water quality standards
TRANSCRIPT
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Dr. Vikas GuptaJunior Resident
Deptt. Of Community MedicinePGIMS, Rohtak
Next to air, water is a necessity of life. We cannot live without it for more than a few day, just as without air we cannot live for more than a few minutes. Therefore, as in case of air nature has provided us with ample amount of water. Drinking water must be pure…..
MAHATMA GANDHI.
Next to air, water is a necessity of life. We cannot live without it for more than a few day, just as without air we cannot live for more than a few minutes. Therefore, as in case of air nature has provided us with ample amount of water. Drinking water must be pure…..
MAHATMA GANDHI.
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION• PROBLEM STATEMENT: WORLD AND INDIA • FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING WATER• GUIDELINE VALUES• PROGRAMMES FOR SAFE WATER
INTRODUCTION
• In 1981, 34th WHA in a resolution emphasized that safe drinking water is a basic element of “primary health” care which is a key to the attainment of “health for all”.
• A report prepared by the World Health Organization in cooperation with the World Bank showed that in 1975, some 1230 million people were without safe water supplies. These appalling facts were central to the United Nations decision to declare an International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation decade, beginning in 1981.
• Further, the VI Five-Year Plan of India(1980-85) had made a special provision for availability of safe Drinking water for the masses. Therefore, the standard was prepared with the objective of assessing the quality of water resources, and to check the effectiveness of water treatment and supply by the concerned authorities.
• Routine surveillance of drinking water supplies must be carried out by the relevant authorities to understand the risk of specific pathogens and to define proper control procedures.
• Precautions/care should be taken to prevent contamination of drinking water from chlorine resistant parasites such as cryptosporidium species and giardia.
INTRODUCTION
SAFE WATER
• Free from pathogenic agents and harmful chemical substances and excessive amount of minerals which could produce undesirable physiological effects,
• Pleasant to the taste i.e. free from colour and odour and
• Usable for domestic purposes.
POTABLE/WHOLESOME WATER
Further, the VI Five-Year Plan of India(1980-85) had made a special provision for availability of safe Drinking water for the masses. Therefore, the standard was prepared with the objective of assessing the quality of water resources, and to check the effectiveness of water treatment and supply by the concerned authorities.
Safe water pleasant to taste, odour, colourless, and does not stain clothes and utensils.
A per capita availability of less than 1700 cubic metres (m3) per year is termed as a water-stressed condition while per capita availability below 1000 (m3) per year is termed as a water scarcity condition.
WATER REQUIREMENT (a) physiological (b) domestic
Rural≥40Lpcd,
source should be - 1.6 Km and <100 m
elevation difference in
hilly area
1 hand pump/250
persons+ 30L additional water in
DDP(desert developmant programme)
for cattle
Urban piped supply
without sewerage – 70
Lpcd
piped supply with sewerage
– 135Lpcd
metropolitan – 150 Lpcd
public stand post- 40Lpcd
WATER REQUIREMENT(40Lpcd)
3L• Drinking
5L• Cooking
7L• Washing utensils/ house
15L• Bathing
10L• Ablution/ toilets
Distribution of Global Water
Domestic use 8%
Industrial use 22%
Agricultural use 70%
Domestic use 8%
Industrial use 10%
Agricultural use 82%
Domestic use 11%
Agricultural use 30%
Industrial use59%
Water use Worldwide
WORLD AND INDIA PROBLEM STATEMENT
Disease burden from water pollution
Water-associated infectious diseases claim up to 32 lac lives each year, approximately 6% of all deaths globally and the loss of greater than 750 lac healthy life years.
The lack of adequate sanitation and safe water has significant negative health impacts including diarrhoea, referred to by travellers as the "Delhi Belly" and experienced by about 1 crore visitors annually.
ESTIMATED BURDEN OF DIARRHOEA IN DALY’s
AFRICA
THE AMERICAS
EASTERN M
EDITERANEAN
EUROPE
SOUTH EAST
ASIAN REGIO
N
WEST PACIFI
C REGION
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000 DALYs (000s) by diarhoeal disease in WHO Regions, estimates for 2004
Diarrhoeal diseases in India: Estimated DALYs lost DALY: Disability-Adjusted Life-Year
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHOLERA AND ENTERIC DISEASES, KOLKATA
Millennium development goal
• •
• GOAL 7 : Ensure
environment stability.
TARGET 7.C : Halve the proportion of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation by 2015 .
INDICATOR 7.8 : Proportion of
population with sustainable access to an improved water source in urban and
rural.
• Over the past 21 years, > 210 crore people gained access to improved drinking water sources since 1990, exceeding the MDG target.
• The proportion of the global population using improved sources reached 89% in 2010, up from 76% in 1990.
• Drinking water coverage has increased in all regions except the Caucasus and Central Asia. There, coverage rates dropped from 89% in 1990 to 86%in 2011.
• Despite unprecedented progress, 76.8 crore people still drew water from an unimproved source in 2011.
Millennium development goal
• 83% of the population without access to an improved drinking water source (63.6 crore) live in rural areas.
• 38% of the 620 crore people globally using an improved drinking water source do not enjoy the convenience and associated health and economic benefits of piped drinking water at home.
• It is encouraging to note that the share of people relying on untreated surface water as their main drinking water source dropped from 6% in 1990 to 3% in 2011.
• Still, over 18 crore people rely on rivers, streams, ponds or lakes to meet their daily drinking water needs.
Millennium development goal
Current water situation of World
Current Situation: >10% of the world's population do not have access to safe drinking water.
40% do not have sufficient water for adequate living and hygiene.
By 2050, water scarcity will affect 200 to 700 crore people out of total 930 crore.
Disease burden from water pollution
India with 16% of the world's population has only 4% of the fresh water resources.
Per capita availability of fresh water in India has dropped from 1816 cubic meters 2001 census,was to 1545 cubic meters as per the 2011 census and is estimated that it will be 833 in 2025 and 899 in 2050
Current water situation in India
Household’s source of waterSource Percentage of population
Piped drinking water 39-42% Rural 28% Urban 71%
Handpumps 39-42% Rural 47.3% Urban 20.8%
Wells 19%
Surface water 3%
Current water situation in India
In many rural areas, women still have to walk a distance of about 2.5 kms to reach the source of water.
On an average, a rural woman walks more than 14000 km a year just to fetch water. Water source being open dug well, the quality of water is poor; dirty, saline and has turbidity.
Current water situation in India
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING WATER
Framework for Safe Drinking Water: Requirements
Health-based targets
System assessment
Operational monitoring
Management plan and
monitoring plans - describing
actions to be taken in normal operation and
incident conditions
A system of independent surveillance
Types of health-based targets
• Measures reduction in detected disease incidence or prevalence.
• Microbial or chemical hazards with high measurable disease burden largely water associated. For eg. Flouride.
Health outcome targets
• Established for individual drinking-water constituents that represent a health risk from long-term exposure and where fluctuations in concentration are small or occur over long periods.
• Expressed as guideline values (concentrations) of the substances or chemicals of concern.
Water quality targets (WQTs)
Types of health-based targets
Performance targets
Specified technology
targets
What is Water safety plans?
It comprises of the three essential actions that are the responsibility of the drinking-water supplier in order to ensure that drinking-water is safe.
System assessment.
Effective operational monitoring; and
Management
Water safety plans The primary objectives of a WSP in ensuring good drinking-water supply practice are :
Minimization of contamination of
source waters.
Reduction or removal of
contamination through treatment
processes.
Prevention of contamination during storage, distribution and
handling of drinking-water.
Guided by health-based targets and overseen through drinking-water supply surveillance.
System assessment and design
1.• Multidisciplinary team of experts with a thorough understanding of the drinking
water system.
2.• For eg. engineers, catchment & water managers, water quality specialists,
environmental or public health or hygienist professionals, operational staff and representatives of consumers.
3.
• Provides an overview description of the drinking-water system, including characterization of the source, identification of potential pollution sources in the catchment, measures for resource and source protection, treatment processes, storage and distribution infrastructure.
Operational monitoring
Objectives of operational monitoring are : 1. For the drinking-water supplier to monitor each control measure in a timely manner to enable effective system management and 2. To ensure that health-based targets are achieved.
Parameters used in operational monitoring
• Turbidity• UV absorbency• Algal growth• Flow and retention time• Colour, conductivity and local meteorological events
For source waters
• Disinfectant concentration and contact time• UV intensity• pH• Light absorbency• Membrane integrity• Turbidity and Colour
For treatment
• Chlorine residual monitoring -- A sudden disappearance of an otherwise stable residual can indicate ingress of contamination.
• Faecal indicator bacteria • Pressure measurement and turbidity are also useful in operational
monitoring.
In piped distribution
systems
Management procedures
• Effective management implies definition of actions to be taken in response to variations that occur during normal operational conditions; of actions to be taken in specific incident situations where a loss of control of the system may occur; and of procedures to be followed in unforeseen and emergency situations.
• Management procedures should be documented alongside system assessment, monitoring plans, supporting program and communication required to ensure safe operation of the system.
Water quality Surveillance
• “The continuous and vigilant public health assessment and review of the safety and acceptability of drinking-water supplies”
(WHO, 1976).
• Done by independent agency (state public health department).
• Investigates the activity and identifies the corrective or preventive measures and gives feedback to water supplying agency.
• This surveillance contributes to the protection of public health by promoting improvement of the quality, quantity, accessibility, coverage, affordability and continuity of water supplies (known as service indicators).
• Complementary to the quality control function.
Effective surveillance includes:
Regular testing of residual chlorine at
consumer level.
Regular collection of water samples
and testing of water samples for
E. coli or thermotolerant
bacteria and coliform count.
Regular interaction with supplying
agency.
Monitor water borne diseases for
early warning.
Contd.
Monitor outbreaks of water borne
diseases
Sanitary inspection.
Education of safe water to
people
Training of community members
and PRI for home and
well chlorination.
Intersectoral coordination
.
Effective surveillance contd.
• On-site inspection and evaluation by qualified individuals of all conditions, devices, and practices in the water supply system that pose an actual danger to the health and well being of the consumers.
Sanitary inspection
• Minimum level of analysis should include:• Testing for indicators for faecal pollution.• Turbidity• Chlorine (residual)• pH
Water sampling
and analysis
Water quality Surveillance
• For establishing a baseline status in the country,
1. It is suggested that all district and sub-district level water quality testing laboratories conduct drinking water quality
analysis once each in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in a year for chemical parameters and bacteriological
2. And then subsequently monitor only those parameters which are found to be present or the concentrations nearing
the desirable limits.
Water quality Surveillance
Location of sampling points
• Representative of the different sources from which water is obtained by the public or enters the system.
• Representative of the conditions at the most unfavourable sourcesThere
are about 50 lakh reported public drinking water sources in the country.
• Considering many unreported and/or private sources, the total number of drinking water exceed 60 lakh.
• If these are to be tested twice in a year (for bacteriological analysis) and once a year (Pre-monsoon) for chemical analysis, 120 lakh water samples have to be tested in the country in a year.
• As reported by States, about 1,869 district and sub-district water testing laboratories (including labs other than PHED labs) exist in the country, though many of them are still not fully functional.
• If all such laboratories are made fully functional and considering a capacity of 3,000 samples to be tested in a year per laboratory, the number of sources that could be tested in a year would be 3,000x 1869 = 56 lakh samples i.e. about 50%.
• Under National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP), provision for setting up new sub-district level laboratories has been made to bridge the gap.
• Further, the decentralized Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Programme started in the year 2005-06 envisages indicative testing of all drinking water sources (both public and private) using simple field test kits and only positively tested samples to be referred to District and Sub-district water testing laboratories for confirmation.
Water quality Surveillance
Sampling frequency in piped water system
POPULATION SERVED No. OF MONTHLY SAMPLES
<5000 1
5000-100,000 1/5000 population
>100,000- 500,000 1/10,000 population +10 additional samples
>500,000 1/10,000 population +50 additional samples
Analytic Test Method of sample collection
For General Analysis • 2 litre (non-acidified).• Collected in clean glass stoppered bottles–
WINCHESTER QUART BOTTLES.• Rinse three times with water before filling.• Stored at low temperature(40C)
For Bacteriological Analysis • 250 ml in sterilized bottles.• Add sodium thiosulphate, if sample
contains chlorine.• Should not be opened before filling.• Collect sample.• Examine or keep in ice until analyzed.• Iced sample should be analysed within 48
hrs after collection.
For Metals Analysis 1000 ml acidified sample for metal analysis.
WINCHESTER QUART BOTTLES
• The State level laboratory shall concentrate on analysis of specific parameters of local importance like :
1. pesticides, toxic substances,
2. bacteriological and virological parameters, Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCB),
3. Disinfection bi-products like Tri Chloro Methanes (TCM), etc.
Water quality Surveillance
Water quality control
• To ensure that water services meet agreed national standards & institutional targets.
• To provide valuable information:1. Quality of source of water.2. Efficiency of treatment and water quality
variables.3. Natural and seasonal variations.4. Identifies need for taking remedial action.
GUIDELINE VALUES
Water quality – criteria and standards
1.• Acceptability aspects includes: PHYSICAL PARAMETERS AND
INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
2.
• Microbiological aspects includes:• A. Bacteriological indicators (1) Coliform organisms (2) Faecal streptococci
(3) Cl. Perfringes• B. Virological aspects• C. Biological aspects
3. • Chemical aspects
4. • Radiological aspects
WATER QUALITY STANDARDIndian Standard
Drinking Water - SpecificationIS 10500 : 2012(Second Rivision)
Colour, Hazen UnitsIS 10500-2012 Desirable : 5 Hz. , Permissible : 15 Hz.
Risks or effects Visible tint, acceptance decreases
Sources Tannins, Iron, Copper, ManganeseNatural deposits
Treatment Filtration, Distillation, Reverse osmosis, Ozonisation
OdourIS 10500-2012 Unobjectionable
Risks or effects Rotten egg, Musty, Chemical
Sources Chlorine, Hydrogen sulphide, Organic matter, Septic contamination, Methane gas
Treatment Activated carbon, Air stripping, oxidation, Filtration
TurbidityIS 10500-2012 Desirable: 1NTU, Permissible : 5NTU
Risks or effects Interfere with Disinfection
Sources Due to particulate matter
Treatment Activated carbon, Air stripping, oxidation, Filtration
pH
IS 10500- 2012
Desirable :6.5 – 8.5, Permissible :6.5 – 8.5
Risks or effects
Low pH - corrosion, metallic tasteHigh pH – bitter/soda taste, deposits
Sources Natural
TreatmentIncrease pH by soda ashDecrease pH with white vinegar / citric acid
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)IS 10500-2012 Desirable : 500 mg/l , Permissible : 2000 mg/l
Risks or effects Hardness, scaly deposits, sediment, cloudy colored water, staining, salty or bitter taste, corrosion of pipes and fittings
Sources
Livestock waste, septic system Landfills, nature of soil Hazardous waste landfills Dissolved minerals, iron and manganese
Treatment Reverse Osmosis, Distillation, deionization by ion exchange
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HardnessIS 10500-2012 Desirable :200 mg/l , Permissible : 600 mg/l
Risks or effects Scale in utensils and hot water system, soap scums
Sources Dissolved calcium and magnesium from soil and aquifer minerals containing limestone or dolomite
Treatment Water Softener Ion Exchanger , Reverse Osmosis
Top Five Salinity Affected States
Alkalinity IS 10500-2012 Desirable : 200 mg/l , Permissible : 600 mg/lit
Risks or effects
Low Alkalinity (i.e. high acidity) causes deterioration of plumbing and increases the chance for many heavy metals in water are present in pipes, solder or plumbing fixtures.
Sources Pipes, landfills Hazardous waste landfills
Treatment Neutralizing agent
IronIS 10500-2012 Desirable : 0.3 mg/l , Permissible : 0.3 mg/l
Risks or effects Brackish color, rusty sediment, bitter or metallic taste, brown-green stains, iron bacteria, discolored beverages
Sources Leaching of cast iron pipes in water distribution systems Natural
Treatment Oxidizing Filter , Green-sand Mechanical Filter
Top five Iron Affected States
ManganeseIS 10500-2012 Desirable : 0.1 mg/l , Permissible : 0.3 mg/l
Risks or effectsBrownish color, black stains on laundry and fixtures at .2 mg/l, bitter taste, altered taste of water-mixed beverages
Sources Landfills Deposits in rock and soil
Treatment Ion Exchange , Chlorination, Oxidizing Filter , Green-sand Mechanical Filter
SulphateIS 10500-2012 Desirable : 200 mg/l, Permissible : 400 mg/l
Risks or effectsBitter, medicinal taste, scaly deposits, corrosion, laxative effects, "rotten-egg" odour from hydrogen sulphide gas formation
Sources Animal sewage, septic system, sewage By-product of coal mining, industrial waste Natural deposits or salt
Sulphate Treatment Ion Exchange , Distillation , Reverse Osmosis
NitrateIS 10500-2012 Desirable : 45 mg/l, Permissible : 45 mg/litRisks or effects Methemoglobinemia or blue baby disease in infants
Sources
Livestock facilities, septic systems, manure lagoons, Household waste water, Fertilizers,Natural Deposits,
Treatment Ion Exchange, Distillation, Reverse Osmosis
Top Five Nitrate affected States
ChlorideIS 10500-2012 Desirable : 250 mg/l , Permissible : 1000 mg/l
Risks or effects High blood pressure, salty taste, corroded pipes, fixtures and appliances, blackening and pitting of stainless steel
SourcesFertilizersIndustrial wastes Minerals, seawater
Treatment Reverse Osmosis , Distillation, Activated Carbon
Cl
Fluoride
IS 10500-2012 Desirable : 1.0 mg/l, Permissible : 1.5 mg/l
Risks or effects Brownish discoloration of teeth, bone damage
Sources Industrial waste Geological
Treatment Activated Alumina, Distillation, Reverse Osmosis, Ion Exchange
Fluorosis
Top Five Fluoride affected states
ArsenicIS:10500-2012 Desirable: 0.01 mg/l Permissible: 0.05mg/l
Risks or effects Weight loss; Depression; Lack of energy; Skin and nervous system toxicity
Sources
Previously used in pesticides (orchards)Improper waste disposal or product storage of glass or electronics, Mining Rocks
Treatment Activated Alumina Filtration, Reverse Osmosis, Distillation, Chemical Precipitation, Ion exchange, lime softening
Top five Arsenic affected States
ChromiumIS 10500-2012 Desirable : 0.05 mg/l, Permissible : 0.05 mg/l
Risks or effects
Skin irritation, skin and nasal ulcers, lung tumors, gastrointestinal effects, damage to the nervous system and circulatory system, accumulates in the spleen, bones, kidney and liver
SourcesSeptic systems Industrial discharge, mining sites Geological
Treatment Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Distillation
Copper
IS 10500-2012 Desirable : 0.05 mg/l, Permissible : 1.5 mg/l
Risks or effectsAnemia, digestive disturbances, liver and kidney damage, gastrointestinal irritations, bitter or metallic taste; Blue-green stains on plumbing fixtures
Sources
Leaching from copper water pipes and tubing, algae treatment Industrial and mining waste, wood preservatives Natural deposits
Treatment Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Distillation
CyanideIS 10500-2012 Desirable : 0.05 mg/l, Permissible : 0.05 mg/l
Risks or effects Thyroid, nervous system damage
Sources Fertilizer Electronics, steel, plastics mining
Treatment Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Chlorination
LeadIS 10500-2012 Desirable : 0.01 mg/l, Permissible : 0.01 mg/l
Risks or effectsReduces mental capacity (mental retardation), interference with kidney and neurological functions, hearing loss, blood disorders, hypertension, death at high levels
SourcesPaint, diesel fuel combustionPipes and solder, discarded batteries, paint, leaded gasolineNatural deposits
Treatment Ion Exchange, Activated Carbon , Reverse Osmosis, Distillation
Brain Nerve Damage
Hearing Problems
Digestive Issues
Stunted Growth
MercuryIS 10500-2012 Desirable : 0.001 mg/l, Permissible : 0.001 mg/l
Risks or effects Loss of vision and hearing, intellectual deterioration, kidney and nervous system disorders, death at high levels
Sources
Fungicides Batteries, fungicides Mining, electrical equipment, plant, paper and vinyl chloride Natural deposits
Treatment Reverse Osmosis, Distillation
ZincIS 10500-2012 Desirable :5 mg/l, Permissible : 15 mg/l
Risks or effects Metallic taste
Sources Leaching of galvanized pipes and fittings, paints, dyes Natural deposits
Treatment Ion Exchange Water Softeners, Reverse Osmosis, Distillation
Total Coliform BacteriaIS 10500-2012 Nil in 100ml sample
Risks or effects Gastrointestinal illness
SourcesLivestock facilities, septic systems, manure lagoons Household waste waterNaturally occurring
Treatment Chlorination , Ultraviolet, Distillation, Iodination
E.coliform BacteriaIS 10500-2012 Nil / 100ml
Risks or effects Gastrointestinal illness
SourcesLivestock facilities, septic systems, manure lagoons Household waste waterNaturally occurring
Treatment Chlorination , Ultraviolet, Distillation, Iodination
Total Coliform Bacteria andE.coliform Bacteria
IS 10500-2012
E.Coliform or Thermotolerant BacteriaNil / 100ml(Drinking Water, Water entering distribution System, Distribution System)Total coliform bacteriaNil / 100ml(Drinking Water, Water entering distribution System, Distribution SystemIn case of large supplies, where sufficient samples are examined, must not be present in 95% of any samples taken throughout 12mths period.)
Risks or effects Gastrointestinal illness
SourcesLivestock facilities, septic systems, manure lagoons Household waste waterNaturally occurring
Treatment Chlorination , Ultraviolet, Distillation, Iodination
Radioactive Susbstance(α and β activity)IS 10500-2012 0.5Bq/l and 1.0Bq/l respectively
Risks or effects Mutations, Cancers
Top five polluted water bodies and BOD
Constituents ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
Max limit (μg/L)
Carbon tetrachloride 2
Dichloromethane 20
Vinyl chloride 55
1.1-dichloroethane 30
1.2-dichloroethane 50
Benzene 10
Toluene 700
Xylenes 500
Ethyl benzene 300
Styrene 20
Benzolalpyrene 0.7
AROMATIC HYDROCARBON
Aldrin 0.03
Chlordane 0.2
DDT 2
2,4-D 30
Heptachlor 0.03
Hexachlorbenzene 1
Lindane 2
Methoxychlor 20
Pentachlorophenol 9
Top five water Quality affected states
PROGRAMMES FOR SAFE WATER
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance
• 1949 The Environment Hygiene Committee (1949) recommends the provision of safe water supply to cover 90 per cent of India’s population in a timeframe of 40 years.
• 1950 The Constitution of India confers ownership of all water resources to the government, specifying it as a state subject, giving citizens the right to potable water.
• 1969 National Rural Drinking Water Supply program launched with technical support from UNICEF and Rs.254.90 crore is spent during this phase, with 1.2 million bore wells being dug and 17,000 piped water supply schemes being provided.
• 1972-73 Introduction of the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP) by the Government of India to assist states and union territories to accelerate the pace of coverage of drinking water supply.
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance
• 1981 India as a party to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-1990) declaration sets up a national level Apex Committee to define policies to achieve the goal of providing safe water to all villages.
• 1986 The National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) is formed.
• 1987 Drafting of the first National Water Policy by the Ministry of Water Resources.
• 1991 NDWM is renamed the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission(RGNDWM).
• 1994 The 73rd Constitutional Amendment assigns Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) the responsibility of providing drinking water.
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance
Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM)
• The focus of the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) was to adopt a community-based demand-driven approach instead of the hitherto government forced supply driven approach.
• In doing so, the projects under RGNDWM are basically community participation oriented in nature – with a part (minimum of 10% of the proposal) of the capital cost required to be borne by the community themselves.
• The balance amount is contributed by the Government of India.
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance
• The Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) had set a target of extending access to safe drinking water for 100 percent of the rural population by 2007.
• Although this target has not been fully achieved, the expansion of coverage attained during the 1990s, as reflected in the Census data, shows the objective of 100 percent safe water access should not be difficult to achieve in the next five years or so.
• Indeed, the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-08 to 2011- 12) foresees the provision of safe drinking water to all rural habitations.
Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM)
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance
• 1999 For ensuring sustainability of the systems, steps are initiated to institutionalize community participation in the implementation of rural drinking water supply schemes through sector reform.
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) as a part of reform principles initiated in 1999 to ensure sanitation facilities in rural areas with broader goal to eradicate the practice of open defecation. As part of the program, a nominal subsidy in the form of incentive is given to rural poor households for construction of toilets.
• TSC gives strong emphasis on Information, Education and Communication, Capacity Building and Hygiene Education for effective behavior change with involvement of PRIs and NGOs.
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance
• 2002 Nationwide scaling up of sector reform in the form of Swajaldhara. The National Water Policy is revised, according priority to serving villages that did not have adequate sources of safe water and to improve the level of service for villages classified as only partially covered.
• India commits to the Millennium Development Goals to halve by 2015, from 1990 levels, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
• 2004 All drinking water programs are brought under the umbrella of the RGNDWM.
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance
• 2005 The Government of India launches the Bharat Nirman Program for overall development of rural areas by strengthening housing, roads, electricity, telephone, irrigation and drinking water infrastructure.
• The target is to provide drinking water to 55,069 uncovered habitations; those affected by poor water quality and slipped back habitations based on 2003 survey, within five years.
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance
• 2007 Pattern of funding under the Swajaldhara Scheme changes from the previous 90:10 central-community share to 50:50 centre-state share. Community contribution is now optional.
• The approach paper for the 11th Five Year Plan calls for a comprehensive approach which encompasses individual health care, public health, sanitation, clean drinking water, access to food and knowledge about hygiene and feeding practice.
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance
• The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (until 2011 the Department of Drinking Water Supply in the Ministry of Rural Development) is responsible for rural water supply and sanitation.
• The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and the Ministry of Urban Development share the responsibility for urban water supply and sanitation.
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance
• There are about a 100,000 rural water supply systems in India.
• At least in some states, responsibility for service provision is in the process of being partially transferred from State Water Boards and district governments to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) at the block or village level.
• Blocks are an intermediate level between districts and villages).
Drinking Water Supply Programs & Policies at a Glance