water movements
DESCRIPTION
Water Movements. Laminar and Turbulent Flow. Reynolds Number (Re) Laminar ReTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Water Movements
![Page 2: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
![Page 3: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Reynolds Number (Re)Laminar Re<2300Transient 2300<Re<4000Turbulent Re>4000
![Page 4: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Turbulence is significant in:
• conduction of heat (eddy conduction)• diffusion of dissolved substances (eddy
diffusion)• viscosity (eddy viscosity)
![Page 5: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Surface Waves
![Page 6: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Deep Water Wave
![Page 7: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Water Movement in a Surface Wave
![Page 8: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Shallow Water Waves
![Page 9: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fetch
![Page 10: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Lake Thunderbird
![Page 11: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Whitecaps on Lake Michigan
![Page 12: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Langmuir Circulation
![Page 13: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Causes of Surface Currents
• Wind• Change in atmospheric pressure• Horizontal density gradients• Influx of water
![Page 14: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Surface Currents in Lake Erie
![Page 15: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Rip Current in Lake Erie
![Page 16: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Currents in a Stratified Lake
Layers remain stable if the shearing force between them is low; Richardson number (Ri) remains higher than 0.25.
![Page 17: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Coriolis Effect on water movement
![Page 19: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Thermal Bars
![Page 20: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Formation of a Seiche
![Page 21: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Bimodal Seiche
![Page 22: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Seiche on Lake Erie
![Page 23: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Seiche traces from different parts of Lake Huron
![Page 24: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Inflow and outflow in Galich Lake
![Page 25: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Lake Sam Reyburn, TX
![Page 26: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Richardson number = shearing force between layers
From Fernandez and Imberger (2006)
![Page 28: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Table 7-1Velocity (cm/sec) Substrate Diameter range (mm)
3-20 Silt, mud, organic debris <0.02
20-40 Fine sand 0.1 - 0.3
40-60 Coarse sand to fine gravel 0.5 – 8
60-120 Small - large gravel 8 – 64
120-200 Large cobbles to boulders >128
![Page 29: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Movement of Water in a Stream Channel
![Page 30: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Run and Riffle
![Page 32: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Standing Wave in Stream
![Page 33: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Standing waves on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon
![Page 34: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Discharge and Gage Height
![Page 37: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Rivers Reservoirs Natural LakesWater-level Fluctuations
Large, rapid, irregular; flooding
Large, irregular Small, stable
Inflow Runoff from surface irregular and seasonal; groundwater stable
From river and tributaries; internal flows complex
From low order streams, groundwater
Outflow Discharge irregular Highly irregular Stable; outflow shallow and groundwater
Flushing Rate Rapid, unidirectional, horizontal
Short, variable (weeks)
Long, years
![Page 38: Water Movements](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051518/56816029550346895dcf3329/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)