-age.Reservoirsizeisaresultofthenaturaldepthofthedrainageandexcavationofmaterialforthedam.Inbroad,flatdrainages,itmaybenecessarytocreateareservoirbysimplyexcavatingapit.Pitsmayalsobebuiltoutsideofdrainagesinsituationswheretheyaresuppliedbyundergroundflow.Sizeandlocationarecriticalfactorswhendesigninglivestockponds.Pondsshouldbelargeenoughtostoreenoughwatertosupplylivestockforextendeddryperiods(generallytwoyears)ofhighevaporationandnorunoff–withtheexceptionofpondssuppliedbyspringsandundergroundflow.Embankmentpondsusuallyincludeaprimaryspillwayortricklepipeforcontrolledreleaseofdetentionwateraswellasaflatemergencyspillwayattheendofthedamtocarryexcesswaterduringhighrainfallevents.Sizingthetricklepipeanddetentionstor-agerelativetothesizeandslopeofthedrainagewillprotecttheemergencyspillwayfromrepeatedflowsanderosion.
Pondsshouldbelocatedinareasthatgetlessgrazingpressurefromlivestock–oppositeprevailingsummerwindsandawayfromshade,streams,saltandmineralsites.Damsandotherdisturbedareasshouldbereseededsoonafterconstruction.Installationofwatersupplylinesunderorthroughthedamandfencingwillimprovewaterqualityandextendthelifeofthepond.Properlydesignedpondsofminimumsizegenerallycostatleast$3,000andlargerpondsmuchmore.AssistancewithdetaileddesignsiscommonlyavailablethroughlocalNRCSandconservationdistrictoffices.Thispracticemayrequirepermits.Pleasereadthepermitsectionofthishandbook(p.143).Damscanalsoinvolvewaterrights.Formoreinformation,checkhttp://www.ksda.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=324.Thelandownerisresponsibleforthesafeoperationandmaintenanceofthedam.Whensitingadam,considerdown-streamdevelopmentthatwouldbeaffectedifthedamshouldfail.
![Page 18: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
16
![Page 19: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
17
Developed Spring
OverviewSpringdevelopmentisarelativelyinexpensiveinvestmentcomparedtoawellorfarmpondtoprovidewaterforlive-stock.
Advantages
•Improvedwaterqualityforlivestock •Reducedriskofinjurytolivestockfallingthroughice
inwinter •Relativelyinexpensive •Evensmallflowscanbeturnedintoavaluable
watersupply •Maybepossibletodevelopwithoutelectricity •Maybepossibletodevelopwithon-farmsupplies
toreducecost
Limitations •Springsoccurnaturallyandinlimitedareas •Asmallspringrequiresconstructionofstoragecapacityto
haveareliablesupplyofwater •Supplementalpowerisrequiredifwateristobe
pumpeduphill •Thespringshouldbeprotectedfromlivestockdistur-
bances •Carefuldesign,planning,andconstructionarerequired
foraclean,reliablesupplyofwater •Springflowmaydeclineorstopduringdrought
![Page 20: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
18
4” Perforated DrainTile Collector
2” Delivery PipeImpervious Layer
Gravel Envelope
Channel to DivertFlow Around Spring
Minimum 3’ Soil Cover
Anti-seep wall
Delivery Pipe
Spring Box Inlet
StockTank
Over�ow
Outlet to Surfaceat Least 50 ft. Away
DiversionDitch
GeotextileFabric
Gravel
Impervious Stratum
Cuto� Wall
Cover with Soil
18” to 24”
21a. Concentrated Spring 21a. Low-area Spring
4” CollectionTile
Seep Area
4” Collection TileCuto� Wall,4’ high x 4” thick,length as neededPipe to Springbox
![Page 21: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
19
Lock 2” Min.
Surface WaterDiversion Ditch
Fence
Clay 10’ Min.
Water-Bearing Gravel
ScreenedDrain
Water Stop
Maximum Water Level
Over�ow
Valve& Box
To Storage
Steps
Cleanout Drain
PerforatedPipe
Developed Spring
Design ConsiderationsEvensmallflowscanbedevelopedtowaterlivestock.Ataminimum,aspringshouldhaveayear-roundflowrateofatleastonegallonaminute.Withproperstorage,thisminimumflowcanwaternearly100cattle.Itisimportanttomoni-torthespringflowthroughthedifferentseasonsoftheyear.Youcanconsultolderneighborsorpreviousownersaboutaspring’sdependabilityasawatersource.Forspringslocatedonslopesorridges,itmaybepossibletopipethewatertoaseriesoftanksinmultiplepasturesdown-hill.Whileyear-roundspringsarepreferred,“wetweather”springsmaybesatisfactoryifthepastureisusedforearlyintensivestocking.Inthiscasethespringsgenerallyproduceuntilthehot,dryperiodinJulyandAugust.Thesameprinci-palmayapplytopasturesusedforwintergrazingwhenmostofthevegetationisdormantandthereislittleevaporation.Propermanagementofthelandscapearoundthespringcanconservethequantityandqualityofthewater.Whileyoucan’tincreasethetotalwaterflowavailable,youcanremovecattails,shrubsandtreestodirectmoreofthespringflowintothelivestockwateringsystem.Fencinglivestockawayfromtheseepageareaorinstallingundergroundcollectiontilewillhelpprotectthequalityofspringwater.
Thelandscapearoundthespringshouldbeshapedtodivertsurfacewaterrunoff.Ifanundergroundcollectiontrenchischosen,abackhoecanbeusedtodigoutthecollectiontrench.Aplasticmembranecanbeusedtofunnelunder-groundseepageintoperforateddrainagepipe,usually3”orlarger.Thispipeshouldbesurroundedbyafabricfilterandwashedrock.Thewatercanthenbepipedtoastoragecon-tainerordirectlytoadownhilllivestockwatertank.Thecollectiontrenchwouldbecoveredwithclayandmoundedtopreventsurfacewaterinfiltration.Toproperlydesignaspring-fedwateringsystem,contactyourlocalNRCSfieldofficefortechnicalconstructiondetailssoyouwillbeassuredofhavingalow-maintenanceanddependablewateringsystem.Thispracticemayrequirepermits.Pleasereadthepermitsectionofthishandbook(p.143).
![Page 22: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
20
![Page 23: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
21
Horizontal Well
OverviewHorizontalwelldrillinganddirectionalboringtechnologyhavebeencommerciallyavailableinthepetroleumindustrysincethelate1980s.Theyhavesteadilygrowninuseandacceptabilityinmanyotherfields,includingutilities,hazard-ouswasteclean-up,andwaterwells.Intheoilindustry,hori-zontalwellshaveproducedat2.5to7timestherateofverti-calwells.Conventionalwaterwelldrillingequipmentcanbemodifiedtodrillinahorizontaldirection.Horizontalwaterwellshavebeenusedinaridandsemi-aridpartsoftheU.S.toaccesswaterbearingformationsfromthesideofahill.Thisinstallationmethodreducesdrillingdepthandcasinglengthwhileextendingthewellscreenlengthtoaccessalargerper-centageofgroundwater-bearingstrata.
Advantages •Canaccessasignificantlylargerwaterbearingzonethan
canbenormallyattainedwithaverticalwellborehole •Workswellinlowrainfallareas •Canbedrilledintothestreambedwithoutdisturbing
thestream •Oftenoffersashorterdrillinglengthandthusalesscostly
methodofreachingwaterbearingstratacomparedtodrillingfromthetopofthehill.
Limitations •Localwelldrillersmaybeunfamiliarwiththeprocess •Horizontalwelldrillingequipmentmaynotbereadily
available
![Page 24: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
22
Watertight Casing
Drilling Start
Stream
Screened Section of Well
Horizontal well under a small, intermittent stream
Very small, shallow alluvial aquifer
Water Table
![Page 25: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
23
Horizontal Well
Design ConsiderationsAlthoughhorizontalwellscanbeusedeffectivelyinanyrain-fallregion,theyhavebeenfoundtobeespeciallybeneficialinregionswhererainfallandassociatedgroundwaterrechargeareminimalandinfrequent.Someimportantfactorsforagoodhorizontalwellsiteinclude: •Geology and topography–geologicalformationswitha
fairlyshallowgroundwaterbearingzoneorstratum,withadequatesurfacespaceandterraintomoveandruntheequipment
•Alluvial sites–deepenoughwithoutmajorrockexcava-tionrequiredtoinstallgroundwatercollectiontrenches
•Location–closetoapowersourcetooperatepump-ingequipmentandawayfromdrainageditchesorotherfeatures(suchasrockoutcrops)thatcouldcauseperiodicflooding,sedimentation,fallingrockdamage,orinterfer-encewithuseofthesystem
Theareaaroundthewellfield,especiallyanexcavatedstreaminstallation,shouldbefencedtorestrictgrazinganimalsandassociatedmanurecontaminationandtopreventdamagetothewellfieldandstreambankbyhoovesandmillinganimals.Principalconsiderationsforahorizontalwellincludeawellscreenandgravelpack,apumpandcasing,andmaintenance.
Well screen and gravel pack:Thewellscreenisoneofthemostimportantcomponentsandcanbemadeofvariousmaterials,includingstainlesssteel,steel,claytile,orplasticpipe.Thegravelpackisequallyimportanttofilterincom-ingwaterandprotectthescreenandwellcasingfromplug-ging.Inlow-budgetagriculturalinstallations,perforatedhighdensitypolyethylene(HDPE)corrugatedtubingworkswellforthewellscreenandcomesinvariousstandardsizesfrom3inchto24ormoreinches.HDPEisreadyavailableforotheragriculturaluses,suchastiledrainageorlaterallines,andcomeswithafiltersock.Thefiltersockisnotrecommendedinmosthorizontalwellapplicationsbecauseofplugging.Thegravelpackshouldbemadefrompermeablematerialssuchasriverrockorcrushedlimestone.Inlocationswheretherearepluggingproblemswithwaterborneclaysandsilts,thegravelpackisdesignedandconstructedwithmultiplesizesofaggre-gatestofiltertheclayandsiltparticleswithoutpluggingthescreen.Astandard-sizedgravel-packmaterialforadirection-allydrilledsystemis3/8-inchdiameterandsmallergravel;foratrenchexcavatedsystem,1/2-inchdiametercrushedstone.Thediameterofthewellscreenandgravelpackislimitedtoamaximumofa4-inchdiameterscreenwith1-to2-inchgravelpackformosthorizontaldrillingequipment.Largersizescanbeinstalledbutthecostmaybeprohibitive.Becausethewellscreenandcasingarepulledthroughtheboreholebythedrillingequipment,thegravelpackcomespre-assembled(glued)withthescreenandisinstalledwiththescreen.
![Page 26: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
24
Perforated Tile Minimum 4” Diameter
Trench with Gravel Back�llMinimum 24” Below StreamBed Bottom
TopsoilMinimum 6”
Plant Disturbed Areawith Native Grass Mix
Horizontal Well Installation – Excavation Option
Stream Channel
Submersible Pump and PipingTo Water Trough
Fence
Fence
Perforated Tile End Capor Clean out
Approx. Water Table
Perforated Tile
Well CasingTrench withGravel Back�ll
![Page 27: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
25
Inanexcavated-trenchinstallation,thesizeofthewellscreencanbemuchlargerasthegravelisaddedseparately.GravelshouldbeinstalledsixinchesbelowtheflowlineoftheHDPEtubing,andaminimumof24inchesabovethetubingandbelowtheestablishedwatertable.Thesizeofthescreenandtrenchexcavation,andtheamountofgravelinstalled,canalsobeexpandedhorizontallyandverticallytocreatemoregroundwaterstoragewithinthewellfield.(See“SupplementalMaterials”sectionofthishandbook,p.135).Pump and casing:Submersiblewaterpumpsworkwellinhorizontalwells.Powerforthepumpcancomefromadedi-catedpowerline,anaturalgas/propaneorgasoline/dieselcombustionengine,solarpower,orawindmill.Thediameterofthewellcasingshouldbeseveralincheslargerthanthediameterofthepumpcasing,andapproximately1½timeslargerthanthehorizontalwellscreen.Thetopofthewellcasingshouldbecappedandelevatedatleast12inchesabovetheexistinggroundaroundthecasingtoavoidcontaminantsenteringthecasing.Thebottomofthecasingshouldbesetbelowtheinletflowlinefromthewellscreentocreateasumpforsettingthepumpwithadequatewaterdepth.Thebottomofthesumpshouldalsoallowatleast6to12inchesbelowthepumpinflowelevationtostoreaccumulatedsediments.SeveralranchsupplyandhardwarestorescarryprefabricatedwellsumpsandjunctionboxesthataredesignedforHDPEinstallations.
Maintenance:Thewellfield,pipingandscreenshouldbeperiodicallyinspectedtoensurethatpipesandscreensarenotclogged.Aclean-outcapcanbeinstalledateachendofthepipetoflushdebrisandsedimentfromthepipingandscreen.Ifaclean-outisdesired,itshouldbeinstalledwhenthetrenchisexcavatedandthescreenandpipingareinstalled.WelldrillingisregulatedbytheKansasDepartmentofHealthandEnvironment,BureauofWater,GeologySection.Wellsshouldbedrilledbyalicensedwaterwellcontractoraccordingtostatewaterwellregulations(http://www.kdheks.gov/water-well/).Somecountieshaveadditionalwelldrillingregulationsandmayrequirepermits.Statelawrequiresthatabandonedwaterwellsshouldbeplugged(http://www.kdheks.gov/water-well/download/WWC-5P.pdf).Thispracticemayrequirepermits.Pleasereadthepermitsectionofthishandbook(p.143).
Horizontal Well
![Page 28: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
26
![Page 29: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
27
Wet Well
OverviewInmanylocations,thechanceoffindingusablewaterwhendrillingawellisunfavorable.Inthoseareas,pondsandstreamsmaybeavailabletoserveassourcesofwater.Inordertousethewatersuppliesforlivestock,itmaybedesirabletoinstallapumpingsystem.Placingwaterintakesdirectlyintothestreamcanallowthemtobedamagedorlostwhenfloodingconditionsoccur.Awetwellservesasanidealloca-tiontoinstallapumporintakeline.Awetwellallowsintakethroughawiderangeofstreamflowordepth.
Advantages •Simpleandinexpensive •Reducedbankerosion •Lesssedimentandnutrientsenteringstreamsandponds •Extendedpondorstreamusefulness •Reducethemaintenanceofapumpingsite •Extendsthelifeofapumpinstallation •Improvesthequalityofwaterpumpedtolivestock
Limitations •Specializedequipmentmaybenecessaryforinstallation •FewexamplesinKansastouseasreferences
![Page 30: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
28
“T”
Water TightWet Well
Intake Line
Perforated intake pipe covered with gravel in pond or stream
Submersible Pump and Line
![Page 31: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
29
Wet Well
Design ConsiderationsInordertosupplywatertolivestockawayfromthestreamorpond,itoftenisnecessarytoinstallapumpingsystem.Awetwellcanprotectthepumpfromdamagewhenwaterdepthvariesorduringfloodconditions.Thewetwellisawaterintakesystemthatallowsthestreamorpondwatertoflowfromthestreamorpondtotheartificialwell.Variousmaterialscanbeused;thechoicemostlikelywilldependuponlocalavailability.Wetwellsystemstypicallycanbeconstructedusinganexca-vatororbackhoe.Thewellisconstructedbydiggingahole,deeperthanthewatersource,atadistanceof15feetormorefromtheedge.Acasingisthenplacedinthehole.Thecor-rectcasingsizeisdeterminedbytheflowrateofthestream,thepumpingratedesired,andthetypeofpumptobeused.Insomecasesaperforatedculverttubecanbeinstalledasthecasing.Inothercases,astandard6”or8”perforatedwellcas-ingisused.Theintakemediumistheninstalledaroundthebaseandsidesofthecasing.Afterthewellcasingisinstalled,atrenchisdugbetweenthewatersourceandthewellhole.Afiltermediumorplasticpipeisinstalledinthetrenchtotransportwaterfromthesourcetothewell.Thedepthofthetrenchshouldbeequaltoorbelowthebottomofthewatersource.Coarsesandorrivergravelaredesirablefilteringmedia.AplasticorPVClineisalsoacceptable.Alargebasinaroundthewellcasingfilledwithaclean,uniformgravel-sizedmediumcanserveasareservoirforstoringwaternearthecasing.
Apitlessadapterplacedinthesideofthecasingwherethewatersystemlineleavesthewellcasingcanreducefuturemaintenanceproblems.Pitlessadaptersserveasadisconnectbetweentheverticalpumpdischargepipeandthehorizon-talpipelinegoingtothesupplylineandshouldbebelowthefrostlevel.Ifafilteringmediumisused,somereferencesrecommendusingafilterfabricbarrierbetweenthemediumandthesoillayertopreventfinesfromaccumulating,thusextendingthelifeofthemedium.Onceallthelinesandmediaareinstalled,soilcanbereplacedonthesurfaceandreshaped.Soilcanbereplacedoverandaroundthewetwell.Raisingthesoilaroundthewetwellimprovesitsfunctioning.WelldrillingisregulatedbytheKansasDepartmentofHealthandEnvironment,GeologySection.Wellsshouldbedrilledbyalicensedwaterwellcontractoraccordingtostatewaterwellregulations(http://www.kdheks.gov/water-well/).Somecountieshaveadditionalwelldrillingregula-tions.Abandonedwaterwellsshouldbeplugged(http://www.kdheks.gov/waterwell/download/WWC-5P.pdf).Thispracticemayrequirepermits.Pleasereadthepermitsectionofthishandbook(p.143).
![Page 32: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
30
![Page 33: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
31
Drilled Well
Advantages •Aquifersupplyingawellisnotsubjecttowaterlosses,
suchasevaporationorseepage •Soilcoverprotectstheaquiferthatsuppliesawellfrom
contamination •Usuallyprovidestheshortestdistancefromawatersource
totheplaceofuse •Notsubjecttofreezing •Waterqualityisusuallyconsistent;changesareveryslow
overtime •Typicallyhasalongusefullife,especiallywhenmain-
tainedandprotectedLimitations •Duringextendeddrought,waterlevelsdropandwellyield
maydeclineorwellmaygodry •Insomeareas,groundwatermaybequitedeep,requiring
adeep,expensivewell •DrillingtoodeeplyyieldsbrackishwaterinmanyareasofKansas •NoaquiferstosupplywellsinlargeareasofEast-central
andSoutheastKansas •Testholes,poororunusedwells,orsurfaceactivitieshave
pollutedgroundwaterinsomeareas •Groundwatereasilypollutedbycarelessactionsorlackof
wellprotection •Groundwaterinaquifersisusuallymoving,sochangesin
well-waterqualitymayoccur
OverviewHistorically,wellshavebeenthewatersourceofchoiceforhomesandlivestock.Inareaswheregroundwaterisavailable,awellusuallyistheeasiestmethodtoobtainareliable,highqualitywatersource.About50percentofKansasiscoveredbyprincipalaquifersthatreliablyyieldenoughwatertosup-plyawell.Inareaswhereprincipalaquifersarenotfound,localaquifersmayprovideadequatewaterforasmallwell.
![Page 34: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
32
Soil
Aquifer formationsand, gravel
Well screenSubmersible pump
Gravel pack
Water Table
Approved �ll
Fill
Approved grout, thegreater of 20 ft. or 5 ft.into the �rst clay orshale layer
Approved sanitary sealGround slopesaway for 20 ft.
Discharge pipe
Pitless adapter
Electric conduit
Approved sanitary seal
Casing 1 ft. aboveground or high water
Ground slopesaway for 20 ft.
Electric conduitFill
Grout
![Page 35: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
33
Drilled Well
Design ConsiderationsAnimalsmayperformbetterwithgoodqualitywater.Safewaterwellsarethosethatmeettoday’slocationandconstruc-tionstandards.Wellsconstructedbefore1975rarelymeetthesestandardsandmanyaresourcesofgroundwaterpollution.KansaswelldrillersarelicensedbyKDHEandmustusewellcomponentsthatmeetstatestandards.Drilledwellsmustmeetthecriterialistedbelowtocomplywithcurrentlocationandconstructionstandards.•Thelocationshouldbeupslopeandawayfromcontamination
sources.Manywellsarepollutedbecauseofinadequatesepara-tionoralocationdownslopeofactivitiesthatdirectlyeffectit.
•Awatertightcasingextendsatleastonefootabovethegroundsurfacetopreventtheentryofsurfacewaterwithcontaminants.Sitessubjecttofloodingshouldbeatleastonefootabovethehighestfloodlevel.Thecasingmustbewatertightfromthetoptotheintakescreen,whichshouldbebelowthewatertable.Noholesarepermittedinthecas-ingexceptforanapprovedpitlessadapter,whichmustbesealedtothecasing.
•Anapprovedgroutsealsthecasingtotheboreholefromthesurfaceto5feetintothefirstclayorshaleconfininglayeror20feetbelowsurface,whicheverisgreater.Thegroutalsomustbeplacedadjacenttoallconfininglayerstoseparatewater-bearinglayers.Approvedgroutincludesbentoniteclay,neatcementandcement-waterslurry.
•Anapprovedpitlessadapterisusedtopreventfreezingunlessapumphouseisused.Theadapterenablesawater-
tightconnectionthroughthecasingbelowfrostlevel.Anapprovedpitlessunitalsomaybeusedtoreplacethetopportionofthecasing.Thepitlessunitattachmenttothecasingiswatertight.Theunitalsohasaconnectiontothewaterlinebelowfrostlevel.
•Anapprovedsanitarysealmustcaporplugthetopofthecasingtoprevententryofcontaminants.Thissealmustbesecurelyattachedtothewellcasingsoitistightandpre-ventstheentryofwaterandinsects.Ascreenedventonthesealallowsairtoentersothecasingdoesnotcollapseandpreventstheentryofinsectsanddebris.
•Slopethegroundsurfaceawayfromthewelltopreventwaterpondingwithin50feet.Theslopeshouldbeatleast6incheswithinthefirst20feetfromthewelltoassurepositivedrainage.
Maintenanceisessentialtoassurethatthewellcontinuestomeetalllocationandconstructionstandards.ComponentsshouldbecheckedatleastyearlyusingguidelinesinPri-vate Well Maintenance and Protection, MF-2396(aK-StateResearchandExtensionServicepublication).ThewellshouldbecleanedanddisinfectedbyshockchlorinationfollowingtheprocedureinShock Chlorination for Private Water Systems, MF-911.Awatertestaftermaintenanceisrecommendedtoassurethatnocontaminationisenteringthewell.Finally,manywellshavebeenpollutedbycarelessandthoughtlessactions.Thisisbestpreventedbyafencedexclu-sionzonewherenocontaminantsareallowed.Outsidetheexclusionzone,amanagementzoneshouldprovideadditionalprotectionifcontaminantsareallowedhere.
![Page 36: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
34
![Page 37: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
35
WelldrillingisregulatedbytheKansasDepartmentofHealthandEnvironment,BureauofWater,GeologySection.Wellsshouldbedrilledbyalicensedwaterwellcontractoraccordingtostatewaterwellregulations(http://www.kdheks.gov/waterwell/).Somecountieshaveadditionalwelldrillingregulationsandmayrequirepermits.Statelawrequiresthatabandonedwaterwellsshouldbeplugged(http://www.kdheks.gov/waterwell/download/WWC-5P.pdf).Thispracticemayrequirepermits.Pleasereadthepermitsectionofthishandbook(p.143).
Drilled Well
![Page 38: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
36
![Page 39: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
37
Water Harvesting
IntroductionWaterguzzlersarepassive,artificialstormwatercollectionandwateringdevicesthathavebeendevelopedforaridandsemi-aridpartsofthewestwherewatercanbealimitingfactorindevelopmentofwildlifehabitat.Originally,theywerereferredtoas“gallinaceousguzzlers”forGalliformes,theorderofbirdsthatincludesquail,grouse,turkey,andpheasants.“Guzzle”referstothesoundmadebythebirdswhentheydrinkfromapoolofwater.Guzzlersalsoprovidewatertoothercrea-turesthatrequiresurfacewaterforsurvival,includingmanyamphibiansandmammalsandsomereptilesandinverte-brates.Waterguzzlersarebeneficialtolivestockwhentheyarelargeenoughtoprovideadequatewatersuppliesforlargeranimals(suchascattle)orduringshort-termuseofextremelyaridrangelands.Waterharvestingsystemsplacedonslopinggroundthatcol-lectrunoffwaterforstorageandtransfertoawateringpointhavebeenusedinaridrangelandareas.
Advantages •Usefulinareaswherenaturalwatersourcesarescarce •Canbemadeofinexpensiveorrecycledmaterials •Easilyinstalled •Minimalsitepreparation •Canbelocatedinextremelyremoteareaswhereother
watersourcesareimpractical •Minimalupkeepexpenseandlabor
Limitations •Waterquantityisdependentuponrainfall •Mostusefulforsmallnumbersoflivestock
![Page 40: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
38
![Page 41: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
39
Water Harvesting
Design ConsiderationsAlthoughwaterguzzlerscanbeeffectivelyusedinanyrain-fallregion,theyhavebeenfoundtobeespeciallybeneficialinregionswhererainfallisminimalandinfrequent.ManyfederalagenciesandwildlifeorganizationshaveestablishedwildlifewateringprogramsinaridstatessuchasNevada,Utah,Colorado,Arizona,Texas,andNewMexico.Someoftheimportantfactorsforagoodguzzlersiteinclude:
•Sitewithlittletopographicalrelief,slopeof1percentorgreater,andadequateexpanseoffairlyflatsurfaceareatocollectausableamountofwater
•Adequatesoildepthtoburythewaterstoragetankandprovideanaccessramporport
•Locationawayfromdrainageditchesorotherfeatures,suchasrockoutcrops,thatcouldcauseperiodicflooding,sedimentation,fallingrockdamage,orinterferencewithuseofthesystem.
Theprincipalelementsofaguzzlersystemincludetherain-water/snowcollectionsurfaceorapron,awaterstoragetank,ananimalaccessramporport,awatercontrolorificeorvalve,fencing,andmaintenance.Rainwater/Snow Collection Surface or Apron: Thecollec-tionsurface(apron)ismadeofimpervioussurfacingmateri-alssuchascorrugatedmetalsheeting,UVprotectedplasticsheeting,fiberglasssheeting,asphaltpaving,oranyother
suitablematerialthatiseconomicaltobuyandinstall.Apronscanbeconstructedonthegroundsurfaceorelevatedwithasupportstructure.Supportstructuresnormallyrequiremorethoughtconcerningloadingfactorstoproperlysizethesup-portbeams,columns,etc.Groundconstructionisnormallylessexpensivethanconstructingsupports.However,sitecon-ditions(suchasarockysurface)mayrequirethattheapronbeelevatedwithsupports.Ifthewateringfacilityislocatednexttoanexistingbuildingwithappropriateroofingmaterial,thentheroofwouldprovideanopportunitytocollecttherainwaterorsnowmeltthroughagutter/downspoutsystemsimilartoacistern.However,mostwateringfacilitiesarelocatedlongdistancesfrombuildingsandelectricity,andtherefore,thetypicalwaterguzzlerisnormallyconsideredtobeastandalonewateringfacility.Thelocationandsizeoftheapronisafunctionoftheexist-ingtopography,soiltype,anddesiredamountofwatertobecapturedateachguzzler.Normally,theratioofdrainageareatostoragevolumeisafunctionoftheannualrainfallandsnowfortheregion.ThisinformationcanbefoundthroughthelocalNRCSofficeorpublishedsoilsurveyreport.Wateryieldcangenerallybeestimatedas1ft2ofapron/gallonofwater/1.6inchofrain(lessforsnow).
![Page 42: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
40
![Page 43: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
41
Typical water yields per square foot would be:Apron size Annual Water Yield (gal.) 20’x20’ 4,80040’ft.x40’ 19,200100’x100’ 120,0001acre 520,000
Forexample,aguzzlerlocatedinanareawith20inchesofaverageannualprecipitationwouldhaveanexpectedyieldofapproximately12gallonsofwater/ft2ofapronarea.Runoffestimatesarereducedby5percenttoreflectevaporationandsmallaprontransmissionlosses.Water storage tank:Thesizeofthewaterstoragetankisafunctionoftwoimportantfactors.Thosearetheamountofwaterneeded(gallonsofwaterperheadpermonth)andtheamountofwaterbeingdelivered(averagerainfallpermonth).Anadditionalone-monthsupplyisnormallyrequiredasasafetyfactorforperiodsofnorainorrunoff.Storagetanksizestypicallyrangefrom200to5,000gallons.Thewaterstoragetankisnormallyburiedbutcanbeabovegroundorpartiallyelevatedwheretheaproniseitherlocatedatahigherelevationorelevatedbygroundsupportsabovethelevelofthetank.Below-groundtanksshouldbeconstructedofcorrosionresistantmaterialssuchasplastic,fiberglass,orcathodicallyprotectedmetal.Above-groundtanksarecon-structedofUVprotectedplastic,galvanizedmetalorsimilarweatherresistantmaterials.Below-groundinstallationsareusuallypreferredbecausetheyprovideinsulationbysoilandeasyaccessforanimals.Coveringtanksreducesevaporation
lossesandpreventsforeignmattersuchasdirt,leaves,andbirddroppingsfromcontaminatingthewater.Animal access ramp or port:Dependingonthefinaleleva-tionofthetank,anopeningandrampshouldbeprovidedtoallowanimalsadequateroomandsecurefootingwhiledrink-ing.Ifarampisconstructed,itshouldbenosteeperthan190degreesora3:1slope.Gentlerslopesarepreferredifthesiteallows(intheabsenceofshallowrock).Therampwidthisnormallyafunctionofthenumberofanimalsthatneedaccessatonewateringevent.Anaccessportof4or5feetwillaccommodatethreeorfourcattle.Wideropeningsarenotrecommendedbecauseincreasedwatersurfaceareaincreasesevaporationlossesandcontaminationbydustanddebris.Therampsurfaceandsubgradeshouldbeconstructedofmaterialssimilartothoseusedaroundwatertroughsandwateringstructures.Theentrancetothewateringportshouldbeslightlyelevatedwithanearth-grassedberm.Thishelpskeepsurfacestormwatercontaminatedwithsedimentandanimaldroppingsfrombeingwashedintothedrinkingwater.Water control orifice or valve:Aorifice,pipe,and/orvalvefromthestoragetanktoaseparatedrinkingdeviceispre-ferredwhenlargenumbersofanimalsneedwater.Ifpowerisavailableatthesite,awaterpumpcanbeusedtomovewaterintotroughsorotherdrinkingdevices.Otherwise,gravity-flowsystemsmustbeused.
Water Harvesting
![Page 44: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
42
![Page 45: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
43
Fencing:Theareaaroundtheapronandstoragetankshouldbefencedtorestrictgrazinganimalsandassociatedproblemsofcontaminationbydroppingsanddamagetotheapronandtanksystembyhoovesandmillinganimals.Maintenance:Theapronandrampareasshouldbecleanedofdebris,animaldroppings,andotherwaterpollutantsquar-terlyandmorefrequentlyiftheareasarenotfenced.Tank,piping,valves,andotherstructuresshouldbeperiodicallycheckedtoensurethattheyarefunctioningcorrectly.Waterstoragelevelsshouldbecheckedtomakesurethereisanadequatesupplyforlivestock.
Water Harvesting
![Page 46: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
44
![Page 47: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
45
OverviewPeoplewholiveintownmostcommonlyreceivewaterfromapublicwatersystem.Ruralwaterdistricts,atypeofpublicwatersupply,deliverwatertoruralareasandmanysmallcom-munities.Kansasisanationalleaderinthenumberofruralwaterdistrictswithalonghistoryofsolvingwatersupplyneedsinruralareas.Ruralwaterdistrictsaregenerallyareli-ablesourceofwaterthatmeetsU.S.EPAsafedrinkingwaterstandards.Thissectionaddressesruralwaterdistrictsasasourceforlivestockwater.
Rural Water District (Public Supply)
Advantages •Generallyreliablewithfewinterruptionsoroutages •Producersneednotbeconcernedaboutpoweroutages
andequipmentfailure •Wateristreatedandmeetspublicwatersupplystandards
–ahigherstandardthangenerallyneededforlivestock •DistrictsareconcentratedincentralandeasternKansas,
whereprincipalgroundwateraquifersareabsentorwaterqualityispoor
•Waterisdeliveredunderpressurethatshouldsatisfymostneeds
Limitations •Waterlinestypicallyrunalongroadswheremorepeople
live,sodistrictwaterisnotavailableinalllocations •Ifalineisnotadjacenttothepropertywherewater
isneeded,theremaybeacosttoextendtheline •Longlinemayberequiredonpropertytodeliverwater fromthemetertothepointsofuse •Buildingandoperatingaruralwatersystemwithlong
supplylinesisexpensive,oftenmakingcostofruralwaterhigherthanproducerswanttopayforlivestockwater
•Existingruralwaterlinemaynothavecapacitytoaddanotheruser
![Page 48: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
46
![Page 49: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
47
Rural Water District (Public Supply)
Design ConsiderationsThereareseveralthingstoconsiderduringthetypicalpro-cessofobtainingandpayingforaconnectiontoaruralwaterdistrictsupply.Application for connection and fee:Ruralwaterdistrictstypicallyrequireanapplicationandhaveaconnectionfee.Thisfeeisusuallymodestwhenthedistrictisintheplanningstages.Oncethewaterlineshavebeenlaidtheconnectioncostincreasesbecausetheexpensestoinstallthesystemhavealreadybeenpaidandfinanced.Extension of the water line:Mostwaterdistrictsdonotaggressivelyseektoexpandtheirsystems.Themainreasonforthisisrelatedtofinances.Intheplanningstage,itisrela-tivelyeasytoaddadditionallinestoserveotherusersandthecostiscoveredbygrantsandlowinterestloanssharedbyall.However,oncethesystemhasbeenbuilt,itisoftennotfea-sibletoseekgrantstooffsetanextensiontoserveafewusers.Typicallythedistrictisnotwillingtoincurcoststoexpandbecausethatwouldincreasethecostforexistingusers.Thusanewuserusuallymustpaythetotalcostforanyneededexten-sionofawaterline.Dependingondistanceandconditionsthismaybesubstantial.
Minimum monthly cost:Thedistrictsetsaminimummonthlycostforwhichtheuserissuppliedaspecificquantityofwater.Sometimeslivestockwaterneedsareonlyseasonal,butthemonthlycostmustbepaidevenwhenthewaterisnotneeded.Theamountofwaterdeliveredhaslittleeffectonthedistrict’smonthlyexpenses.Cost for excess water use:Thedistricthasachargeforwaterusedinexcessoftheminimum.Thiscosttakesintoconsid-erationthecostofenergytosupplytheextrawaterandusu-allyalsoanincentivefortheusertoconservewateraswell.Ifuserscouldpurchaseextrawaterforjustthecostoftheextraenergy,theywouldtendtoincreasetheiruseandexceedthecapacityofthesystemtodeliverwater.
![Page 50: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
48
![Page 51: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
49
Hauled Water
OverviewInsomesituationshaulingwatermaybemoreeconomicalorfeasiblethantryingtodevelopapermanentsupplyforlivestockdrinkingwater.Situationswherepermanentwatersystemsareimpracticalcanincludewateringaverysmallherd,asitethathasaninsufficientornonexistentwatersource,andasitewherepowerisexpensive.Haulingwaterallowsuseoftemporaryoroccasionalsourcesofforage,suchascropresidues.
Advantages •Verymobile;watercanbesuppliedtoanylocationthat
canbeaccessedbythehaulingvehicle •Canreadilysupplytanksmovedtonewlocations •Cansupplymultiplesites •Numerousauxiliaryandtemporarytanklocationscanimprove
grazingdistributionandresultinfewerlivestocktrails •Canbeusedwhereinstallingapowersource
ordevelopingawatersourceiscost-prohibitive •Allowsshort-termgrazingoftemporaryforagesupplies,
suchascropresidueLimitations •Bothahaulingtankandavehicleareneeded •Muddyorsnowyconditionscancomplicateoreven
prohibitwaterdelivery •Pergallonofwaterdelivered,haulingwaterislabor
intensivecomparedwithmanyotherwatersources,andthusmaybeexpensive
•Timeconsumingasoperatormustwaitfortanktofillandunloadinadditiontohaulingtime;purchasingwatermayreducefilltimeandthustotalexpense
•Motorfuelcostsdirectlyaffectthecostofhaulingwater •Mayneedtoconstructaccessroads •Haulingmayberequireddailyorevenmultipletimes
adayinsomecases
![Page 52: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
50
![Page 53: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
51
Hauled Water
Design ConsiderationsThecostofhaulingwaterisestimatedtobe$1.00permiletraveledfora1,000-gallonload,notincludingthevehiclecost.Awaterhaulingtankshouldbecompletelyenclosedsowaterdoesn’tsplashoutontheroad.Thetankcanbeincorporatedintothevehicle,suchasarecycledmilktruck.Atankcanbeplacedinthebackofapickuportruckandremovedwhenthevehicleisneededforotherpurposes.Tankscanbeplacedontrailers,orexistingtanktrailers(suchasthosewitholdanhy-droustanks)canbeadaptedforhaulingwater.
Thetankwillneedtobemanuallyhookeduptoanddiscon-nectedfromawatersupply.Insomeinstances,afloatcanbeinstalledtoshutoffthewatersupplywhenthetankisfull,preventingoverflows.Insomeruraltowns,waterisavailablefromthepublicwatersupply.Thisisafast,reliablewaytofillwaterhaulingtanks.Waterwillcostabout$0.50perthousandgallons.Waterhaulingtanksneedtobefittedwithshut-offvalvesandhosestoreachthetankwherelivestockwillwater.Insomecasespumpingmayberequiredorbeneficial.
![Page 54: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
52
Power Sources, Pumps, Pipelines and Storage Tanks Comparison Chart
Solar Power
Pumps
Wind Powered Air Pressure System
Windmill
Animal Activated Pumping System
Water Powered Pump
Pipeline Network from Off-Site Source
Water Storage Tank
Longusefullife;lowoperationcostsandminimalmaintenance
Initialcostisrelativelyhigh
Modestinitialcostandafairlylonglife
Susceptibletointerruptionsofthepowersource(electricity,fuel,wind)
Thetechnologyissimpleandeasytounderstand,use,andmaintain;systemcomponentsaremoderatelypriced,longlived,andlowmaintenance
Windtendstobeintermittent;waterstorageisimportant
Usesanabundantfreeenergysource;wellsuitedtositeswhereelectricityisunavailable;hasalonglife(20+years)
Dependentonsteadysourceofwind;waterstorageimportant
New6’windmillheadcosts$1,800
Usuallylessthan$500Simple,ruggedandportable;adaptabletoponds,streams,orshallowwells;inexpensive
Aunitcanprovidewaterforonlyabout25cattle;pumpdrawswateronlyabout20feetverticallyor200feethorizontally
Relativelyeconomicaltopurchaseandinstall;noadditionalinputenergyrequired;relativelytrouble-freeoperation
Requiresayeararoundsurfaceflowtopowerthepump;operationinwintermaybeproblematic
RAMpumpcostsfrom$200(homemade)to$2,000
$450-$3,500,dependingonliftandvolume
$2,000+foracompletesystem,including2solarpanels
$700-$800forasubmersiblepump
Typicallyrequiresonlyonewatersourceandpumptosupplyseveraloutlets
Watersourcemustbeextensiveenoughtohandlemultiplewaterers;professionallydesigned
Wellsuitedtoasystemthathasasteadylowflowthatisadequatetomeetdailydemandbutnotadequatetomeetpeakflowrequirements;veryreliableandrequireslittlemaintenance
Terrainmaybeunsuitedforanelevatedtankthatgravityfeedswaterers
Source Estimated CostPrimary Disadvantage(s)Primary Advantage(s)
3,000gallonpolytank$1,500;5,000gallontank$3,500plussitepreparation;maybeabletouserecycledtank
$1+perfootdependingonsizeandavailabilityofequipment
![Page 55: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
53
Power Sources, Pumps, Pipelines and Storage Tanks
![Page 56: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
54
![Page 57: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
55
Solar Power
OverviewSolarpumpingsystemsprovidedependable,low-mainte-nancewateringsystemsinremotelocationswhereotherpowersourcesareunreliableorunavailable.Thecostofasolarpumpingsystemisusuallylessthanpurchasingandinstallingawindmill.Solarpumpingsystemscanbeusedforbothwellsandsurfacewatersources(pondsandstreams).
Advantages •Canefficientlypumpwatertoahigherelevation •Canbeusedtopumpwatertoastoragelocationwhich
cansupplymultipleoutlets •Allowsrelocationofthewatersupplytoreducedirect
streamandpondaccessbylivestock •Livestockoftenprefertodrinkfromatrough •Canreplacewindmills •Long,usefullife •Lowoperationcostsandminimalmaintenance •Producercaninstall •PumpeasilyreplacedandcanberepairedLimitations •Relativelyhighinitialcost •Producerwillneedavoltmeterandknowhowtouseit •Typicallycomponentsareonlyavailablefromspecialty
supplysources •Lightningmaydamagethepump
![Page 58: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
56
Solar Power
![Page 59: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
57
Solar Power
Design ConsiderationsSolarwaterpumpingistheprocessofpumpingwaterwiththeuseofpowergeneratedbysunlight.Solarpumpingsys-temsarereliablestand-alonesystemsthatrequirenofuelandverylittleattention.Sunshineworkswellasapowersourceforlivestockwateringbecausethedaysandtimeswiththegreatestsolarenergyarethedaysandtimesthatlivestockhavethegreatestwaterdemands.Thefivebasicpartsofasolarwateringsystemareapanel,asuntracker,acontroller,apump,andastoragecisternortank.Apanelconvertsthesolarenergyintoelectricalenergy.Thesizeofthepanelmustmatchthepowerneededbythepumps.Highlift(deepwells)andhighratesofflowincreasethepowerneeds.Ingeneral,eachinstalledwattofpowerwillcostabout$5.00.Asanexample,asystemtopump3gal/minutewith50feetofhead(pressure)usestwo55-wattpanelsthatcostabout$250each.Panelshavealonglifeandmanyhavea25-yearwar-ranty.Asun trackerallowsthepanelstofollowthesun,increas-ingsolarpanelefficiency.Somesystemsusepassivetracking,whichtakesnopowerfromthepanelelectricalsystem.Thesuntrackerallowsthesystemtopumpanestimated30-40percentmorewaterduringthesummer.Onetrackercomeswitha10-yearwarranty.Acontrollerconvertsthevariableenergyfromthesolarpaneltoaconstantvoltageforthepump.Thecontrollerincludesapumpspeedcontrolcircuit,atanklevelswitchcircuit,alow
watercut-offcircuit(sothepumpdoesnotcontinuetoruninadrywell),anelectroniccircuitbreakerandindicatorlights.Controllersmustbesizedforthevoltageandamperageneedsofthepump.Apumpdoestheactualpumpingofthewaterusingthedirectcurrentproducedbythepanel.Manyarediaphragmpumpsthatworkonapositivedisplacementprocess.Thesehavethecapacitytopumpwatertogreaterheight(higherhead)withmorepowerbutwithoutmuchdecreaseinvolume.Astorage cistern or tankisoptionalbuthasseveraladvan-tages.Theyarelessexpensive,moretrouble-freeandmoreefficientthanstoringpowerinbatteriesforpumpingduringcloudyweather.Sincewaterisalwaysacriticalissue,thetankshouldbeabletostoreaminimumthree-tosix-daysupplyofwater,orwhateveryouthinkyourneedsmaybeduringcloudyweatherorduringasystemfailure.Back-upbatteriesmayseemlikeagoodideaduringperiodsofcloudyweather,buttheyhaveseverallimitations.Batteriesaddcosttothesystem,reducetheefficiencyoftheoverallsys-tem,andcanbecomeanothersourceofproblemsandmain-tenanceneeds.Storingwaterinsteadofpowerprovidesbetterperformanceandreliability.Completecomponentcosts(2004)forasystemthathastheabilitytopump3gal/minat50feetofheadwere$2,161andincludedtwopanels,asuntracker,acontrollerandadirectcurrentpump.
![Page 60: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
58
![Page 61: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
59
Pump
OverviewPumpsarethemostcommonandleastexpensivewaytolift,move,andpressurizewater.Theyarecommonlyusedtoliftwaterfromawellorcisterntoastoragetankatahigherele-vationortopressurizethewatersystemtodeliveritthroughapipelinetotheplaceofuse.Pumpsarealsousedtopressurizeormoveotherfluidorsemi-fluidmaterials.Thissectionsheetcoverspumpsusedforwateronly.Itisnotintendedtoprovideinformationaboutpumpuseforanyotherfluid.
Advantages •Modestinitialcostandafairlylonglife •Pumpsusedforcleanwaterrequirelittlemaintenance
exceptpistonorreciprocatingpumps •Simpleandeasyfortheusertounderstand •Usertypicallycanreplaceasmallpumpatthesurface
withavailabletools •Easilypoweredbyanelectricmotorbutcanalsobe engine-powered. •Availableinwidesizerangefromseveralmanufacturers •Electricallypoweredpumpsareeasytoautomateeven
fromaremotesiteLimitations •Shouldbeselectedfortheintendedapplication(flowand
pressure) •Apumpnotmatchedtoitsapplicationmaybeinefficient
ormaynotworkatall •Engine-poweredpumpsmustbecheckeddaily •Controllerspecifictotheapplicationisusedtooperatean
electric-poweredpump •Apumpinawellrequirespullingthepipeandpump
forservice;mayrequirespecialequipment
![Page 62: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
60
Electric Motor
AirPump
Discharge
Pump Rod
Drop Pipe
Plunger
Cylinder
SealCheck ValveCylinderLeathers
PlungerPlunger Valve
Sucker RodCasing
Drop Pipe
Reciprocating or Piston Pump
![Page 63: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
61
Pump
Design ConsiderationsPumpsareusedtoliftwaterandaddpressurefortheintendeduse.Thetwobroadclassesofwaterpumpsincludecentrifugal(orturbine)andpositivedisplacement.Eachtypehasspecificpropertieswhichmakeitbestsuitedforaspe-cificsetofconditions.Thefollowingdescriptionssummarizepropertiesofthemostcommonpumpsusedforwater.Centrifugal pump:Thispumphasalargeimpeller,souseinmostwellsisnotpractical.Centrifugalpumpsarecommonlyusedtomoveorpressurizebothcleanwaterandwastewater.Ifthewellisshallow(lessthan24feettowater),acentrifu-galpumpmaybeusedatthesurface.Designsthatproducehighheadsarereadilyavailable.Thispumpissimple,oper-atessmoothly,isveryefficient,andhasalonglife.Whenthepumplocationrequiresasuctionlinetoliftwatertotheintake,acheckvalveisessentialtokeeptheintakelinefullofwaterandavoidprimingitwitheachuse.Diaphragm pump:Thispositivedisplacementpumpisquitesimpleindesign.Anoff-centerknoborcamonthedriveshaftmovesthediaphragmbackandforthandproducesapulsatingdischarge.Acheckvalveontheintakesideallowswatertoenterbutnotflowbackandasecondcheckvalveontheoutletsideallowswatertoexitbutnotreenterthecavity.Thispumpisoftenusedforsolarpoweredwatersystems.Jet and deep well jet pump:Thispumphashistoricallybeenthemostcommonforshallowwellsespeciallysandpointwellswithwaterdepthsuptoabout25feet.Itnormallycon-sistsofacentrifugalpumpandajetassemblytocreatealowpressurezonethatliftswaterfromthewell.Whenthejetis
placeddowninthewell,thepumpcanbeusedforhigherliftsapproaching100feet.Thehigherthelifttothepumpintakethemorewaterisrequiredthroughthejet,whichmeanslesswaterisavailablefordischarge.Thispumpisnotasefficientasothertypes,butusuallythisisnotabigconcernforinter-mittentuseoflivestockwater.Amajoradvantageisthatallmovingpartsofthesystemareatthesurfaceandareeasilyaccessible.However,thisalsomeansthattheywillfreeze,soapumphouseisthepreferredmeansofprotection.Piston or reciprocating pump: Thisisthemostcommonpumpusedforwindmillsandoperatessimilarlytothedia-phragmpump.Apistonorplungermovesupanddownandcheckvalvesareusedontheintakeandplunger.Thistypeofpumphasapulsatingdischarge.Itiseasilyadaptedtohandorpoweredoperation.Adisadvantageofthispumpiswearandmaintenanceofthemovingparts.Thoughcommonlyusedformostfarmsteadspriortoelectricity,ithasnowbeenreplacedbyothertypesthathavecontinuousflowandarebettersuitedtoelectricalpower.Inremotelocations,suchaspastureswhereelectricityisnotavailable,thispumpisstillused,typi-callypoweredbyamechanicalwindmill.Thispumpcanbeusedforveryhighlifts.Submersible turbine pump:Thispumpisthemostcommoninusetodayforsmallwaterwells.Thepumphassmallimpel-lerstoeasilyfitinsidethewellcasingsoeachimpellerhaslimitedpressurecapacity.Thisisovercomebyusingmultiplestages(impellers)inseriesonacommonshafttodeveloptheheadrequired.Thistypeofpumpisefficient,hasalowoper-atingcost,andhasalonglife.Designsareavailableforavery
![Page 64: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
62
![Page 65: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
63
widerangeofflowandpressureconditions.Themotorisatthebottom,theimpellersanddischargeatthetop,andtheintakeisbetweenthemotorandtheimpellers.Waterproofwiresdeliverelectricitytopowerthemotor.Maintenance of pumps:Allpumpsarelikeothermechanicaldevicesandeventuallyneedmaintenance,repair,orreplace-ment.Allexceptthejetpumprequirepullingthepumpoutofthewelltoreplaceitortodomaintenance.Thisislaborintensiveandmayrequirewelldriller’sequipment.
Pump
![Page 66: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
64
![Page 67: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
65
Wind-Powered Air Pressure System
OverviewThistypeofwindmillconvertswindenergyintoairpressureusinganairpump.Compressedaircanbeconveyedeasilytothepointofusetopoweranair-liftpump,pondaeratororotherdevice.Atraditionalwindmillconvertswindenergytomechani-calpowertooperateatraditionalcylinderpump.Awindmillair-liftpumpconvertswindenergytoairpressure,whichthenpowersaverysimplepump.Windmillair-liftpumpsareaverysimplewaytoconvertwindenergyintoaformthatcanbeusedtopumpwater.
Advantages •Thetechnologyissimpleandeasytounderstand,use,
andmaintain •Canbelocatedatanoptimalsiteforwindconditionsup
toaquarter-milefromtheair-liftpump •Compressedaircaneasilybepipedtothepump •Thewindmillrotorwheelandairpumparerelatively
trouble-freepiecesofequipment •Systemcomponentsaremoderateincost,havealonglife,
andrequirelittlemaintenance •Compressedaircanbeusedtopumpwater,aerateapond,
circulatewaterinapond,andotheruses •Windvelocitiesareusuallystrongerduringthedaytime
hours,closelymatchinglivestockwaterneedsLimitations •Pumpintakemustbeplaceddeepintothewellorwater
source •Inadequatewindatsomesites •Intermittentwindsmaymeanalargestoragetankis
neededforadequatewatersupplyduringstilldaysorwhenwindisinadequatetopowerthepump
•Anair-liftpumprequireshigherairpressuretoachievegreaterlifts
•Fewsourcesofcomponents;mostlyprovidedbysmallcompanieswhichmaychangeownershiporgooutofbusiness
![Page 68: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
66
TailCompressor
Air hose
Blades
Well
Other Use for Compressed Air(Pond Aeration/Circulation, etc.)
Air Release
3 in.PVCPipe
3 in.PVCPipe
Air Inlet
FloatChamber
Water Outlet3/4 in.
1 1/4 in. pipe
Inlet screen
Swingcheckvalve1 1/4 in.
6 1/4 in.
53 in.
5 3/4”
73 in.
![Page 69: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
67
Wind-Powered Air Pressure System
Design ConsiderationsWind-poweredairpumpsforpumpingwaterrequirearotor,aircompressor,airline,andair-liftpump.Windmill rotor (turbine):Aturningshaftisthemajorcomponentthatharnessesthewindenergyandimmediatelyconvertsittomechanicalenergy.Ahorizontalaxisdragordrag/liftrotoristhetypicaltypeused.Thepoweroutputoftheturningshaftdependsonthesizeofthewheel,therotordesign,andtherotationspeed.Therotationalspeeddependsnotonlyonthewindvelocitybutalsoonthetypeofrotorandrotordesign.Knowledgeofthewindatthesiteandthepowerneedsisessentialtocorrectlysizetherotor.Air compressor:Thiscomponentispoweredbytherotatingshaftdirectlyconnectedtothewindmillrotor.Theairpumpshouldefficientlyconvertthepoweroftherotatingshafttocompressedair.Apistonpumpistypicallyusedforthisappli-cation,butdiaphragmpumpsarealsoused.Thesizeofthepumpdependsonthevolumeandpressureneededfortheintendeduse.Thecompressorpumpmustbesizedtomeettheneedsoftheair-liftwaterpumporotheruses,aswellastomatchthepowerproducedbythewindmillrotor.Air line:Thiscomponentconnectstheaircompressortotheair-liftpump.Thepipecanbeuptoaquarter-milelong,butshorterisbetter.Toavoidexcessivefrictionloss,thepipesizemayhavetobeincreasedwithlongerseparationdistancesfromthecompressortotheair-liftpump.
Air-lift pump:Therearedifferenttypesofair-poweredpumps.Thesimplesttypeconsistsofanairtubeandthepumptube.Theairtubeistypicallyontheoutsideofthepumptubewithanengineeredairinjectorparthighintheinteriorofthepumptube.Ithasnomovingparts,isverysimple,andcanbeusedtopumpabrasivematerialswithoutdamagingthepump.Therisingairliftsthewaterandcreatesthepumpaction.Thispumpmustbesizedfortheapplica-tion,capacitytodeliverwater,andwelldepth.Thepumptubemustextenddeepintothewater–70percentoftheliftheightforshallowwellsanddownto40percentoftheliftheightforwells300ormorefeetdeep.Neitherthepumpnoranyofthecomponentsisdamagedbyrunningdry.Otherpumptypesuseafewvalvesormovingpartstocausetheairpressuretodisplaceorforcethewateroutofacham-ber.Thevalvethenopenstoreleasetheairandallowwatertoenter.Anothertypeusesplungerstotransferthepressureofthecompressedairtothewaterinalternatingsequences.
![Page 70: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
68
![Page 71: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
69
Windmill
Windmillsareanenergy-efficientsourceofpowerforpump-ingwater.WindmillshavebeenapartofwatersupplysystemsinKansasformorethanacentury.Theyarestillincommonuseinthegrasslandareasofthestate.Themostimportantapplicationofwindmillsinremoteareashasbeenformechanicalpowertopumpwater.ThesesystemswereperfectedintheUnitedStatesduringthe19thcentury,beginningwiththeHalladaywindmillin1854andcontinu-ingtotheAermotorandDempsterdesignswhicharestillusedtoday.
Advantages •Usesanabundantfreeenergysource •Wellsuitedtositeswhereelectricityisunavailable •Hasalonglife(morethan20years) •Maintenancerequirementsarelowtech •Verysimplemechanicallyandeasytorepair •GoodchoiceinKansas,wherewindisareliableenergy
sourceLimitations •Dependentonsteadysourceofwind •Mayneedalargewaterstoragetankinlocationswithless
reliablewindsupply •Windmillheadsareafavoritetargetforsmallarmsfire •Maintenancemustbedonewhileatopthewindmilltower •Needspecialequipmentorcontractortoinstall
thewindmillhead •Highinitialcost •Subjecttodamagebystrongwindsassociatedwithsevere
stormsandtornadoes
![Page 72: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
70
Casing
Pump CylinderScreen
Packer HeadDischarge Pipe
Stock Tank
Water Level
Pump RodSwivel
Tail
Gear Box
Multi-BladeRotor
Tower
Pump Rod
Well Seal
Tower Footing
Drop Pipe
![Page 73: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
71
Windmill
Design ConsiderationsTheterm“windmill”isfrequentlyusedtocollectivelyrefertothewindmillheadandthetowerthatsupportsthehead.Thesizeofthewindmillheadshouldbeselectedbasedonthedepthofthewellandthesizeofthepump.A6-footheadwillpumpwaterfroma60-footwellatalowrate;an8-footheadwillpumpwaterfroman150-footwellatalowrateorashal-lowerwellwithalargerpumpatahigherrate.Watercanbeextractedfromdepthsupto800feetwithwindmills.Deeperwellsrequirelargerheads(upto20feetindiameter).Thewindmillheadswivelsorrotatestofaceintothewind.Windmillsshouldbesitedatleast75feetawayfromtreesandbuildings,whichcanalterwindcurrents,resultingindamagetowindmillheads.Treesandbuildingsalsocanslowwind,reducingtheforceavailabletoconverttoenergy.Inmostcasesahoistwillbenecessarytoinstallawindmillheadanditcanalsobeusedtoraisethetower.Theheadisawkwardtohandlebecauseofitssizeandweight.Atypicalcostforanew6-footwindmillheadisabout$1,800.Averylargehead(20-foot)cancostasmuchas$20,000.Arebuilt6-footwindmillheadcostsabout$300.Towerscanbecustombuiltorpurchasednew,butinareaswherewindmillsarecommon,mostheadsareinstalledonexistingorrelocatedtowers.
Maintenance ConsiderationsTowerstypicallyhaveladdersattachedtothesideandasmallplatformatthetoptofacilitateroutinemaintenance.How-ever,maintenanceonawindmillheadisdangerous,especiallywhenthewindisblowingwhichmaybemuchofthetimeforsomelocationsandseasons.Beforeyouchooseawindmill,carefullyevaluatethecostofservice.Oillevelsinwindmillheadgearboxesshouldbecheckedtwiceayearandchangedwhenoilbecomesdirty.Insufficientoilwillresultinrapidwearandfailureofgears.Fanbladesandboltsshouldbecheckedatthesametimeastheoilandreplacedasnecessary.Whenlargerrepairsareneeded,windmillscanusuallyberepairedquickly(withinafewhours)byprofessionalser-viceproviderssothatlivestockaren’tstrandedwithoutwater.Considerwheretheserviceproviderislocatedandthecostoftraveltothewindmillsite.Highqualitypumpleathersshouldlastatleast5years.Sandinthewatergreatlyincreasesthewearonthepumpandwillseverelyshortenthelifeoftheleathers.Sources:AmericanWindPowerCenterandMuseum,Lubbock,TX(http://www.windmill.com)DavidEvelWindmillService,Ransom,Kansas
![Page 74: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
72
![Page 75: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
73
Animal-Activated Pumping System
OverviewVariousdeviceshavebeeninventedthatdependonlivestocklearningto“pump”waterfromapondorstreamintoadrink-ingbowlortrough.Nosepumpsandfootpumpsarethemostcommonofanimal-poweredpumps.Whilesimpleandinex-pensive,theyarebestadaptedtonon-freezingconditionsandmovingwatershortdistances.
Advantages•Simple,ruggedandportable•Animalpowered;noelectricityorsolarpanelsneeded•Adaptabletoponds,streamsorshallowwells•Inexpensive(usuallylessthan$500)•LivestocklearntousenosepumpsquicklyLimitations:•Aunitcanonlysupplyupto25head•Smallcalvescannotoperatethepump•Pumpcanonlydrawwaterabout20feetvertically
or200feethorizontally•Cannotbeusedinwinteraswaterindrinkingtrough
andpumpmayfreeze
![Page 76: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
74
![Page 77: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
75
Animal-Activated Pumping System
Design ConsiderationsNosepumpsarediaphragmpumpsthatoperateasstockpushapaddleoutofthewaytoaccesswaterinaslopedtrough.Astheanimalwithdrawsafterdrinking,thepaddlereturnsandpumpsaboutonepintofwaterintothetroughforthenextdrink.Watercomesthroughasuctionhosewithafootvalvemountedinastream,pondorotherwatersource.Sincetheprocessisrelativelyslow,alimitednumberoflivestockcanbesuppliedinatimelyway.Nosepumpsareportableandcanbepushedaboutbycattleifnotpinnedtoasolidbase,suchasrailroadties.Pumpscanonlycreateabout20-25feetofverticalliftorabout200-250feetofhorizontaldraw(oracombinationofthese).Lessliftanddistancemakesthepaddlepusheasier.Thisrestrictspumpusefordistributingwaterawayfromthesource(pond,etc).Footpumpsoperateonthesameprinciples.Stockgener-allytakelongertolearnuseofthefootpump.Floatsmaybedesignedtokeepthedrinkingtroughfromoverflowing.References:Bartlett,B.1996.WateringSystemsforGrazingLivestock.GreatLakesBasinGrazingNetworkandMichiganStateUniv.Extension,EastLansing.AgricultureandAgri-foodCanada.2006.Livestock-poweredwaterpumps.Agric.andAgri-FoodCanada,Toronto.http://www.agr.gc.ca/pfra/water/facts/nosepump.pdf
![Page 78: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
76
![Page 79: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
77
Water-Powered Pump
OverviewThetraditionalwater-poweredpumpisarampump.Itusestheenergyofflowingwatertoliftasmalleramountofwatertoahigherelevationthanthesource.Whenflowingwaterissuddenlystoppeditcreatesahighpressureorshockwave(waterhammer)thatpressurizesaportionofthewater.Becausenoelectricormechanicalpowerisrequired,itisverydifferentfromotherpumpsusedforwater.Aramhasonly2movingpartssothereislittletowearoutorfail.Theflowrequireddependsontheamountofwatertobepumpedandtheratioofthefalltotheliftheights.Formorethan100yearsramsweremajormoversofwaterforhomes,farms,rail-roads,towns,andindustry.Aslingpumpusesaflowingstreamtoturnmanycoilsofpipewithintervalsofwaterandairtodevelopthepressuretoliftwaterashighas80feet.Thispumpisafairlyrecentinven-tion.Likearampump,itrequiresnopower,hasarelativelylowcost,andhasalonglife.
Advantages •Relativelyeconomicaltopurchaseandtoinstall •Provendesignsarecommerciallyavailableinarange
ofsizesforsmallsystems •Rampumpscanbehomebuiltusingplumbingparts
withavailableplans •Willgivemanyyearsofservicewhenproperlyinstalled
andmaintained •Noinputenergyrequired •Relativelytrouble-freeoperation •Wellsuitedtoremotelocationswithnopower •Longdeliverylinesandhighliftscanbeachievedwith
thecorrectconditionsLimitations •Requiresayear-roundsurfaceflowtopowerthepump •Winteroperationisdifficultexceptunderspecial
conditions
![Page 80: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
78
Storage tank
Water out
Delivery valve
Waste water
Waste valveValve box
Straight rigiddrive pipe
Powered by gravity �owfrom source. Needs aminimum (2 ft.) amountof elevation to work.(3-4 ft. is better)
Deliverhead
Airvessel
Supply head(minimum 2 ft.)
Ram Pump
![Page 81: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
79
Ram Pump Limitations •Thefallfromthesourcetotherammustbeatleast2feet •Requiresseveraltimesasmuchpass-throughwaterflow
forhighlift-to-fallratios;highliftsrequirehighfalls •Sourcewatershouldbefreeofdebrisandsand •Suitablesitesincludestreamswithasteepgradient,water-
falls,orspringsabovestreams •Winteroperationrequiresaninsulatedstructure
andaheatsource,suchaspassivesolarheatingSling Pump Limitations •Requiresa2.5-footminimumdepthofflowingwater
andavelocityofatleast1.5feetpersecond •Cannotbeusedwhenwaterfreezes •Mustbeanchoredinaflowingstream,leavingitsubject
todamageandevenlossinhighfloworfloodconditions
Water-Powered Pump
![Page 82: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
80
WaterWater Flow
WaterIntake
Directionon pumprotation
Feeder hoseto stock tank
Sling Pump
![Page 83: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
81
Water-Powered Pump
Design Considerations for a Ram PumpEssentialcomponentsofarampumpsystemincludeaconsis-tentwatersource,adrivepipe,arampumpandadeliverypipe.Consistent water source:Thesourcemustbeatleast2feet(higherisbetter)aboveasuitableramsitewithgooddis-chargelocation.Thesourcecouldbeastreamwithasteepgradientwhereasmalldamordiversionchannelcanbecon-structed,or–betterstill–aspringabovethestreamchannel.Ahillsidespringthatflowsatareasonablyconstantrate(oraminimumratetodrivethepump)isideal.Ifadamisused,theintakeforthedrivepipemayextendthroughthedam.Mostsmallpondswouldnotstoreadequatewatertodrivethepumpasneededduringdryperiods.However,aspring-fedpondmayworkfine.Drive pipe:Adrivepipeofrigid,preferablystraightpipe(usuallygalvanizedsteel)deliversthewatertopowertheram.Thelengthofthepipeshouldbeintherangeof150timesthediameterofthepipetonomorethan1,000timesthediameterofthepipe.Thedrivepipeusuallyhasaballvalveadjacenttotheconnectionwiththerampump.Astandpipecanbeaddedtoavoidalongdrive-pipelength.Ram pump:Therampumpconsistsofanimpulsevalvesimilartoacheckvalve,aspringloadedcheckvalve,anairchamber,tees,couplings,andapressuregauge.
Delivery pipe: Adeliverypipeconnectsthepumptotheplaceofstorageoruse.Aballvalveadjacenttotheunionthatconnectstotherampumpallowsthelinetobeshutoffsothepumpcanberemovedforserviceorrepairs.Becausethislinehaslesswaterflow,itissmallerindiameterthanthedrivepipe.Itdoesnothavetheshockwavesthatthedrivepipedoessoaplasticpipewillperformwellforthisline.Itisimportanttominimizefrictionlosstomaximizetheamountofwaterdelivered.Avoidasmanyfittingsandbendsaspos-sibleandusealargerdiameterpipetominimizefrictionloss.Design Considerations for a Sling PumpEssentialcomponentsofaslingpumpsystemincludeanchor-ing,apropellortoturnthepump,andadeliveryhose.Anchoring: Thissecurestheslingpumpinanadequatedepthofflowingwater.Thismayrequirestakesandcables.Propeller:Apropellertoturnthepump.Thepumpcontainsacoilofpipeandhasanintakesoalternatingairandwaterentersthecoilsasthepumpturns.Thewaterlubricatedswivelconnection,itsonlymovingpart,deliversthewaterfromthepumptothedeliveryhose.Delivery hose:Thisconnectsthedeliverypipelinetotheplaceofuse.
![Page 84: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
82
W
H
PH
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
PH
H
H
– Pump House
– Homes (2)
– Water Tank
S – Storage Tank
– Main Line
– Branch
S
W
W
W
W
WW
W
North
![Page 85: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
83
Pipeline Network from Offsite Water Source
OverviewWhenseveralwateroutletsareclosetogether,asforafeed-lotorrotationalgrazingsystem,itusuallyislessexpensivetoinstallapipelinenetworkthantoinstallaseparatewatersource,pump,andenergysupplyforeachoutlet.Thepipelineissizedtocarrytheamountofwaterrequiredbythelengthofline,thedifferenceinelevation,andwaterdemandateachoutlet.Pipelinesizesandfeaturesmustbeplannedforeachspecificsystembasedonthesiteandsystemrequirements.
Advantages •Typicallyrequiresonlyoneadequatewatersourceandan
appropriatepumptosupplyseveraloutlets •Forverylargesystems,afewwatersourcescouldbecon-
nectedforimprovedperformanceorincreasedreliability •Asinglelargecapacitysourceisoftenlessexpensiveand
morereliablethanseveralsmallerones •Lessmaintenanceisusuallyrequiredforonesourceand
pumpthanforseveral •Especiallywell-suitedifwaterorpowerisnotreadily
availableforallwatererlocations •Inremoteareaspipelineisoftenlessexpensivethan
developingmultiplewatersourcesandpowersuppliesLimitations •Redundancyorbackupforpumpsandpowermaybeimpor-
tantbecausethereisasinglesourceformultiplewaterers •Themoreoutletssuppliedbythenetwork,thegreater
thesourceyieldrequired •Shallowrockmaysubstantiallyincreasethecostofinstalla-
tionandlimitthedepththatwaterlinescanbeburied •Waterlinesmustbeinstalledbelowfrostleveltoavoid
winterfreezing •Systemdesignandconstructionmayrequirean
experiencedhydraulicsprofessional •Pipenetworkdesignissite-specificforlocalconditions
andneeds,suchastopographyandpasturearrangement
![Page 86: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
84
Mainline
Branch Lines
Loop networks with strategicallylocated shuto� valves allow a sectionof line to be isolated for maintenanceor repairs and still supply otherwatering points.
Branched Network Loop Network
Source or Storage Tank
Storage Tank
Watering Point
Watering Point
Friction losses small to push water over the ridge
Watering Point
Types of Water Distribution Networks
Source or Storage Tank
Watering Points
![Page 87: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
85
Design ConsiderationsDesigningalargelivestock-waterdeliverysystemissimi-lartodesigningthewaternetworkforasmalltownorruralwaterdistrict.Theassistanceofaqualifiedengineerisusuallyrequiredtodeterminewaterlinesizeandvalvelocationstoassureadequatecapacityfordeliveringtherequiredamountofwater.Thedesignershouldlocateairreliefvalves,vacuumreliefvalves,shutoffvalves,waterstorage,andthrustblockingaswellaspipelineandfittings.Air relief valve.Thisvalveallowsairthataccumulatesathighpointsofthewaterlinetobereleasedsoitdoesnotrestrictwaterflow.Insomecaseswhenthewaterlinevelocityishighenoughtoforcetheairthroughthelinetheaircanbereleasedatawaterdeliverypoint.Vacuum relief valve.Whentherearelargedifferencesinele-vation,thisvalveisimportanttopreventvacuumintheline,whichcanresultinthecollapseorbreakageofthepipe.Thevalveistypicallyusedwiththeairreliefvalvetominimizethenumberoffittingsandreducecost.Shutoff valve.Thepipelinenetworkdesignshouldcon-sidershutoffvalvelocationsthatallowsectionsofthelinetobeisolatedforrepairsandmaintenance.Thisconsiderationshouldincludeanevaluationofvalvelocationandcostrela-tivetotheadvantageofhavingthewatersystemremainfunc-tionalduringrepairorservice.Aloopedpipenetworkenablesmostofthewatersystemtoremainpressurizedandthususablewhileaportionofitisisolatedanddepressurized.
Online storage.Publicsystemsincludestoragetoholdatemporarywatersupplytomeetinstantaneousdemands.Inlivestockwatersystems,thiscanbedonebyusingelevatedstoragetanks(asinpublicsystems)ormoretypicallybyusinglargediametertankstoprovidestorageandallowseveralani-malstodrinkatonce.Pipeline size and specification.Eachsegmentofthewatersystempipelinemustbedesignedsothattherequiredamountofwaterisdeliveredtotheoutlet.Pressurelossesattribut-abletothediameterandlengthofasegmentmustbeconsid-eredwhenselectingwatersystemcomponents.Selectingthepipelinespecificationrequiresconsiderationoftheoperatingpressure,pressuresurges,andthestrengthofthepipe.Itofteniscost-effectivetochooseaheavier-walledpipethanpres-surerequiresinordertoadddurability,lengthenservice,andreducerepaircost.Fittingsmustbeatleastasstrongasthepipeline.
Pipeline Network from Offsite Water Source
![Page 88: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
86
![Page 89: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
87
Water Storage Tank
OverviewWhenelevated,waterstoragetanksprovideareservoirforcircumstanceswhenwatermaynotbeimmediatelyavailablefromthewatersource.Suchcircumstanceswouldincludestilldaysinawindmillsystem,pumpfailure,orpoweroutage.Astoragetankalsoallowsalow-volumebutsteadywatersupplytoaccumulateinquantitiessufficienttomeettheneedsofaherdwithheavywaterusageduringshorttimeintervals.
Advantages •Severalwatererscanbesuppliedfromonestoragetank •Mayneedlesspipelinethanrunningaseparatelinefrom
thewatersourcetoeachwaterer •Canrapidlyrefillwatereratpeakdemandtimes •Providesbackupsourceofwaterforintermittentpower
sourcessuchassolarandwind •Wellsuitedtoasystemthathasasteady,lowflowthatis
adequatetomeetdailydemandbutnotadequatetomeetpeakflowrequirements.
•VeryreliableandrequireslittlemaintenanceLimitations •Terrainmaybeunsuitedforanelevatedtankthatgravity-
feedswaterers •Malfunctioningfloatsincattlewaterercancausequick
drainageofentirewaterstorage •Duringwinter,continuoususeistypicallyrequiredtokeep
tankfromfreezing •Tankmustbeachoredorcontinuouslycontainwateras
weighttopreventwindmovinganddamagingthetank
![Page 90: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
88
Inlet PipeFrom Source
Shuto� Valve Shuto� Valve
Water Storage Tank
Float Level Control
Livestock Water Tank
To Distribution
Outlet Pipeto Pipe Network
(Protected From Freezing)
![Page 91: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
89
Water Storage Tank
Design ConsiderationsWaterstoragetanksmustbedesignedfortheelevationdifferenceandpipelinelossestomeetthewaterdeliveryrequirement.Waterstoragetanksenhanceintermittentwatersuppliesfromwindmills,solarpoweredpumpsandsiteswithlowwaterrecharge.Toavoidarestrictioninflow,thetankentranceshouldbethesamesizeasthelinesenteringandexiting.Assistancefromahydraulicsexpertisadvisabletosizethetankandwaterlinesforbestperformance.The size of the water storage tank is a function of two important factors: •theamountofwaterneeded–normallydeterminedbythe
gallonsofwaterperheadperday •theamountofwaterthatcanbedelivered–normally
determinedbytheaveragegroundwaterflowavailablepermonth.
Tankscanbemadeofsteel,galvanizedsteel,fiberglass,orplastic.Nursetanksworkwellandrangeinsizefrom500to1,600gallons.Recycledoilfieldandfueltankscanbecleanedandadaptedforuseaswaterstoragetanks.Steeltankscanbequitelargebutmayhaveashortlife.Coatingscanbeusedtoimprovethedurabilityofsteeltanks.Recycledstainlesssteelmilktankscanalsobeusedbutarelikelytobemoreexpen-sive.
Waterstoragetanksshouldbefittedwithafloatvalvethatshutsoffthewaterwhenthetankisfull.Thetankshouldhaveadrainonthedownhillside.Valvesshouldbeinstalledtoisolatethetankfromthepipelinesothetankcanbedrainedforserviceorrepairandthepipelinecanstillfunc-tion.Checkvalvesshouldbeinstalledtoavoidundesiredflowreversal.Maintenanceisminimal.Ifthewatersourceisturbid,sedimentwillaccumulateinthetankandshouldbeperiodi-callyremovedtoavoidtankdeteriorationandwatertasteandodorproblems.Mostwaterstoragetanksgravity-feedtowaterers.Thewaterservicelineshouldbeburiedatanadequatedepthtopreventfreezingandshouldalsohaveacheckvalveinstalledtopreventsiphoningofwaterfromthewatertank.
![Page 92: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
90
Item Primary Advantages Primary Disadvantages Estimated CostConcrete waterer Longusefullife;lowoperationcosts Tanksareheavy;notavailableatmost
farmsupplystores;shippingcostsmaybehigh
About$350,notincludingshippingorinstallation
Limited access watering point
Simpleandinexpensive;reducedbankerosion;lesssedimentandfewernutri-entsenteringstreams
Fewoptionsforlocationofwateringpoint
$200ormoredependingonsizeandsiteconditions
Hardened surface access and rock channel crossing
Easilyadaptedtovariousstreamsizesandlocations;quickinstallation;longusefullife;lowmaintenance
Relativelyexpensive;musthavesuitablesiteandstreamcharacteristics
About$2,000-$7,000formaterialsandinstallation
Super insulated waterer Noneedforsupplementalheattopreventfreeze-up
Canbedamagedifallowedtofreezerepeatedly,especiallywhennotinuse
About$500,notincludingfreightandinstallation
Bottomless tank Largecapacityatcomparativelylowcostcomparedwithothertanks;servesaswaterstorageaswellasdrinkingdevice
Permanantlylocated;can’tbemovedascangalvanizedorfiberglasstanks
Concrete(30’x30’x6”pad)$1400;rebar,bolts,overflowpipe$300;rings$1,700
Tire tank Simpleandinexpensive;durableandnon-breaking
Removalofpartorallofonesidewalltomakethetankisdifficult;tiresizemaylimitwaterstorageforlargerherds
Tirecanbeobtainedfreeinsomecases.Cementforbottomabout$25;plumbing(valuesandfittings)$120-$150;waterpipe$0.40/ft.;drainpipe$1.10/ft.;sandandgravelsurround$100
Fiberglass or galvanized tank
Becauseofstoredwaterthelargerthetank,thesmallerthewaterdeliverycapacityneededtosupplytheanimals;canbeeasilymovedasneeded
Galvanizedsteelandfiberglasstanksdon’tlastaslongasconcrete;emptytankswillblowinthewind
10’diametergalvanizedtank$500;300gal.fiberglasstank$180
Animal Drink Delivery Comparison Chart
![Page 93: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
91
Animal Drink Delivery
![Page 94: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
92
![Page 95: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
93
Concrete Waterers
OverviewConcretewaterersprovidereliable,durablewateringsources.Theycanbeinstalledasgravity-flowsystems,eliminatingtheneedforapowersource.Theareaaroundthewaterercanbeeasilyprotectedwithageotextileandgravelsurface.Fence-lineinstallationsallowwateringtwograzingareaswithonewaterer.
Advantages •Allowsrelocationofthewatersourcetoreduce
oreliminatedirectstreamandpondaccessbylivestock •Livestockoftenprefertodrinkfromatrough •Longusefullife •Canbeinstalledtobefreezeresistant •Doesnotrequirehighwaterpressure •Lowoperationcosts •Usedinconjunctionwithfencingofpond,improvespond
waterqualityandlifeofpond •Minimalmaintenancerequirements •Producercaninstall •Multipleconcretewatererscanbeplumbedinto
awaterlineifthegradeissufficientlysteep •Canbeusedwithnon-pressurized(gravityflow)and
pressurizedwatersourceswithequalsuccess •Doesnotrequireapouredconcretepad •ManytankmodelstochoosefromLimitations •Tanksareheavy,weighingbetween2,300and3,000
poundseach •Shippingcostsmaybehigh •Notavailableatmostfarmsupplystores •Ifapondisthewatersource,itmusthavealivestock
waterpipelineunder,throughoraroundtheponddam
![Page 96: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
94
2” x 8”Treated Planking
Over�ow(optional)
Shut-o�Water Supply
Float Valve
24” Minimum
Drill 5/16” holes
4” x 6” Treated Posts – Set 48” in groundand imbedded in concrete. Set 54” apart.(or all concrete)
Hand-shaped depression fortank drainage and cleaning.
Earth Fill
Gravel FillHardened Mat
Earth Fill Over Waterer
Concrete Waterer
Water
![Page 97: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
95
Concrete Waterer
Design ConsiderationsThewaterershouldbeplacedonawell-drainedgravelorsandsitethatofferssomeprotectionfromthewindifthewatererwillbeusedduringthewinter.Thesiteshouldincludeanareaofabout15feetsquareinfrontofthewatererforcattletostand.Thispadareacanbecoveredwithgeotextileclothandgravelof1-2inchesindiameter.Thewaterershouldbelocatedatleast4feetbelowthewaterlevelinthepondandbeneaththedamforpositivegravityflow.Thepipelineshouldbeburiedbelowthefrostline.Afterwatererinstallation,dirtwillneedtobepiledaroundthebackandsidestopreventfreezing.Thepipelinecanbeplacedeitherunderthedam(newpondconstruction),orthroughthedamoroutthesideofthepond(existingponds).Usuallythetrenchisconstructedfromthewatererbacktowardsthepond,stoppingabout2feetfromthepondedge.Thepipeislaidinthetrench,startingatthevalveatthewatererend.Itisveryimportanttosealthespacearoundthepipelinewithin20feetoftheedgeofthepondusingananti-seepcollarorbentoniteclay.
Therestofthetrenchcanbeexcavatedintothepond,goingdeeperasnecessary.Thetrenchmustextendfarenoughintothepondtoplacethepipeinletwherethewaterisdeepest.Installationinstructionscanbeobtainedbycontactingyourwatershedspecialistorviewingtandbyviewing“AdoptaDrop:WeCan’tAllBeUpaCreek”(http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/kcare/KELP%20Water/KELPwaterer_files/frame.htm).AdescriptionofinstallationisgivenintheK-StateResearchandExtensionpublicationAlternative Livestock Watering: Covered Concrete Water, MF-2737,July2006.
![Page 98: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
96
![Page 99: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
97
Limited Access Watering Points
OverviewPondsandstreamsarecommonsourcesoflivestockwaterinKansas.However,allowingunlimitedaccesscancauseseverebankerosion,poorwaterqualityandotherrelatedproblems.Cattleprefercleanwaterandavoidsteep,muddyapproachestowatersourceswheneverpossible.Developingaccesswater-ingpointswithahardenedsurfaceandfencingisoftenfairlysimpleandsolvesmanyoftheseconcerns.
Advantages •Simpleandinexpensive •Improvedlivestocksafetyandhealth,lessfootrotand
fewerleginjuries •Reducedbankerosion •Lesssedimentandfewernutrientsenteringstreamsand
ponds •Extendedpondlife •Applicabletonewandexistingponds •IncreasedwaterintakemaymeanbetterlivestockgainsLimitations •Notadaptedtolargestreams •Fencemaintenancerequiredwhenstreamfloods •Fewoptionsforlocationofwateringpoint •FewexamplesinKansas
![Page 100: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
98
![Page 101: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
99
Design ConsiderationsToencourageanimaluse,anaccessramporwalkwayshouldhaveamaximumslopeof6:1runtorise(17%)ora10degreeslope.Rampsassteepas4:1havebeenused.However,aflatterslope(8:1to20:1)isgenerallybetterwhenspaceallows,especiallywhenconditionsareicy.Therampsurfaceshouldbecompactedandnon-slip(crushedrock,gravelorconcrete).A3:1slope(orflatter)forthesidesoftherampispreferablewhensiteconditionspermit.Widthmayvary(recommendationsrangefrom4to80feet)butagoodguidelineis10feetplusonefootforeach10headofcattle–forexample,55feetfor50head.Fencingisgener-allydesirabletoexcludelivestockfromotherpartsofthepondorstream,especiallyiftheycongregateandloafduringhotdays.AfloatingfencemadeofPVCpipecanbeusedtorestrictacesstothepondreservoiratacostof$200-300.A16-footstreamcrossing/accesspointforsmallstreams,usinggravelwithgeotextileandsandbase,canbeconstructedforlessthan$500.Thispracticemayrequirepermits.Pleasereadthepermitsectionofthishandbook(p.143).
ReferencesPorter,M.D.andJ.S.McNeill.2006.Livestockwateraccesspointinpondfence.TheSamuelRobertsNobleFoundation,Ardmore,OK.http://www.noble.org/Ag/Livestock/Waterpoint/Porter_PondAccess.htmNaturalResourcesConservationService.2003.Conservationpracticestandard:accessroad.Code560.USDA.ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/practice-standards/standards/560.pdfNaturalResourcesConservationService.2003.Conservationpracticestandard:heavyuseareaprotection.Code561.USDA.ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/practice-standards/standards/561.pdf
Limited Access Watering Points
![Page 102: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
100
![Page 103: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
101
Hardened Surface Access
OverviewProperlydesignedandinstalledhardenedcrossingsprovideasafe,permanentareaforlivestockandequipmenttocrossstreamswithoutbecomingboggedinthemud.
Advantages •Easilyadaptedtovariousstreamsizesandlocations •Quickinstallation •Longusefullife •Lowmaintenance •Doesnotcreatestreamobstruction •Doesnotimpairstreamflow •Whenusedinconjunctionwithfencing,improveswater
qualitybylimitinglivestockaccesstostream. •DoesnotrequirepouredconcreteLimitations •Canbeexpensive
![Page 104: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
102
![Page 105: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
103
Hardened Surface Access
Design ConsiderationsCrossingsshouldalwaysbeplacedonriffles—neverinpools—andshouldbeplacedperpendiculartostreamflow.Thecrossingsurfaceshouldbeatanelevationequaltostreambedelevation.Geotextilefabricshouldbeplacedundertherockorgravelfillmaterial.Thispracticemayrequirepermits.Pleasereadthepermitsectionofthishandbook(p.143).
![Page 106: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
104
![Page 107: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
105
Super-Insulated Waterer
OverviewIce-freewaterisachallengeforlivestockproducersincolderclimates.Experiencewithmanydifferenttypesofwaterershasledmajorcompaniesandproducerstoconsiderproductswithmuchhigherinsulationvalues(R-factor–resistancetoheatflow).Producershavereportedproblemswithheat-ingelementsorburnersintheirwaterersthataredesignedtopreventingfreezing.Greateracceptanceofmolded-plasticusearoundlivestockhasledtomanufactureofsuper-insulatedplasticwaterers.Inmostcasessuper-insulatedwaterershaveoperatedverywellinthecentralU.S.withoutuseofauxiliaryelectricheatingelementsorgasburners.
Advantages •Noneedforsupplementalheattopreventfreeze-up •Availablefromlocalfarmsupplystores •Availabilityofpartsisgood •Livestocklearntousethemeasily •Doesnotrust •UsesUV-resistantmoldedplasticLimitations •Requiresmorefrequentcheckingthanothertypes
ofwaterers •Canbedamagedifallowedtofreezerepeatedly
(leftwithnolivestock) •Requiresasolidorconcretebase
![Page 108: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
106
DisplaceableInsulating Seal
Air-gap allows warm air from below soil freeze line to contact the tank.
Insulated Box
Sealed Connectionto Concrete Base
Concrete Footing(3’ deep, 6-8” thick)
Insulation Water
Level Control Valve
Water Supply Pipe
![Page 109: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
107
Super-Insulated Waterer
Design ConsiderationsCombininguseofavertical“earthtube”intothegroundbelowthewatererwiththewarmthofthewaterasitentersthewaterergenerallyprovidesenoughenergytopreventicefromforminginsidethewaterer.Whenwatercolderthannormalgroundwatertemperatureisused,suchaspondwaterorspringwater,thechanceoffreezingisgreater.Thesewaterersutilizeavarietyofdoorsorcoverstoretaintheintrinsicheatofthewaterandtosealcoldairandwindout.Mostwaterersuseeitheralargeballthatfloatstightagainsttheinsideofthetankoradoorthatthelivestockopeninordertoaccessthewater.Occasionallythesedoorsorballswillfreezeshut;however,abumportapbytheproducerwillopenthedoorordislodgetheball.Livestockeasilylearnhowtoaccessthewater.Thesetanksrelyonasignificantvolumeofwarmerwatertopreventfreezing,sothenumberoflivestockperwaterershouldbeadjustedtoensurethatthewatererwillrefillperi-odicallywithwarmerwater.TheproducerwillnormallyfindthatinthecentralU.S.,aflowthrough(oruse)oftwoorthreevolumesofwaterisrequiredonthecoldestdaystopreventfreezing.Mostcompaniesrecommendatleast10-15headperwaterer.Thesewatererscanbeplacedinafencelinetoallowmorelivestocktouseawaterer.
Producersarecautionedtochecktheseenergyfreewatererstwiceaday;inthemorningtomakesurethatlivestockcanaccessthewater,andagainneareveningtoassurethefloatandvalveareoperatingproperly.Superinsulatedwaterersshouldbeplacedinalocationpro-tectedfromthewindandsnowtominimizeheatlossandreducethechanceoffreezing.Asiteexposedtothesunalsoreducestheprobabilityofthewatererfreezing.Mostsuper-insulatedwaterersrequireasolidbasesuchasaconcretepad.Agoodgravelbasearoundtheconcretepadshouldbeconsidered.Referto“GeotextileandGravelSurrounds”onp.123.
![Page 110: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
108
![Page 111: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
109
Bottomless Tank
OverviewBottomlesstanksarelarge,open-toppedtanksusedforstor-ingwaterandwateringlivestock.Theyaremostoftenmadeofcorrugatedmetalsections,suchasgrainbinsections,boltedtogethertoformalargecircularringonsite.Abottomisconstructedinsidethetankafteritisassembledandplacedinposition.Thebottomisusuallymadeofbentoniteclay,con-creteorPVCplasticmembrane.Becausebottomlesstankscomeunassembled,verylarge(20feetorlargerdiameter)tanksarepossible.Tanksthissizewouldbeprohibitivelyexpensivetoshipiftheywerealreadyassembled.Becauseoftheirwaterstoragecapacitythesetankscancompensateforthevariablewateroutputofwindmillandsolarpanelsystems,assuringanadequatesupplyoflivestockwateratalltimes.Livestockdrinkdirectlyfrombottomlesstanks.
Advantages •Simpleconstruction •Easilyadaptabletomostsites •Largecapacityatcomparativelylowcostcompared
withothertanks •Canbeconstructedwithon-farmlabor •ServesasbothwaterstorageanddrinkingdeviceLimitations •Tankwilleventuallyneedtoberebuiltduetosoil-
structureproperties •Canberelocated,butonlywithmuchtime,effort
andexpense
![Page 112: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
110
16’–20’ in diameter30” deep
Concrete foundationand bottom
![Page 113: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
111
Bottomless Tank
Design ConsiderationsBottomlesstanksaregenerally25-30inchesdeepand20feetormoreindiameter.Thelowerpartofthewallisembeddedintothetankbottommaterial.Thetankbottomissusceptibletosoilshiftingandtochangesinsoiltemperatureandmoisture.Minormaintenanceisrequiredonaregularbasis.Withsubstantialeffort,tankscanbedisassembled,moved,andreassembledatanotherlocation.
![Page 114: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
112
![Page 115: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
113
Tire Tank
OverviewUsedrubbertiresfromheavyearth-movingorconstructionequipmenthavebeenadaptedforuseasreliablelivestockwatertanks.Theyhaveproventobedurable,relativelyinex-pensive,andcapableofbeingusedwithavarietyofwatersources.Innumeroussituationsandsettings,theyarefreeze-resistantinwinter.
Advantages •Simpleandgenerallyinexpensive •Availableinavarietyofsizes •Durableandnon-breakable;nosharpedgestoinjure
livestock •Canbeusedwithwaterlinesfromwells,springs,
andneworexistingponds •Freeze-resistantinwinterifsomeprotectionprovidedLimitations •Heavytohandleduringinstallation •Limitedsizemaylimitwaterstorageforlargerherds •Removalofpartorallofonesidewalltomaketank
isusuallydifficult
![Page 116: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
114
![Page 117: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
115
Hole cut through tireto allow livestock access
Hole cut through tireto allow livestock access
Large, heavy-duty tirewith concrete pouredin bottom to hold water
Tire Tank
Design ConsiderationsRubbertiretanksarenormallysuppliedviapipelinefromwells,springsorponds.Choosetanksbasedonthesizeoftheherdtobewateredandthesupplyrateofthewatersource.Sizesrangefrom5to15ormorefeetindiameter.Widthofthetire(tankheight)canbeasmuchasfourfeet.Theside-wallofthetireiscutawayinpartorentirelyonthetopsidetoallowdrinkingaccess.Cuttingfewerholeswillimprovethefreezeresistanceofthetankwhilecuttingawaytheentiresidewallwillallowmorelivestocktodrinkatonetime.Largertirescanbepartiallyburiedforsomeprotectionfromfreez-ingandtoreducetheheightofthetires,allowingaccessforsmalleranimals.Useaheavy-dutysawtocutandremovepartorallofthesidewallontheuppersidetoallowlivestockeasyaccesstowater.Thepipelinerisersupplyingthewater(inlet)shouldbeplacedinthecenterofthetireorotherwiseprotectedfrombreak-agebylivestock.AsupplylineofonetotwoinchPVCpipeisgenerallyinstalled.Apipejointatthebaseoftheriserisrec-ommendedtoalloweasyreplacementincasethetopportionisbroken.Mosttiretanksarefittedwithsometypeoffloatorshut-offvalve.Anoverflowlineisnotinstalledexceptwhenthetankispartofaspringdevelopmentandanoverflowlineisneededtocarryawayexcessinfloworpreventfreezing.
Useconcrete,bentoniteorotherheavyclaytosealthelowersideofthetireatgroundleveltopreventleakage.Tanksmaybepartiallyburiedorsoilmoundedpartofthewayupthesidestoreducefluctuationsinwatertemperature.Placingalayerofcoarsegravelorothersimilarmaterialaroundthetankwillprovideadurable,hardenedsurfaceandeliminatemuddyconditions.Placinga“deck”ofusedrailroadtiesadja-centtothetirewillhelpgivesmallcalvesaccesstothewater.Buildingaprotectiverailingoverthetankisrecommendedtokeepanimalsfrombeingpushedintothetankandawayfrompipingandfloats.Mostrubbertiretankscanbeinstalledforafewhundreddol-lars.Someconstructioncompanieswillgiveawayusedtiresatconstructionsitessimplytohavethemremoved.Tiresarealsoavailablefromseveralsuppliers.Examplesoftiretankscanbeviewedatwww.wenzelconstruction.com/rubbertiretanks.html.
![Page 118: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
116
![Page 119: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
117
Fiberglass or Galvanized Tank
OverviewPortabletanksareanimportantpartoflivestockwatering.Galvanizedsteelandfiberglasstanksarethetwotypescom-monlyused.Theyareconsideredportablebecausetheyarereasonablylightweightcomparedwithotheroptions.Emptytanksareeasytomoveforatemporaryneed.Tanksaresuit-ableforwateringalargenumberofanimalsatatimeandaregenerallyeconomical.
Advantages •Waterqualityinatankisusuallybetterthancattle
drinkingdirectlyfromapond •Asingletankcanservemorethanonepaddockorlot •Canbeeasilymovedwhenneeded •Canbelocated/relocatedtoimprovecattledistribution
inapaddock •Alargetankallowsseveralanimalstodrinkatonce •Becauseofstoredwaterthelargerthetankthesmallerthe
waterdeliverycapacityneededtosupplytheanimals •Tanksworkwellforhauledwater •Portabletankscanbemovedregularlytoavoidmudholes
developingaroundthetankLimitations •Soilaroundthewaterercanbecomemuddyfromcattle
drippinganddepressionsthatdevelopandcollectrainfall •Manufacturedtanksmaybemorecostlythanausedtire
tankandaremoresusceptabletodamage •Galvanizedsteelandfiberglasstanksdon’tlastaslong
asconcretetanks;probablynotthebestchoiceforapermanantly-locatedwaterer
•Galvanizedtankswilleventuallyrust •Emptyandunsecuredtankscanbeblownawayorstolen •Largetanksareawkwardtomove
![Page 120: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
118
![Page 121: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
119
Fiberglass or Galvanized Tank
Design ConsiderationsTanksshouldbesitedonwell-drainedlevelground.Watershoulddrainawayfromthetanktohelpavoidamudholearoundthetanksite.Besurethesiteispreparedbyremovinganyrocksandmakingthearealevel.Sharprockscanpuncturethebottomoftanks.Galvanizedandfiberglasstanksthataresuppliedbyagravityorpressuredwatersourceneedamethodtopreventoverflow.Optionsincludefloatsthatwillshutoffthewatersupplywhenthetankisfulloranoverflowthatdrainsbygravityintoalowspotordrawthatisatleast50feetfromthetank.Thetankshouldbesizedtomeettheneedsforthenum-berofanimalsitwillsupply.Ifthepastureislarge,thetankshouldbeabletosupplyallanimalswithinabout30minutes(adrinkingevent)withoutloweringthewaterlevelmorethanabout10inches.Thismeansthatthewatercontainedinthe10-inchwater-leveldropplustheinflowduringthedrinktimeareadequatetosupplyonedrinkingevent.Duringthewinter,waterintankswillfreezeonthesurfaceandholesmustbechoppedthroughtheicesocattlecandrink.Whensufficientflowisavailable,tanksfedbyground-watershouldhaveanoverflowtoallowatrickleorlowflowthroughitduringthewintertominimizefreezing.Ground-waterisafairlyconstanttemperatureofabout55degreesinKansas.
Toavoidmudaroundpermanenttanklocations,thespacearoundthetankshouldbeprotectedbyahardsurfaceordraininghardmaterialsuchasgravelorgeotextile-gravelsurfacing.Rockthatisabout2inchesindiameterwillbeuncomfortableenoughthatcattlewon’tlingerbythewateranddestroysurroundingvegetation.Concreteisanexcellentlonglifesurfacingmaterialbutisexpensive.Soilcementorflyashshouldbelessexpensiveoptionsthatprovideadurablehardsurfacing,butwithashorterlifethanconcrete.Portabletankscaneasilybemovedfromtimetotimetoavoiddestroyinggrassandcreatingamudhole.Watersupplylinescanbeflexibleabovegroundpipe.
![Page 122: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
120
![Page 123: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
121
Livestock Management Practices
![Page 124: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
122
![Page 125: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
123
Hardened Mat
OverviewWateringsitesfrequentlybecomemuddyduetoexcesswater,urine,andmanuredepositednearthewaterer.Geosyntheticmaterialandgravelcoverontheareaaroundthewatererprovideahardenedsurface,reduceanimalstressduetomud,providesolidfooting,andallowexcesswatertodrainwayinsteadofpoolingaroundthewaterer.Thereare2typesofgeosynthetics:geotextiles(afabricmaterial)andgeogrids(across-hatchedorhoneycombedgridthatholdsrock).Thefabricformsacontinuouslayeroverthesurfaceoftheground;theplasticexpandablegridholdsrockinplace.Bothgeotex-tilesandgeogridsarecoveredorfilledwithrock,flyash,orothermaterialthatallowswatertodrainthroughthesuface.
Advantages •Keepsrockfromworkingintotheground
anddisappearing •Providessolidfootingforanimalsandhumans
aroundthewateringsite •Excesswaterpercolatesbackintothesoil •Rockdiscourageslivestockfromloiteringaround
thetank,allowingallanimalsachancetodrinkandreducingmanureandurinedeposits
•Muchlessexpensivethanconcrete •Easilyinstalledbyproducer •Nospecialtoolsneededforinstallation •Minimalpreparationtimeneededforinstallation •ReducesrunoffanderosionDisadvantages •Lesspermanentthanconcrete
![Page 126: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
124
Stock Tank
Woven Geotextile Fabric(Water Porous)
Woven Geotextile Fabric(Water Porous)
6”
2” of Fine Gravel (½”–1” Diameter)
2” of Fine Gravel(½”–1” Diameter)
6” of Coarse Gravel (1 ½”–2 ½” Diameter)
6” of Coarse Gravel(1 ½”–2 ½” Diameter)
30’
![Page 127: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
125
Hardened Mat
Design ConsiderationsAgeosyntheticandgravel-hardenedmatworksbeston7-8percentslopessowaterwilldrainawayfromthesite.Thesur-roundshouldextend8-12feetonallsidesofthewaterertowhichlivestockhaveaccess.Geosynthetictextilecanbelaiddirectlyontopofexistinggrass,butwoodyvegetationmustberemovedpriortoinstal-lation.Formoresecureinstallation,a6inchdeeptrenchcanbemadewithasinglechiselpoint.Theedgeofthegeotextileispushedintothetrenchandthentheentiresurfaceiscov-eredwitha4-6inchlayerofcoarserock(2-3inchdiameter).Atopsurfaceoffinesisdesirableforamorestableandcom-fortablesurface.Flyash,smallgravelorfinelycrushedlime-stonemakeagoodsurface.Mixed-diameterriverrockwiththesandremovedwillalsomakeagoodsurface.
Minimalmaintenanceisneededtokeepthesurfaceingoodcondition.Excessmanurecanbehauledawayafterlivestockareremovedfromthepasture.Additionalrockmaybeneededafter5-10years.Geotextileclothcanbeobtainedfromhighwaydepartmentsandconservationdistricts.Ahardenedimpermeablesurfacehasthedisadvantagethatwatercannotpercolatethroughit.However,itmaybemoredurableandhavealongerlifethangravelovergeotextile.Optionsforthistypeofsurfaceincludeconcrete,soilcement,andalayerofflyashthatwillsetupwhenwet.
![Page 128: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
126
![Page 129: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
127
Grazing Management Changes for Water Quality
OverviewAllowinglivestocktohavedirectaccesstostreamsandpondscanhavenegativeimpactstobankstability,waterquality,livestockperformanceandaquaticorganisms.Fencingtoexcludelivestockoftenisrecommendedasapracticetopro-tectstreamsandponds.Inmanyinstances,similarprotectioncanbeprovidedbychanginggrazingmanagementsystems.PaineandLyons(1999)reportedthatgoodgrazingmanage-ment,includingrotationalgrazing,canprotectstreambanksandriparianareasnearlyaswellasungrazedbufferstrips.Theseauthorsalsoreportedthatgrassybuffersarebetterthanwoodybuffersalongsmallstreams.FecalcoliformbacteriaandturbiditywereconsistentlyhigheratcontinuouslygrazedsiteswhencomparedwithrotationallygrazedsitesalongsmallMinnesotastreams(Sovelletal.2000).ResearchersinIowabelievethemajorsourceofsedimentandphosphorusfromgrazedpasturescomesfromstreambankerosion.PaineandLyonsfoundthatpasturesmanagedwithshort-durationgrazinghadsignificantlylessbankerosionthancontinuouslygrazedpastureswithbufferstrips.
Advantages •Rotationgrazingimprovesvigoranddensityofriparian
vegetation •Moreacceptabletolivestockproducersthanfencing
offstreams •Lesscosttoimplementandmaintainthanstreamside
fencesLimitations •Notwellsuitedtolargerstreams
![Page 130: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
128
The area around each water source is grazed more heavily. Placing additional water sources in more lightly grazed areas of a paddock can result in both reduced overgrazing around the original water source and increased grazing in less utilized areas of the paddock.
Many different grazing schemes can be used to maximize livestock grazing while protecting vegetation and water. All rotations involve providing a period of rest for the vegetation to recover after grazing. When designing a rotation, consider the following:
• length of time required for vegetation to recover (will change over the course of the growing season)
• frequency of rotation• ease of moving livestock between paddocks• livestock production goals• environmental and ecological goals
(water quality, wildlife habitat)
Water Tank
Traditional quarter section of grass with no cross-fencing
Area of Under Grazing
Area ofOver Grazing
Water Tanks
Water Storage Tank
Rotational grazed quarter section with 12 paddocks
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
![Page 131: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
129
Design ConsiderationsFencingdesignsthatcreateagrazeableunitaroundapondoralongastreamallowshort-termuseattimeswhenthebanksaredryandstable.Fencingagrazingunitoftheflood-plainadjacenttoastreameliminatesflooddamagetofencesandseparatesuplandfromlowlandsoils.Rotationalgrazingsystemstoallowflashgrazingofsensitiveareas,followedbyextendedrest,willimprovethedensityandcoverofgrasses.Provideaccesslaneswithstablefootingtothewatersourcesforlivestockdrinking.Locatesalt,mineralandbackrubsawayfromthewater.Removeanytreesnearthewaterwherelivestockcongregateandprovideshadeawayfromthewaterifneeded.
Grazing Management Changes for Water Quality
References:Paine,L.K.andJ.Lyons.1999.Managedgrazingandstreamecosystems.StreamsideGrazingWorkshop,September8-9,1999,EagleBluffCenter,Lanesboro,Minn.Sovell,L.,A.B.Vondracek,J.A.Frost,andK.G.Mumford.2000.Impactsofrotationalgrazingandriparianbuffersonphysicochemicalandbiologicalcharacteristicsofsouth-easternMinnesota,USA,streams.EnvironmentalManage.26(6):629-641.Haan,M.,J.Russell,D.Morrical,D.Strohbehn,W.Powers,J.Kovar.2006.Effectsofgrazingmanagementonpasturechar-acteristicsaffectingsedimentandphosphoruspollutioninpasturestreams(ProgressReport).A.S.LeafletR2122.IowaStateUniversityAnimalIndustryReport2006,IowaStateUniv.,Ames.http://www.ans.iastate.edu/report/air/2006pdf/R2122.pdf
![Page 132: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
130
![Page 133: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
131
Fencing the Pond
OverviewPondsdotthelandscapeovermuchofKansasandareimpor-tantsourcesoflivestockwater.Manyserveotherfunctions,suchasrunoffretentionandhabitatforaquaticlife.Mostpondslosesomeusefulnessovertimeduetoerosionandsedi-mentation.Usefulpondlifeisextendedbyfencingcompletelyaroundthepondtorestrictlivestockaccess.Afencedpondwillrequireinstallationofapipelinethroughthedamtoatank,constructionofanaccessramp,orsomeothermeansofsupplyingwatertolivestock,suchaspumping.
Advantages •Minimizeserosionofpondshorelinesanddamfaces •Reducessedimentdepositioninreservoir •Extendsusefullifeofthepond •Improvesqualityofwaterforlivestockandaquaticlife •Betterwildlifehabitatalongtheshoreline •Preventscattlefromgettingoniceduringwinter
andfallingintopond •Eliminatesanimaltrailsintheemergencyspillway(which
leadtospillwayerosionandpossiblefailure) •Eliminatesorminimizesfecaloraltransmissionofdis-
easesthroughwaterLimitations •Additionalcostforfenceconstruction;numerouscorners
androughterrainaddtothecost
![Page 134: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
132
Pond
EmergencySpillway
Stock TankOutside Fence
Dam
Corrugated metalpipe with 1-inch holes.Pipe �lled with coarsegravel
Pipe with antiseep collars
Extended pipe above water levelto show location of intake
Riser with1/4-inch holes
6-inch concrete baseAntiseep collar
Core �ll
Controlvalve
Cap connection forpossible future uses
Valve access
Union
Trough
Bell tile around valve andpipe for suitable housing
Ground surface
Earth Dam
![Page 135: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
133
Fencing the Pond
Design ConsiderationsThedecisiontoconstructafencearoundalivestockwaterpondrequiresplanning.Considerhowwatercanbeprovidedtolivestockfromthepondonceitisfenced.Mostcommonly,apipelineisinstalledunderanewdamduringconstructionoraroundorthroughanexistingdamasaretrofit,allowingwatertoflowbygravitypressuretoatankorwatererbelowthedam.Constructionofanaccesslaneorramptotheedgeofthereservoirisanotheroption.Useofanosepumpisalsoaconsideration.Thefencinglayoutshouldprovideasuitablebufferbetweentheedgeofthereservoirandthegrazedpastureoutsidethefence.Atleast30feetofbufferisneededtofilteroutsedi-mentandothermaterials.Thesebuffersarepotentialareasforground-nestingbirds;ifbuffersaremadetoonarrow,theybecomeeasyhuntingzonesforpredatoryanimals.Testingthelayoutofapondfencewithelectricfencingforayearortwomayrevealflawsinthedesign.Astandardfenceoffourbarbedwiresandpostsat16-20footintervalsisadequateinmostsituations.Minimizingthenum-berofsharpcorners,especiallyonsteeperslopes,willreducepotentialerosionfromcattletrailing.Installinggatesattwolocationswillallowaccessforflashgrazingifneededtomanagethevegetationandprovideemergencyaccesstothereservoirforlivestockandfirecontrolequipment.
![Page 136: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
134
![Page 137: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
135
Supplementary Materials
![Page 138: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
136
Water Volume Requirements for Livestock (gal./day)
*Agoodruleofthumbisthatahorseneedsatleastagallonofwaterper100lbsofbodyweight.Foryouraveragehorse,thisequals10gallonsaday.Waterrequirementsvarygreatlyaccordingtotheweatherandthelevelofworkthatthehorseisdoing.Forinstance,ifyourhorseisexercisinginhot,humidweather,hemayneed2-4timestheminimumamount.
Average lbs. water Air Temperature (gal./day) /lb. dry feed 40˚F 60˚F 80˚F
Cowsdryandbred 6-15winteringpregnant 6.0 7.4nursing 11-18 11.4 14.5 17.9dairy 15-30 30-40
Feeders 4-15calf 4-5 9-10smallcalves 0.6-0.84largecalves 0.42-0.66growingcattle@600lb. 3-8 8-13growingcattle@800lb. 6.3 7.4 10.6finishingcattle@800lb. 7.3 9.1 12.3feedlotcattle@1,000lb. 8-13 14-21beef 8-12 20-25
Bulls 7-19 8.7 10.8 14.5Sheep and Goats 2-3 3-4Llamas 5Horses* 10-15 20-25Swine 6-8 8-12
Sources:CummingsSchoolofVeterinaryMedicine.2006.Dehydrationandelectrolytelossesinthesporthorse.TuftsUniversity.,Medford,Mass. http://www.tufts.edu/vet/sports/dehydration.html#req Guyer,P.1977.Beefcattlenutrition.LincolnNebGuide8.Univ.ofNebraska,Lincoln.Landefeld,M.andJ.Bettinger.2002.Livestockwaterdevelopment.FactSheetANR-12-02.OhioStateUniv.Extension.,Columbus,Ohio.MidwestPlanService.1975.Privatewatersystemshandbook,4thedition,MWPS-14,Ames,Iowa.NationalResearchCouncil.1996.Nutrientrequirementsforbeefcattle,7thedition.NationalAcademyPress,Washington,DC.
Increased temperature, salt, and protein increase water needs
![Page 139: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
137
Thelocationofthewateringsitedeterminesherdingbehav-ioranddrinkingpatterns.Herearesomesuggestedwateringlocations: •In each pasture:Animalstendtodrinkoneatatimeif
waterisprovidedinpastures10acresorlessinsize.Aflowrateof2-6gallonperminutewillkeepa25-35gallontankfull.Changethetanklocationalongthefencelinetoallowsodtorecoverinformerwateringareas.Atroughineachpasturewillkeepanimalsandmanureonthegrassandoutofthelanes.
•Away from feed, minerals and shade:Distributetheseitemsthroughthepasture.Thiswilldiscourageloiteringinoneareaanddispersegrazing.Providewateroutsideofthebarnorlivestockmaystayinthebarnonhotdaysandnotpastureatall.
Siting Watering Facilities
•More than 100 feet from open water:Animalsconcen-tratemanureandmudatwateringsites.Thiscancre-ate“hotspots”forerosionandpollutedrunoff.Leaveahealthybufferbetweenwateringsitesandwatercourses.
•Less than 500 feet between water sources:Ifwaterisfarawayorlocatedoutsidethepasture,thenanimalswilltravelasaherdtothewateranddrinkasaherd.Inaherdsituation,livestockwillgrazeunevenly,concentrateinthewateringarea,and“boss”animalsmaypreventtimidani-malsfromdrinking.Ifthissituationcan’tbeavoided,besuretohaveenoughspaceatthewatersourcefor10per-centoftheherdtodrinkatanytime.Eachdrinkingani-malshouldhave20inchesofspaceatacirculartankand30inchesatastraighttank.
Reprinted from: OregonAssociationofConservationDistricts.2006.Manag-ingstockwaterinpasturesandstreamsideareas.TualatinSoilandWaterConservationDistrict,Hillsboro.http://www.oacd.org/factsheet_09.html
![Page 140: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
138
Calculating Tank Capacity
Tocalculatecapacityofatank,usetheformulabelowthatmostcloselyresemblestheshape(top)ofyourtank.
Convertallmeasurementstoinches!
Circle
πxradius2xwaterdepth=gallons 231
Example:π=3.14Radius=42”Waterdepth=24”
3.14x42”x24”= 132,935=575gallons 231 231
Rectangle lengthxwidthxwaterdepth=gallons 231
Example:Length=84”Width=26”Waterdepth=24“
84”x26”x24”=52,416=227gallons 231 231
Available WaterGallonsofwaterperinchcanbeimportantiflivestockcan-notreachthebottomofthetankandyouneedtoknowtheamountofwateravailableforthem.Itisalsoimportantifthetankispartiallyemptyandyouneedtoknowtheamountremaininginthetank.
totaltankcapacity(gallons)=gallons/inch depth.
Example:Tankcapacity=575gallonsTankdepth=24”
575=23.9gallons/inch24
Adapted from:Landefeld,M.andJ.Bettinger.2002.Livestockwaterdevelopment.FactSheetANR-12-02.OhioStateUniv.Ext.,Columbus.
length widt
h
radius
![Page 141: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
139
![Page 142: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
140
![Page 143: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
141
Pipe Size (inches) 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/2
OD (inches) 0.840 1.050 1.315 1.660 1.900 2.375 2.875
ID (inches) 0.622 0.824 1.049 1.380 1.610 2.067 2.469
Volume (gal/100’) 1.578 2.770 4.490 7.770 10.576 17.432 24.871
Wall Thickness 0.109 0.133 0.133 0.140 0.145 0.154 0.203
Flow Rate (gpm) friction loss in
psi/ 100 ft
friction loss
in ft/ 100 ft
velocity in the
pipe in ft/sec
friction loss in
psi/ 100 ft
friction loss
in ft/ 100 ft
velocity in the
pipe in ft/sec
friction loss in
psi/ 100 ft
friction loss
in ft/ 100 ft
velocity in the
pipe in ft/sec
friction loss in
psi/ 100 ft
friction loss
in ft/ 100 ft
velocity in the
pipe in ft/sec
friction loss in
psi/ 100 ft
friction loss
in ft/ 100 ft
velocity in the
pipe in ft/sec
friction loss in
psi/ 100 ft
friction loss
in ft/ 100 ft
velocity in the
pipe in ft/sec
friction loss in
psi/ 100 ft
friction loss
in ft/ 100 ft
velocity in the
pipe in ft/sec
2 1.76 4.07 2.11 0.45 1.03 1.20 0.14 0.32 0.74 0.04 0.08 0.43 0.02 0.04 0.32 0.01 0.01 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.13
4 6.35 14.67 4.22 1.62 3.73 2.41 0.50 1.15 1.48 0.13 0.30 0.86 0.06 0.14 0.63 0.02 0.04 0.38 0.01 0.02 0.27
6 13.45 31.05 6.34 3.42 7.89 3.61 1.06 2.44 2.23 0.28 0.64 1.29 0.13 0.30 0.95 0.04 0.09 0.57 0.02 0.04 0.40
8 5.82 13.44 4.81 1.80 4.15 2.97 0.47 1.09 1.72 0.22 0.51 1.26 0.07 0.15 0.76 0.03 0.06 0.54
10 8.80 20.31 6.02 2.72 6.27 3.71 0.71 1.65 2.15 0.34 0.78 1.58 0.10 0.23 0.96 0.04 0.10 0.67
12 12.33 28.46 7.22 3.80 8.78 4.45 1.00 2.31 2.57 0.47 1.09 1.89 0.14 0.32 1.15 0.06 0.14 0.80
14 5.06 11.68 5.20 1.33 3.07 3.00 0.63 1.45 2.21 0.19 0.43 1.34 0.08 0.18 0.94
16 6.48 14.95 5.94 1.70 3.93 3.43 0.80 1.86 2.52 0.24 0.55 1.53 0.10 0.23 1.07
18 8.05 18.59 6.68 2.12 4.89 3.86 1.00 2.31 2.84 0.30 0.68 1.72 0.12 0.29 1.21
20 9.79 22.59 7.42 2.57 5.94 4.29 1.22 2.81 3.15 0.36 0.83 1.91 0.15 0.35 1.34
22 11.68 26.95 8.17 3.07 7.09 4.72 1.45 3.35 3.47 0.43 0.99 2.10 0.18 0.42 1.47
24 3.61 8.33 5.15 1.70 3.93 3.78 0.50 1.16 2.29 0.21 0.49 1.61
26 4.18 9.66 5.58 1.97 4.56 4.10 0.58 1.35 2.49 0.25 0.57 1.74
28 4.80 11.07 6.01 2.26 5.23 4.41 0.67 1.55 2.68 0.28 0.65 1.88
30 5.45 12.58 6.44 2.57 5.94 4.73 0.76 1.76 2.87 0.32 0.74 2.01
32 6.14 14.18 6.86 2.90 6.69 5.04 0.86 1.98 3.06 0.36 0.83 2.14
34 6.87 15.86 7.29 3.24 7.49 5.36 0.96 2.22 3.25 0.40 0.93 2.28
36 7.64 17.63 7.72 3.60 8.32 5.67 1.07 2.46 3.44 0.45 1.04 2.41
38 8.44 19.48 8.15 3.98 9.20 5.99 1.18 2.72 3.63 0.50 1.15 2.55
40 9.28 21.42 5.58 4.38 10.11 6.30 1.30 2.99 3.82 0.55 1.26 2.68
42 10.16 23.45 9.01 4.79 11.07 6.62 1.42 3.28 4.02 0.60 1.38 2.81
44 5.45 12.57 7.09 1.61 3.72 4.30 0.68 1.57 3.02
46 5.67 13.10 7.25 1.68 3.88 4.40 0.71 1.63 3.08
48 6.14 14.17 7.56 1.82 4.20 4.59 0.77 1.77 3.22
50 6.62 15.28 7.88 1.96 4.53 4.78 0.83 1.90 3.35
![Page 144: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
142
Calculating Wet Well Capacity
Installationof½inchdiametercrushedstonecreatesapproximately35%voidspacethatwouldprovideabout3gallonsofadditionalwaterstorageforeachcubicfootofcrushedstone.
•Assumeswellgraded½crushedlimestonerockgravelbackfill.•Assumes35%voidsincrushedrockgravelbackfill.
Gravel Backfill (ft.2) Volume Per 100 Lin. Ft.(ft.3) Volume of Water (gal.)1(12X12) 35 2622(12X24) 70 5243(12X36) 105 7854(12X48) 140 1,047
Pipe and Screen Diameter (in.) Volume Per 100 Lin. Ft. (ft.3) Volume of Water Storage (gal.)4 9 67.36 20 149.68 35 261.8
12 79 590.924 314 2,348.7
![Page 145: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
143
Knowingtherequirementsrelatedtobuilding,removing,oralteringfederalandstatewaters(includingwetlands)couldsavetimeandmoney.Producerscanavoiddelaysassociatedwithinvestigations,lengthyprocessingprocedures,orpossiblelitigation.Itmayalsohelpreducethepotentialforaregis-teredpubliccomplaintorcivillawsuit,aswellassavetaxpayerdollars,whileprotectingbeneficialusesofstatewatersforyourselfandcitizensofKansasandborderstates.Permitsshouldbesecuredpriortoconstructiontoavoidcostlyreworkoradditionalpermitfees.Itisrecommendedthatyoustartthepermitapplicationprocesswellinadvanceofyouranticipatedconstructionstartdate.A30-daycom-mentperiodisrequired,ataminimum,fornotificationofinterestedandconcernedagenciesandorganizations.Thetotaltimetoprocessanapplicationcanbeseveralmonths.SeveralagenciespermitwaterdevelopmentinKansas.Youwillneedtoobtainpermitsseperatelyfromeachpermittingagency.Belowisasummaryofthevariouspermittingagencyrequirements.Thisisnotanexhaustivelisting,andregulationsaresubjecttochange.Foreachagency,contactinformationisprovidedtodirectyoutopermitregulations,downloadablepermitformsand/oragencycontactinformation.Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of Water ResourcesThewaterstructuresprogramregulatesmanmadestructuresaffectingtheflowsandoverflowsofanystreambyensuring,withinlimitsimposedbylawsandcourts,thatsuchstructuresareproperlyplanned,constructed,operatedandmaintainedfortheirauthorizedpurposeswithoutadverselyaffectingthe
Permits in Kansas
environment,publichealthandwelfare,andpublicandprivateproperty.Examplesofactivitiesthatareregulatedbythewaterstruc-turesprograminclude:construction,modification,orrepairofdams,bridges,culverts,weirs,low-watercrossings,low-headdams,intakeandoutfallstructures,boatramps,pipelinesandcablecrossings,grassedwaterways,leveesalongstreams,placementoffillwithinthefloodplain,andgravel/sanddredging.YouwillnotneedadampermitfromKDAifyourdam: •islessthan25feetinheight,andhasatotalcapacityof
lessthan50acrefeetofwateratthetopofthedam,or •islessthan6feetinheight.Yourdammaystillneedapermitasastreamobstruction(aswouldanyotherprojectlocatedinastreamchannel)ifthewatercourseisdefinedasastreambyKDA’schiefengi-neer.Generallyspeaking,ineasternKansasawatercourseisastreamforregulatorypurposesifthedrainageareaupstreamoftheprojectlocationismorethan240acres,whileincentralKansasthelimitis320acresandinwesternKansasthelimitis640acres.ItisrecommendedthatyouaskKDAforadeterminationaboutyourplannedprojecttoconfirmwhetherornotapermitisneeded.(785)296-3710
![Page 146: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
144
Beforedevelopingasourceoflivestockwater,youmayneedapermittoappropriatewaterforstockwateringpurposesaccord-ingtostatelaw.Ifyouplantowateryourlivestockfromapondandyouplantoimpoundmorethan15acre-feetofwater,approvalofanapplicationwillbenecessarybeforeconstructionbegins.Ifyouplantousegroundwaterinaconfinedfeedlotwithacapacityofmorethan1,000headofcattleorthatusesmorethan15acre-feetofwaterperyearfordairycattleorconfinedlivestockotherthancattle,thenyouneedtoobtainapermittoappropriatewaterbeforeconstructingthefacility.Ifyouplantowaterlivestockinapastureorinaconfinedfeedlotwithacapacityoflessthan1,000headofcattle,awaterappro-priationpermitisnotrequiredbecausetheusesareconsideredtobedomestic.http://www.ksda.govU.S. Army Corps of EngineersTheCorpsofEngineersrequiresthatpermitsbeobtainedtomeetrequirementsofSection10oftheRiversandHarborsActof1899andSection404oftheCleanWaterAct.Sec-tion404regulatesdischargeofdredgedorfillmaterialinallwatersoftheUnitedStates,includingrivers,streams,lakesandwetlands.Thisincludesworksuchassitedevelopmentfills,causewaysorroadfills,damsanddikes,artificialislands,bankstabilization(riprap,seawallsandbreakwaters)levees,landfills,fishattractors,mechanizedclearingofwetlands,pipelineandcablecrossings,grassedwaterways,otherchannelmodifications,andcertainexcavationactivities.Contactthecorpstodetermineifyourprojectrequiresa404permit.
Workin,on,over,andunderanavigablebodyofwateralsorequiresapermitthroughSection10oftheRiversandHar-borsAct.Examplesarebridgeconstruction,channelstraight-ening,andwetlanddraining.Contactthecorpstodetermineifyourprojectimpactsnavigablewater.http://www.nwk.usace.army.mil/regulatory/activities%20requiring%20permits%20fact%20sheet.pdf(816)839-3990 (KansasCityDistrict)Kansas Dept. of Health and Environment
BeforeaCorpsofEngineers404permitisissued,aSection401“WaterQualityCertification”isrequiredfromKDHEtoverifythattheprojectisincompliancewiththestatewaterqualitystandards.ThispermitisautomaticallyfiledwhenaSection404permitisrequested.Thecertificationmustbeissuedbythestatebeforethecorpswillissueitspermit.Thedepartmentmakesadeterminationoftheprojectedimpactonwaterqualityresultingfromtheproposedactionandmayapprovetheaction,approveitwithmodifications,ordenytheactionbasedonprojectedwaterqualityimpacts.KDHEalsorequiresawaterqualityprotectionplantoensurethatwaterqualityisnotimpairedduringconstruction.Thismustbepostedattheconstructionsiteduringconstruction.http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/h20ql2/mf2329.pdfhttp://www.kdheks.gov/nps/resources/nwpwqppfrm.pdf(785)296-0075
Permits in Kansas
![Page 147: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
145
Local code regulation and permitsManymunicipalities,counties,andwatershedprotectionareasrequirepermittingandreportingofwaterdevelopments.Checkwiththelocalcountyhealthdepartment,environmen-talresourcesdepartment,orcodeenforcementofficetodeter-minewhatregulationspertaintoyoursite.Kansas One-Call (1-800-DIG-SAFE)“KansasOne-Call”istheundergroundutilitynotificationcenterforthestateofKansas.Throughthiscenterapersoncannotifyoperatorsofundergroundfacilitiesofaproposedexcavationtorequestthatmembercompaniesmarktheirundergroundfacilities.Ifexcavationactivitiesaccidentallyseveropticfiberlinesorotherutilities,repaircostscanbeexpensive.CallBEFOREyoudig.KansasOne-Callservicepromotespublicsafety,protectsvitalutilityservicesandsafeguardsagainstpropertyandenvironmentaldamage.http://www.kansasonecall.com/(800)344-7233Other PermitsConfinedlivestockrequirepermitsotherthanthoselistedabove.Formoreinformation,review:http://www.kdheks.gov/feedlots
Permits in Kansas
![Page 148: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
146
Adams,E.1994.Ripariangrazing.EB1775.Wash.StateUniv.Ext.,Pullman.http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1775/eb1775.htmlAgric.andAgri-FoodCanada.undated.Solar-poweredwaterpumpingsystemsforlivestockwatering.Agric.andAgri-FoodCanada,Toronto.http://www.agr.gc.ca/pfra/water/facts/solar.pdfAlbertaAgric.,Food,andRuralDevelopment.rev.2003.Pas-turewatersystemsforlivestock.Agri-factsAgdex400/716-3.AlbertaAgric.,Food,andRuralDevelopment,Edmonton.http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex644?opendocumentBartlett,B.1996.WateringSystemsforGrazingLivestock.218.GreatLakesBasinGrazingNetworkandMich.StateUniv.Ext.,EastLansing.Bellows,B.2003.Managedgrazinginriparianareas:live-stocksystemsguide.IP223/234.AppropriateTech.TransferforRuralAreas,Fayetteville.http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/PDF/managedgraze.pdfBlanchet,K.,H.MoeshnigandJ.DeJong-Huges.rev.2003.Grazingsystemsplanningguide.BU-07606-S.Univ.ofMinn.Ext.Serv.,St.Paul.http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/livestocksystems/components/DI7606.pdfBrown,L.2006.Sourcesforlivestockwater.OrderNo.590303-1.BritishColumbiaMinistryofAgric.andFood,Abbottsford.http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/resmgmt/publist/500series/590303-1.pdf
Helpful Resources
Buchanan,B.undated.Tipsonhowtoselectapasturewater-ingsystem.AlbertaAgric.,FoodandRuralDevelopment,Leduc.http://www.quantumlynx.com/water/vol9no2/story6.htmBurns,R.,andM.Buschermohle.2000.Selectionofalterna-tivelivestockwateringsystems.PB1641.Univ.Tenn.Agric.Ext.Serv.,Knoxville.http://www.utextension.utk.edu/publications/pbfiles/PB1641.pdfDalrymple,R.1998.Waterpointsinroatationalstocking:Part.1of3.ForageLeaderMagazine,Fall1998,Vol.3(3).http://www.noble.org/Ag/Livestock/Waterpoint/PrintLayout_1_54657_54657.htmlDavis,R.2005.Savemoneyandtime.KansasAllianceforWetlandsandStreams,McPherson.http://www.kaws.org/PDF/Save%20Money%20and%20Time_10.21.05.pdfDept.ofAgricultureandAquaculture.undated.Livestockwateringsystemsforpasture.NewBrunswickAgriculture,FisheriesandAquaculture,Fredericton.http://www.gnb.ca/0173/30/0173300014-e.aspHenning,F.,M.RisseandW.Segars.1998.Hydraulicramsforoff-streamlivestockwatering.Univ.ofGeorgiaCoop.Ext.Serv.,Athens.http://www.engr.uga.edu/service/extension/publications/rampump3.pdf#search=%22rampump3%22Hilliard,C.andS.Reedyk(eds)Prairiewaterresources.SaskatchewanResearchCouncil,Saskatoon,SKhttp://www.quantumlynx.com/water/vol15no1/pwn_hm.htmlHilliard,C.andS.Reedyk.rev.2003.Alternativestodirectaccesslivestockwatering.AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada,Toronto.http://www.agr.gc.ca/pfra/water/directac_e.htm
![Page 149: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
147
Landefeld,M.andJ.Bettinger.2002.Livestockwaterdevel-opment.Ext.FactsheetANR-12-02.OhioStateUniv.Ext.,Columbus.http://ohioline.osu.edu/anr-fact/pdf/0012.pdfMarsh,L.2001.Pumpingwaterfromremotelocationsforlivestockwatering.VirginiaCoop.Ext.Pub.No.442-755.VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniv.,Petersburg.http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/bse/442-755/442-755.htmlMcCormack,K.rev.2001.Watermanagementguide:forlive-stockproduction,waterqualityandwildlifehabitat.OntarioCattlemen’sAssoc.andAgric.AdaptationCouncil,Guelph.McIver,S.2004.Usingoff-streamwatersourcesasaben-eficialmanagementpracticeinriparianareas–aliteraturereview.AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanadaPrairieFarmRehabilitationAdministration,Toronto.http://www.agr.gc.ca/pfra/land/OffStreamWatering_e.pdfMorris,M.andV.Lynne.2002.Solar-poweredlivestockwateringsystems.LivestockTech.Note.IP217.AppropriateTech.TransferforRuralAreas,Fayetteville.http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/PDF/solarlswater.pdfNorthCarolinaDivisionofSoilandWaterConservation.undated.Pasturemanagementcattleexclusionfromcreeks,streamsandrivers.NorthCarolinaDept.ofEnvironmentalandNaturalResources,Raleigh.http://www.enr.state.nc.us/dswc/pages/cattle&livestock.htmlPfost,D.,J.Gerrish,M.DavisandM.Kennedy.2003.Pumpsandwateringsystemsformanagedbeefgrazing.EQ380.Univ.Missouri.Ext.,Columbia.http://muextension.missouri.edu/explorepdf/envqual/eq0380.pdf
Powell,G.M.andH.George.2006.Alternativelivestockwatering:coveredconcretewaterer.MF2737.Kans.StateUniv.Agr.Exp.Sta.andCoop.Ext.,Manhattan.Ruhl,S.,J.Overmoyer,D.Barker,andL.Brown.undated.Usinggeotextilefabricinlivestockoperations.FactsheetAEX-304-97.OhioStateUniv.,Columbus.http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0304.htmlSheffield,R.undated.Developingoff-streamwatersources.NorthCarolinaStateUniv.Coop.Ext.,Raleigh.http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/manure/cattle/developosws.pdfStone,R.andS.Clarke.2004.Alternativelivestockwateringsystems.Factsheet04-027.OntarioMinistryofAgric.andFood,Toronto.http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/04-027.htmSurber,G.,K.WilliamsandM.Manoukian.2005.Drink-ingwaterqualityforbeefcattle:anenvironmentfriendly&productionmanagementenhancementtechnique.AnimalandRangeSciences,ExtensionService,MontanaStateUniv.,Bozeman.http://animalrangeextension.montana.edu/Articles/NatResourc/Drinking%20Water%20Quality%20for%20Beef%20Cattle.pdfTurner,L.1997.Usinggeotextilesforfeedingandtrafficsur-faces.AEN-79.Univ.ofKentuckyCoop.Ext.Serv.,Frankfort.http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/aen/aen79/aen79.pdfUndersander,D.andB.Pillsbury.1999.Grazingstreamsidepastures.A3699.Univ.ofWisconsinExt.,Madison.http://s142412519.onlinehome.us/uw/pdfs/A3699.PDFWells,G.1995.Wateringsystemsforgrazinglivestock.PM-1604.IowaStateUniv.,Ames.http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM1604.pdf
![Page 150: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
148
Contributors
hardened surface access
p.101 Balch,Phil TheWatershedInstitute
windmill p.69 Blocksome,Carol
KSUExtension-Agronomy
horizontal well p.21 Haag,Dennis TetraTech,Inc.water harvesting p.37 Haag,Dennis TetraTech,Inc.
solar power p.55 Herschel,George
KSUExtension-KCARE
bottomless tank p.109 Herschel,George
KSUExtension-KCARE
concrete waterer p.93 Herschel,George
KSUExtension-KCARE
super-insulated waterer
p.105 Herschel,George
KSUExtension-KCARE
wet well p.27 Herschel,George
KSUExtension-KCARE
fiberglass or galvanized tank
p.117 Howell,Mary KansasRuralCenter
hardened mat p.123 Howell,Mary KansasRuralCenterhauled water p.49 Howell,Mary KansasRuralCenterwater storage tank p.87 Howell,Mary KansasRuralCenterdeveloped spring p.17 Jost,Jerry KansasRuralCenterstream p.9 Kirkham,Dale KansasRuralCenterpond and pit p.13 Kirkham,Dale KansasRuralCenteranimal activated pumping system
p.73 Kirkham,Dale KansasRuralCenter
limited access watering points
p.97 Kirkham,Dale KansasRuralCenter
fencing the pond p.131 Kirkham,Dale KansasRuralCenter
grazing manage-ment changes for water quality
p.127 Kirkham,Dale KansasRuralCenter
tire tank p.113 Kirkham,Dale KansasRuralCenterdrilled well p.31 Powell,Morgan KSUExtension-
BAEpump p.59 Powell,Morgan KSUExtension-
BAEpipeline network from off-site water source
p.83 Powell,Morgan KSUExtension-BAE
water powered pump
p.77 Powell,Morgan KSUExtension-BAE
wind powered air pressure system
p.65 Powell,Morgan KSUExtension-BAE
rural water district p.45 Powell,Morgan KSUExtension-BAE
KSU–KansasStateUniversity
BAE–DepartmentofBiologicalandAgriculturalEngineering
KCARE–KansasCenterforAgriculturalResourcesandtheEnvironment
![Page 151: Waterers and Watering Systems - KSRE Bookstoreand watering systems: A handbook for livestock owners and landowners. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060501/5f1b78dad34b07049f2e35f6/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
149
Photo Credits Design Credits
BrentWoods NRCS-SouthDakota p.72CarolBlocksome KSUExtension-
Agronomyp.FrontCover,8,12,44,48,53,58,76,100,108
DaleKirkham KansasRuralCenter p.86HerschelGeorge KSUExtension-KCARE p.7,26,64,135JerryJost KansasRuralCenter p.2,3,4,5,16,91,112,
116,126,130MaryHowell KansasRuralCenter p.4,5,96MorganPowell KSUExtension-BAE p.36,68StacieMinson KSUExtension-KCARE p.122WaterFick KSUExtension-
Agronomyp.104,121
Snyder&Asso-ciatesConsultingEngineers
p.20
ArtKohl AgriculturalProducer p.30
ChristopherMiceli TetraTech,Inc. p.38,56,98,114MorganPowellandPatHackenberg
KSUExtension-BAEKSUExtension-Communications
p.14,18,19,22,28,32,60,66,70,74,78,80,82,88,94,106,110,115,124,132
Brandnamesappearinginthispublicationareforproductidentificationpurposesonly.Noendorsementisintended,noriscriticismimpliedofsimilarproductsnotmentioned.
PublicationsfromKansasStateUniversityareavailableontheWorldWideWebat:www.oznet.ksu.edu
Contentsofthispublicationmaybefreelyreproducedforeducationalpurposes.Allotherrightsreserved.Ineachcase,creditCarolBlocksomeandMorganPowell,editors,WaterersandWateringSystems:AHandbookforLivestockProducersandLandowners,
KansasStateUniversity,January,2007.
Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service
S-147 January,2007
K-StateResearchandExtensionisanequalopportunityproviderandemployer.IssuedinfurtheranceofCooperativeExtensionWork,ActsofMay8andJune30,1914,asamended.KansasStateUniversity,CountyExtensionCouncils,ExtensionDistricts,andUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureCooperating,FredA.Cholick,Director.