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1 Dr James Hills Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA) - University of Tasmania Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage options

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Page 1: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

1

Dr James HillsTasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA) - University of Tasmania

Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage options

Page 2: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

Summary

• Forages and WUE• Irrigation scheduling• Pasture productivity• Grazing management

Page 3: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

Water use efficiency (WUE)

• Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used

• Perennial ryegrass 1.1–1.2t DM/ML• Turnips 4t DM/ML• Maize 5t DM/ML

• Achieving high forage yields (t DM/ha) is a key determinant to maximising WUE

Page 4: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

Irrigation scheduling

• Need to know– Readily available water– Evapotranspiration– System capacity

– Soil moisture probes are useful to visualise what is in the bucket!!

Page 5: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

Readily Available Water  (RAW)

• Ranges between 9 and 27mm for pasture with root depth of 30cm

Page 6: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

Water in and out

System capacity

• The system capacity is the maximum possible rate at which the machine can apply water to the irrigated field area.

• Expressed in mm/day —NOT the depth applied per pass (mm).

Evapotranspiration

0

1

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8

1/06

/201

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1/07

/201

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1/08

/201

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1/10

/201

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1/11

/201

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1/12

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1/01

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/201

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/201

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1/05

/201

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1/06

/201

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1/07

/201

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1/08

/201

6

6 to 6.5 mm/day maximum in January

ET0 (m

m)

Deloraine

Page 7: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

• RAW  24mm• ETo max 6.5mm/day• Designed system capacity 6.5mm/day• Irrigating one day in three• Depth applied 6.5mm every third day• Managed system capacity 2.17mm/day

‐45

‐40

‐35

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‐25

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‐5

0

5

Soil water deficit (m

m)

field capacity refill point water every 3rd day

Page 8: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

Irrigation scheduling and pasture productivity

Page 9: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

Pasture growth rates 2016Cressy vs Montana

kg DM/ha/da

y

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26/01/20

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31/01/20

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5/02

/201

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10/02/20

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20/02/20

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25/02/20

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1/03

/201

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6/03

/201

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11/03/20

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16/03/20

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Cressy Montana

Cressy

Montana

Page 10: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

The green drought

Average ETo = 4.9mm/day Designed system capacity = 6.3mm/dayManaged system capacity=  1.8mm/dayNeed to water 5.5 days out of seven.

Page 11: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

The farmer’s calculation

• Cressy averaged 30–40kg DM/ha/day

• Opportunity loss of 20kg DM/ha/day

• Opportunity loss of 210t pasture on 117ha pivot replaced with purchased grain

• $200/t extra cost

• $42,000 extra cost over three months

Page 12: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

2016/17 pasture growth rates

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90

6/11/2016

26/11/2016

16/12/2016

5/01/2017

25/01/2017

14/02/2017

6/03/2017

26/03/2017

15/04/2017

5/05/2017kg DM/ha/da

y

Cressy

average

Cutting silage Grazing management

Page 13: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

2016/17 soil moisture

Under irrigating

675083484283 54 32 kg DM/ha/day

Page 14: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

Water budget

kg DM/ha/day

‐40

‐30

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‐10

0

10

20

3025

‐Oct

27‐Oct

29‐Oct

31‐Oct

2‐Nov

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2‐De

c

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c

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c

10‐Dec

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26‐Dec

28‐Dec

30‐Dec

Soil Moisture De

ficit (m

m)  Ra

in and

 Irrig

Water budget 25 October ‐ 31 December 2016

irr Rain Def

83 43 54

Page 15: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

WUE calculations

• 36.3kg DM/ha/day• 90.5mm rainfall + irrigation• 1.1t DM/ML

• 83.3kg DM/ha/day• 159mm water requirement• 1.5t DM/ML

Page 16: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

‐60

‐50

‐40

‐30

‐20

‐10

0

10

20

30

1‐Jan

2‐Jan

3‐Jan

4‐Jan

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1‐Feb

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8‐Feb

9‐Feb

10‐Feb

Soil  M

oisture De

ficit   (mm)   Rain an

d Irrig

Water budget 01 Jan ‐ 10 Feb 2017

Irrigation Rain Deficit

5054 7144

Grazing management

83 56

kg DM/ha/day

Page 17: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

Top three take‐home messages

• Beware of the green drought• Poor watering costs production and money• Grazing management important (utilisation is key to profitability)

Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology

Page 18: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

Tools, resources and training

The Yield IrrisatScheduling Irrigation 

Diary (SID)

https://sid.usq.edu.au/http://www.theyield.com/products/free‐growers‐app

https://irrisat‐cloud.appspot.com/

Page 19: Water use efficiency and irrigation management of Tasmanian forage … · 2017-08-02 · Water use efficiency (WUE) •Ratio of dry matter (DM) production to water used •Perennial

Acknowledgements

David McLaren, TIABill Cotching, TIAReuben Wells, AgLogic

Farmers