water in the ocean
DESCRIPTION
Water in the Ocean. Water properties Organisms and water Pressure Temperature Light Chemistry O2 CO2 CaCO3 Salinity Life in the water. Water. Water molecule: electric dipole Salinity: dissolved solids 35ppk: marine water Residence times of elements. Amt (g) Resid t - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Water in the OceanWater in the Ocean
Water propertiesWater propertiesOrganisms and waterOrganisms and water
PressurePressureTemperatureTemperatureLightLightChemistryChemistry
O2O2CO2CO2CaCO3CaCO3SalinitySalinity
Life in the waterLife in the water
WaterWaterWater molecule: electric dipoleWater molecule: electric dipole
Salinity: dissolved solidsSalinity: dissolved solids35ppk: marine water35ppk: marine waterResidence times of elementsResidence times of elements
Amt (g) Resid tNa 147 X 1020 2.6 X 108
K 5.3 X 1020 1.1 X 107
Ca 5.6 X 1020 8.0 X 106
Si 5.2 X 1018 1.0 X 104
Mn 1.4 X 1015 7.0 X 103
Fe 1.4 X 1016 1.4 X 102
Al 1.4 X 1016 1.0 X 102
Not cumulativeNot cumulativeRemoval:Removal:
SedimentsSedimentsOrganismsOrganismsMineral precipitationMineral precipitationSea spraySea spray
WaterWaterLiquid is fluid. Liquid is fluid.
Fluid will change shape as force is appliedFluid will change shape as force is appliedGas is also fluid, but fills space; liquid has surfaceGas is also fluid, but fills space; liquid has surface
Density Density
How tightly packed are moleculesHow tightly packed are moleculesPure H2O: 1.0 g/cm^3 Pure H2O: 1.0 g/cm^3 Seawater: 1.02-1.03 g/cm^3Seawater: 1.02-1.03 g/cm^3T, salinity affectsT, salinity affectsWater is unusual in Water is unusual in changes changes
ViscosityViscosityResistance to change in shapeResistance to change in shapeImportant to microorganismsImportant to microorganisms
Organism Sizes and Organism Sizes and WaterWater
Large size: control movement, food contactLarge size: control movement, food contactSelf-propelled: Buoyancy, swimmingSelf-propelled: Buoyancy, swimmingHunting, scavenging, grazingHunting, scavenging, grazing
Small size: water has huge effectSmall size: water has huge effectViscosityViscosityLtd propulsion: Migration, currents, settlingLtd propulsion: Migration, currents, settlingBoundary layer: microorganisms, filter feedersBoundary layer: microorganisms, filter feeders
PressurePressureVertical variability: 1 atm per 10 mVertical variability: 1 atm per 10 mStatic variability: can change with tidesStatic variability: can change with tidesStenobaric, eurybaricStenobaric, eurybaric
May or may not effect benthos, May or may not effect benthos, but have to deal with it!but have to deal with it!
Some fish limited by pressureSome fish limited by pressureexamples: coelocanth, deep sea fish examples: coelocanth, deep sea fish
TemperatureTemperatureTropics: Constant: 30CTropics: Constant: 30CDeep water: Constant: 4CDeep water: Constant: 4CEverywhere else, variable.Everywhere else, variable.
Fluctuations depend on: Fluctuations depend on: mixingmixingdaily T fluxdaily T flux tidestides
ThermoclineThermoclineEffects:Effects:
OxygenOxygenCaCO3CaCO3Nutrient uptakeNutrient uptakeActivityActivity
Eurythermal, stenothermalEurythermal, stenothermal
0 5 10 15 20 25 300
4km
Equator
Tropics
Polar
LightLightVery important to Very important to primary producers, primary producers, visual sensesvisual senses
Red end of spectrum Red end of spectrum absorbed in upper 10mabsorbed in upper 10mBlue scatteredBlue scattered
Photic zone: depends on Photic zone: depends on turbidity (suspended turbidity (suspended particles, cloudiness)particles, cloudiness)
Shoreline: <1mShoreline: <1mOpen ocean: ~60mOpen ocean: ~60mTropical reefs: ~80Tropical reefs: ~80
Absolute depth, clear Absolute depth, clear water: 1000kmwater: 1000km
OxygenOxygenTerms: Anoxic/anaerobic – no O2Terms: Anoxic/anaerobic – no O2
dysoxic/dysaerobic – low O2dysoxic/dysaerobic – low O2oxic/aerobic -- oxygenatedoxic/aerobic -- oxygenated
Oxygen saturation changes with T, t, DOxygen saturation changes with T, t, D
3ppm: limiting3ppm: limiting5ppm: “safe” 5ppm: “safe”
Oxygen continuedOxygen continuedSources:Sources:
AtmosphereAtmospherePlantsPlants
Sinks:Sinks:DecompositionDecompositionRespiration (animals and plants)Respiration (animals and plants)Chemical reactionsChemical reactions
Mechanisms of O2 movement:Mechanisms of O2 movement:DiffusionDiffusionConvectionConvection
Diurnal surface O2 variation: TDiurnal surface O2 variation: TMorning: 85%; afternoon: 115%Morning: 85%; afternoon: 115%
Seasonal variationSeasonal variationShallow: April: 150% saturationShallow: April: 150% saturation
high photosynthesis + low decomp.high photosynthesis + low decomp.August: 42% saturationAugust: 42% saturation
Deep: T control, detrital rainDeep: T control, detrital rainJune: 24% saturationJune: 24% saturationOct: 133% saturationOct: 133% saturation
Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay
CO2 and CaCO3CO2 and CaCO3(Carbon Dioxide and Calcium (Carbon Dioxide and Calcium
Carbonate)Carbonate)
H2O + CO2 H2CO3 Carbonic Acid
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- Bicarbonte ion
H+ + HCO3 2 H+ + CO32- Carbonate ion
Calcite (Calcium Carbonate) and CO2
CO2 + H2O + CaCO3 Ca2+ + 2 HCO-
carbon dioxide + water + calcium carbonate calcium + carbonic acid
CaCO3CaCO3
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Tertiary
Quaternary
540
248
65
504
438
408
360
320
286
202
144
5
GlacialPeriods
SeaLevel RCO2
High frequencysea-leveloscillation
High frequencysea-leveloscillation
CaCO3
Millions ofyears ago
age ofproposedstudy
Av global T
2 phases: 2 phases: calcite (stable) calcite (stable) aragonite (unstable)aragonite (unstable)
Acroporamodern
SyringoporaCarboniferous
SalinitySalinityDissolved solidsDissolved solidsOcean water: 35 ppkOcean water: 35 ppk
0-1ppk at fresh water input (hyposaline)0-1ppk at fresh water input (hyposaline)to 150 ppk in evaporative systems to 150 ppk in evaporative systems
(hypersaline)(hypersaline)Sediments bufferedSediments bufferedVariability from:Variability from:
TidesTidesSeasonality: precipitationSeasonality: precipitationUnpredictable stormsUnpredictable storms
Salinity changes densitySalinity changes densityAnimals:Animals:
Stenohaline vs. euryhalineStenohaline vs. euryhalineDirect effects: osmosisDirect effects: osmosisIndirect effects: buoyancy Indirect effects: buoyancy
How does living on land differ fromHow does living on land differ fromliving in the water?living in the water?
Living in the WaterLiving in the WaterOn land:On land:
Need structure for gravityNeed structure for gravityAir less denseAir less denseRespiration, movement, heat loss/gain on Respiration, movement, heat loss/gain on
landlandNeed water for respiration, reproductionNeed water for respiration, reproductionVision, hearingVision, hearing
In water:In water:Buoyancy, supportBuoyancy, supportDense waterDense waterMore O2; drag forces; heat loss/gain in More O2; drag forces; heat loss/gain in
waterwaterVision, hearingVision, hearing