water security background paper by gwp technical committee members
DESCRIPTION
Presentation made by Wouter Lincklaen Arriens, Eelco van Beek, Oscar Cordeiro and Zaki Shubber,,Members of GWP Technical Committee, GWP Regional Days Meeting, August 22-24, 2012, Stockholm, SwedenTRANSCRIPT
Water SecurityBackground Paper
How can you contribute from your region?
Wouter Lincklaen Arriens
Eelco van Beek
Oscar Cordeiro
Zaki Shubber
124 Aug 2012
Outline of the Paper (see template)
1. IWRM: our journey and mental models– link between IWRM and water security– 10 pages
2. Water Security: what it is and what it takes– dimensions and definition of water security– how to quantify: framework and indicators– 25 pages
3. Good Practice: making a difference– how to implement and apply in decision making– 25 pages
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Water Security as emerging paradigm
• The term is used more and more– at policy/political level (e.g. Nile agreement) but also at business
level (e.g. WEF)• Mainly to express something we want to achieve
– … a water secure world …. (GWP)– … recognizing the vital importance of water security
…. (Nile agreement) • Few attempts as yet to quantify water security
• Question 1: who is our target audience for the paper?
• Question 2: why and how quantify water security?
Chapter 1 - IWRM and Water Security
1. IWRM and its role to support economic development and social well-being
2. Summarizing the key principles and concepts of IWRM
3. Water security – an emerging paradigm
4. Water security and IWRM – are they complementary?
5. IWRM as an adaptive process to increase water security
6. No country is the same – no river basin is the same
Key message in chapter 1
• Water Security and IWRM are complementary– IWRM focuses on process / governance– Water security specifies what we aim to achieve
Defining water security
DimensionsIndicatorsTargets
Quantifying water security
Present situationMeasuresScoring
Water Security
Defining water security
DimensionsIndicatorsTargets
Quantifying water security
Present situationMeasuresScoring
Water SecurityIWRM in the Planning Cycle
Chapter 2
1. Dimensions of water security
2. Defining water security
3. Scales in water security – water security for who?
4. Water security in relation to other ‘securities’
5. Increasing water security – depending on the conditions
6. Quantifying water security – the indicators
7. An analysis framework to apply water security in planning and decision making
Definitions of water security
• Different disciplines have a different framing of the term• Many definitions (> 25)• Most frequently used:
• The 3 dimensions of Water Security in river basins:– managing the resource (for economic and human use)– mitigating the risks (flood, droughts, etc.)– sharing water and benefits (upsteam-downstream, transboundary, etc.)
• Water Security at different scales: national, river basin, specific geographic areas (e.g. delta’s), cities, local communities, households
The availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods, ecosystems and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks to people
Grey and Sadoff (2007)
Critiques – mainly from academic community
• Inside or outside the water box?• Link to other securities like food and energy?
Global web of national water securities Zeitoun, University of East Anglia
Back to Question 1: who is our target audience for the paper?
Flip-side of water security
• Does your water security come at the cost of insecurity:– for someone else?– somewhere else?
• Virtual water / water foot printing
• Question 3: How to deal with virtual water in the paper?
Quantifying water security
• Steps involved:– selecting relevant indicators for water security– combining indicators into a water security index
• Integrated approaches – some examples– Asian Water Development Outlook (AWDO) and pilot
application to river basin indexes by the Network of Asian River Basin Organizations (NARBO)
– Maplecroft• What should GWP recommend?
Question 4: What kind of score cards could we use?
AWDO Approach – 5 Key Dimensions
1. Satisfy household water and sanitation needs in all communities
2. Support productive economies in agriculture and industry
3. Develop vibrant, livable cities and towns
4. Restore healthy rivers and ecosystems
5. Build resilient communities that can adapt to change.
Composite Index
BrantasIndonesia
2.40 – 3.80
National tbc
NOT YET FOR CIRCULATION OR QUOTATION
Basin
Laguna LakePhilippines
2.20 – 3.60
tbc
Tone and AraJapan
3.40 – 4.20
tbc
Example: Brantas Basin - Indonesia
1. Satisfy household water and sanitation needs in all communities2. Support productive economies in agriculture and industry3. Develop vibrant, livable cities and towns4. Restore healthy rivers and ecosystems5. Build resilient communities that can adapt to change.
Asian Water Development Outlook (AWDO)Vision for Water Security with 5 Key Dimensions (for countries)
Water Security Assessments for BasinsHow far is water security improved in IWRM process?
IWRM Spiral Model
AWDO Water Security
Indices
Basin Capital
Pilot Basins: • Brantas – Indonesia• Laguna Lake – Philippines• Tone-Ara – Japan
Water Security Assessments in River BasinsAdapting Water Security Index to River Basins and Estimating Basin Capitals
Pilot Basins:
KD1: Household Water Security Index
What it measures: Performance in satisfying household water and sanitation needs and improving hygiene for public health
KD 1 = f (water supply (%), sanitation (%), DALY*)
* DALY: Age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (for diarrhea)
KD2: Economic Water Security Index
What it measures: Performance in ensuring the productive use of water to sustain economic growth in food production, industry and energy
KD 2 = f (water productivity in agriculture, industry, and energy)
KD3: Urban Water Security Index
What it measures: Performance in creating better urban water services and management to develop vibrant, livable cities and towns
KD 3 = f (urban water supply (%), sanitation (%), flood)
KD4: Environmental Water Security Index
What it measures: Performance in restoring their river basins and ecosystems to health on a national and regional scale
KD 4 = f (pressures/threats, vulnerability/resilience)
KD5: Resilience Index (water-related disasters)
What it measures: Performance in building resilient communities that can adapt to change
KD 5 = f (exposure, vulnerability, capacity)
Composite Water Security Index
What it measures: How countries or basins are progressing towards water security
5: Model4: Effective3: Capable2: Engaged1: Hazardous
CI = f (KD1, KD2, KD3, KD4, KD5) expressed in 5 stages:
Pilot BasinsAdapting Water Security Index to River Basins and Estimating Basin Capitals
Brantas River Basin
Indonesia
Area: 11,988 km2
Population: 13.3 million
5.6 % of National GDP
Laguna Lake Basin
Philippines
Area: 3,059 km2
Population: 7.8 million
13.0 % of National GDP
Tone and Ara BasinJapan
Area: 19,780 km2
Population: 32.1 million
29.9 % of National GDP
Maplecroft Approach – Water Security Risk Index
• Indicators used– access to improved drinking water and sanitation – availability of renewable water – reliance on external water supplies – the relationship between water supply and demand within a
country – the overall water dependency of each country’s economy
• Result– water security risk assessment (score between 0-10) per
country; from extreme risk (0-2.5) to low risk (7.5-10)– mainly designed for business purposes– no local conditions,– no attention for other securities (food, energy, etc.)
GWP approach?• No country is the same – no river basin is the same
– no one-size-fits all solution to increase water security– stakeholders to determine the keys for success in each case
• Different scales and purposes– measuring water security at national, basin, and city scale– assessing water security performance in own location– comparing water security with other countries, basins, cities– presenting water security status to professionals or decision-makers
and general public
• Question 5: What framework / method will GWP recommend for measuring water security?
IWRM criteria
DimensionEconomic efficiency
Social equity
Environmental sustainability
Managing the resource
indicator 1Indicator 2
indicator 3Indicator 4
indicator 5Indicator 6Indicator 7
Mitigating the risks indicator 8indicator 9
Indicator 10indicator 11
Sharing water and benefits
indicator 13Indicator 14
indicator 15indicator 16Indicator 17
Start with determining relevant indicators to assess water security in your own location:
Example matrix for use in river basins
What might become GWP’s approach?
Step 1: Assess relevant indicators (for own location)– guided by a matrix of indicators for key dimensions and
reflecting economic, social and environmental criteria (dimensions may be different for water security at national, basin and city scales)
– assess current status and present values in a score card
Step 2: Determine actions (for own location)– determine vision and desired indicator target values– select development path (road map) with specific measures to
increase water security and achieve vision
Step 3: Determine index values– compare own performance with other locations and benchmarks
using national, basin or city water security indexes, basin capital, and others ….. (also useful when presenting to decision-makers)
Research into indicators
• Literature research– What quantifiable indicators can be used to measure important
aspects of water security?
• Sources looked at:– World Water Development Report 4 “Managing Water under Uncertainty
and Risk”– UN-Water Key Water Sector Indicators– Expert Group on Indicators, Monitoring and Databases Proposed
Indicators– Water Poverty Index– Asian Water Development Outlook– Others (suggestions welcome)
Coping Capacity Water Stress LOW HIGH
LOW
Water security issues: Vulnerability to floods Pollution Increasing needs for water & sanitation
services (mainly to large cities) Increasing water security through: Development of an appropriate stock of
infrastructure (storage, flood control, etc.) Proper legislation and adequate
institutions Integrated and comprehensive water
planning
Water security issues: Mitigate for past, present and future
pollution Ecosystems need for water Legal frameworks ensuring access for all Increasing water security through: Effective legal frameworks at a range of
scales Economic incentives More ethical management
HIGH
Water security issues Water demand growing fast Water availability falling to crisis level Overexploitation of groundwater Shortages compounded by pollution Low efficiency of irrigation Vulnerability to floods/droughts Increasing water security through: Optimal mix of increasing supply and
managing demand Strengthening the institutional capacities
and adopting a more cohesive and integrated legal framework
Developing appropriate mechanisms for intersectoral water allocation
Water security issues: Declining water resources Pollution abatement Environmental requirements Conflicts of use Increasing water security through: Water conservation and reuse Sustainable policies and legal frameworks
and institutions for water management and dispute prevention and resolution
Strengthening waste water and pollution control through enforceable legal and institutional mechanisms
How to increase water security (from Perspectives Paper)
Chapter 3
1. Building capacity and partnerships
2. Practical tools and approaches• including tools to help to map the road from level A to
level B
3. Water security and governance
4. Dealing with uncertainty and managing risk
Time schedule
• Now: outline and contributions from GWP regions and knowledge chain
• September: inter-regional expert workshop• End October: first draft for peer-review• December: final draft for editing and lay-outing• January: launch paper at Abu Dhabi summit
Please contribute now!
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Contributions requested (see template)• Chapter 1 on IWRM: our journey and mental models
– Successful IWRM implementation cases in countries, river basins, and cities
– Cases showing the ‘IWRM spiral of progress’ (e.g. update of basin plan, showing realization and increased performance level)
• Chapter 2 on Water Security: what it is and what it takes– Suggestions for figures that illustrate the various dimensions of
water security in relation to IWRM criteria– Examples of assessing and measuring water security (for
countries, river basins, and cities), illustrating methodology (science) as well as practical guidelines (the art).
– Case of IWRM approach for water-food-energy-climate nexus• Chapter 3 on Good Practice: making a difference
– Successful leadership examples in IWRM implementation through multi-stakeholder platforms and partnerships
– Examples of specific tools and approaches to quantify the various dimensions of water security
For discussion now
1. Clarify concept, approach, rationale
2. Contribute cases, examples, justification from the regions
3. Create how will you use the background paper to create opportunities to increase
water security in our own location?
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