water-energy-carbon links in melbourne households...2015/05/12 · sydney melbourne perth brisbane...
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Water-Energy-Carbon Links in Melbourne Households
Dr Steven Kenway Research Group Leader, Water‐Energy‐Carbon, Chemical Engineering(Particular acknowledgement to Amanda Binks and Julijana Bors)
Water-Energy-Carbon Links in Households and Cities: A new paradigmMelbourne Forum, 12 May 2015Treasury Theatre
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Presentation Outline
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
1. Background
2. Research project aims and research questions
3. Methodology
4. Research outcomes
5. Implications
Kenway et al (2008).
2030 figure assumes 225 L/p.d residential consumption and that climate change will not adversely affect existing water yields.
How do we achieve thiscost‐effectively?
(Most future water supplied from desalination and reuse)
*
A challenge for Australia (and elsewhere)….rising energy use in urban water, rising energy costs, and National greenhouse
gas targets
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Estimated Time Weighted Cost per Unit of Water Supplied ($millions/GL) – ~600% increase by 2030
Cook et al., 2012
Projections to 2030
$million/GL
0.25
0.2
0.05
0
Baseline 20
09/10
Avgyield, m
od dem
and
Avgyield, low dem
and
Low yield, low
dem
and
Low yield, m
od dem
and
Urban water indirectly influences 13% of Australia’s electricity, 18% of Australia’s natural gas use (8% primary energy, 9% ghg
emissions) in the average case.
• resource loss
• water use
• water supply
INDIRECT ENERGY
DIRECT ENERGY
Kenway , Lant, Priestley (Water and Climate, 2011)
Focus and opportunity –residential water use
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Collaborative Melbourne Project to Understand Water‐Energy‐Carbon‐$ Links in Households and Cities
1. Understand water‐energy links in individual households.2. Build a dataset for district‐scale simulation and
characterise household types.3. Understand district‐scale water‐related energy use. 4. Identify opportunities to reduce water‐related energy.
(Quantify the water and GHG reduction potential of a range of technological, behavioural and policy changes).
Website ‐ http://www.clearwater.asn.au/resource‐library/smart‐water‐fund‐projects/water‐energy‐carbon‐links‐in‐households‐and‐cities‐a‐new‐paradigm.php
Research Questions
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
AIM: Quantify water‐related energy use in households, to
understand ‘levers’ for combined water and energy management
Example Research questions:
1. How does water‐related energy use vary between households?
2. Which key household characteristics describe this variation?
3. What are the dominating factors of influence?
4. Are these key characteristics consistently influential for water
use, WRE use, and associated costs and emissions?
5. How significantly can water‐related energy be changed?
Steven Kenway Paul Lant Brian Head Amanda BinksJulijana Bors
Francis Pamminger+ Peter Roberts
+ others
Thomas Taimre
Ruth ScheideggerSam
JohnsonJohn Fawcett + Phillip Farrel Hans Peter‐Bader
Jessica Yeung + Amy Hart
Hiskia Mbura + Ineej Manandhar
Project Team (appols to some missed)
Methodology
HH
Adult R
esidents
Child
Residents
Average Occupancy
Solar
Gas Intant
Gas Storage
Electric Storage
Top Load
Front Load
Hot / Cold Tap Co
nnectio
n
Gas
Electric
Evap
Cooler
Electrical
Gas
Electric
Rainwater Tank
Irrigatio
n
HH1 4 ‐ 3.65 X X X X C Central ‐ Central ‐ Stove Oven No HandHH2 4 ‐ 3.04 X X X H+C Central ‐ Central ‐ ‐ All No DripHH3 2 2 3.42 X X H+C Central ‐ ‐ Space Stove Oven External HandHH4 2 2 3.95 X X H+C Central ‐ Central ‐ Stove Oven No HandHH5 2 ‐ 1.73 X X C Space ‐ ‐ ‐ All ‐ No DripHH6 4 ‐ 4.01 X X C ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ All No ‐HH7 2 2 3.85 X X C Space Space ‐ Space Stove Oven External ‐
CookingHeating Outdoor UseHot Water System Clothes Washer CoolingDemographics
Overview of household characteristics
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Methodology Mathematical Material Flow Analysis (MMFA)
Kenway, S. J., R. Scheidegger, H. P. Bader, T. A. Larsen, and P. Lant. (2013). Water‐related energy in households: a model designed to understand the current state and simulate possible measures. Energy and Buildings. 58: 378‐389. Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Methodology
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
• Amphiro data collection and analysis
ID Average Vol (L)
Average Temp.(°C)
Sample size (N)
A 38.0 ± 8.6 35.8 ± 0.5 30
B 104.2 ± 25.6 39.8 ± 0.4 42
A
B
A
B
Research Outcomes
HWS GasType: Solar Storage Instantaneous Gas Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Household representitivity: Modelled average daily water use compared to average water use for urban
households in Australia (NWC, 2012-13)
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Airshower
Not a product endorsement
Recirculating shower
Technology cascade – what will be the water/energy impact?
Waterless or ionising clothes washers Waterless dishwashers
Bors, J., S. Kenway, P. Lant, and F. Pamminger. 2014. Temperature Variability in the Melbourne Water Network and theImpact on Residential Energy Use. In Water, Energy and Climate Conference 2014: Solutions for Future Water Security,edited by International Water Association. Mexico City, Mexico: International Water Association.
Raw water temperature mapping of ≈ 40,000
measurements identifies variability
Total power (kWh/ML)
Energy Density Mapping
Saliba, C. and K. Gan, 2006. Energy Density Maps in Water Demand Management. Yarra Valley Water. p. 1‐7.
‐Based on 500L/hh.d energy for delivery of the water/wastewater service is ~0.5‐1.5kWh.
‐Significance:Based on 5 hh, a 5°C water temp change could influence ~1.2‐3.7kWh/hh.denergy use.
Preliminary Outcomes– Water supply temperature variability is significant, therefore:– Measuring, mapping and further management of water supply temperature could:
– Assist in refining appliance design, energy consumption and energy efficiency calculation standards.
– Help identify energy efficiency opportunities. – Provide further direction for sustainable infrastructure development in new residential developments.
– AS/NZS 1056.4:1997 ‘Storage water heaters – Daily energy consumption calculations of electric types’: In most examples, assumes a constant cold water temperature of 15°C and approximately 5°C cooler than ambient air temperature.
– AS/NZS 4234:2008 ‘Heated water systems—Calculation of energy consumption’: Monthly cold water temperature profiles are used for solar water heaters and heat pump water heaters.
Modelling Process
‐Apply GIS spatial statistics tools to geodatabase layers
Example Applications
• Multi‐scale and statistical analysis• Identify the key influences on residential water‐related energy use through census data.
• Provide the data required to develop programs for increasing resource use efficiency.
• Highlight the wider implications of resource use on localised infrastructure management.
Industrial water‐related energy in Victoria~55PJ (2011‐2012) (Masters student work with City West Water)
Reuter and Kenway (Report to City West Water 2014) Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Commercial water‐related energy in Victoria ~17PJ (2011‐2012)
(Masters student work with City West Water)
Reuter and Kenway (Report to City West Water 2014) Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Supply Residential (water‐related energy)
Industrial & Commercial (water‐related energy)
Wastewater treatment
Energy (GWh)
150 3,200* 2,300* 250*
Energy($ million)
20 800* 300* 25*
Collectively this accounts for:• 13% of all electricity use in South East Queensland
• 18% of all natural gas use • 4% all other energy use.
ENERGY INFLUENCED BY URBAN WATERSouth-East Queensland 2011-12
WastewaterSupply Use
Source: Kenway, S., et al. (2014). Report to Seqwater
(93%)
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
30‐year plans with opportunities to achieve synergies between water and energy
DEWS, 2014. WaterQ: 30-year strategy for QLD's water sector.
DEWS, 2014. PowerQ: 30-year strategy for QLD's electricity sector.
https://www.dropbox.com/sh/sfaov7j71sdlnnw/AAAdqU8K0HlI3uirWuLlpmk5a?dl=0
Short video by Minister for Water and Energy 2013‐205
Complementary water and energy strategies (Minister for Water and Energy/ DEWS)
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Language as a barrier?
Latent heat
Load shapingStabilizing inertia
Stabilizing inertia Generation
dispatchGeneration dispatchDroop
functionDroop function Low voltage
through rideLow voltage through ride
Voltage harmonic distortion
Voltage harmonic distortion
Dialectic strength
Power factor Anoxic processBioelectrochemical
systemsBioelectrochemical
systemsVolatile organic compounds
Volatile organic compounds
DBP’s and NDMA
DBP’s and NDMA
StruviteUrban
metabolismUrban
metabolism
Water sectorEnergy sector
LegionellaLegionella
Source: Kenway 2014, Integrated Water‐Energy Planning Tournament, Denver 2014. Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Source: California Government Department of Water Resources website
Water‐Energy‐Food Landscape
HydroTreating Cooling Solar Energy extraction
Pumping
Desal
IrrigationBiofuelsEnergy
generation
Wastewater
Heating and cooling
Energy loss in wastewater (chemical and heat)
Energy use influence by urban heat island
effect
Energy demand of bottled water
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Source: California Government Department of Water Resources website
Water‐Energy‐Food Landscape
HydroTreating Cooling Solar Energy extraction
Pumping
Desal
IrrigationBiofuelsEnergy
generation
Wastewater
Heating and cooling
Energy loss in wastewater (chemical an heat)
Energy use influence by urban heat island
effect
Energy demand of bottled water
Major bottleneck – We are missing a conceptual and analytical framework for understanding and quantifying water‐related energy. EgWhere is the equivalent of the frameworks that
underpin carbon accounting?
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Energy use per capita (2006‐2007)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
Sydney Melbourne Perth Brisbane Gold Coast Adelaide Auckland
Other Uses Sewage Pumping Sewage Treatment Water Supply PumpingWater Supply Treatment
MJ/
per c
apita
/yea
r
Kenway et al 2008 Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Rain1,309 GL
Stormwater runoff500 GLCentralized potable water
480 GL Wastewater230 GL
Evap1,044 GL
Reuse16 GL
Water mass balance is also critical to the energy implicatiosn of urban water (identifies all flows, and quantifies performance ‐ for
example SEQ in 2005 during the worst drought on record….
Potential to meet demand from Current useRainfall Wastewater Stormwater Rainfall Wastewater
SEQ 273% 48% 104% 0.1% 2%
Broadly similar results for Sydney and Melbourne
Conclusions• Water management in cities has significant influence on
energy use, most is “hidden” in water use (7‐23 kWh/hh.dbased on 5 hh, with showers, system losses and clothes washers important).
• Need to be clear about management goals – water, energy, costs or emissions – levers will differ
• Partnerships and engaging with policy is critical.• Water Temperature Mapping help refine standards, Identify
efficiency opportunities , input to sustainable infrastructure development.
• MMFA‐GIS modelling could (a) identify key influences (b) highlight impacts of changes through time (eginfrastructure).
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Project Publications (See SWF website)
• Binks, A.; Kenway, S. J.; Lant, P.; Pamminger, F., Detailed characterisation of water‐related energy use in households. In Ozwater 2014, Australian Water Association, Ed. Australian Water Association: Brisbane.
• Kenway, S. J.; Binks, A.; Scheidegger, R.; Pamminger, F.; Lant, P.; Larsen, T. A.; Bader, H. P., Analysis Of Water‐Related Energy In Australian Households Identifies Efficiency Opportunities. In World Water Congress 2014,, International Water Association, Ed. International Water Association: Lisbon, Portugal, October 2014).
• Bors, J., S. Kenway, P. Lant, and F. Pamminger. 2014. Temperature Variability in the Melbourne Water Network and the Impact on Residential Energy Use. In Water, Energy and Climate Conference 2014: Solutions for Future Water Security, edited by International Water Association. Mexico City, Mexico: International Water Association.
• Bors, J. and S. Kenway. 2014. Water Temperature in Melbourne and Implications for Household Energy Use. Melbourne: Smart Water Fund.
• Binks, A. and S. Kenway. 2014. Characterisation of water‐related energy in households 1‐5. Summary of analysis outcomes for five households in Melbourne, Australia.Melbourne: Smart Water Fund. (Five reports).
• Grace, A., T. Taimre, S. Kenway, and J. Bors. 2014. Cold Water Temperature in Melbourne 1994‐2013, preliminary statistical analysis. Melbourne: Smart Water Fund.
• Kenway, S.J. Invited Funded Plenary presentation ANEAS (Water Association of Mexico) and International Water
http://www.clearwater.asn.au/resource‐library/smart‐water‐fund‐projects/water‐energy‐carbon‐links‐in‐households‐and‐cities‐a‐new‐paradigm.php
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
• Kenway, S.J. Priestley, A, Cook, S., Seo,S., Inman, M. Gregory, A and Hall, M. 2008 Energy Use in the consumption and provision of urban water in Australia and New Zealand. A report for the Water Services Association of Australia. ISBN 978 0 643 0916 5. https://www.wsaa.asn.au/Media/Press%20Releases/20081212%20CSIRO%20‐%20Water%20Energy%20Final%20Report%2010%20Nov%202008.pdf
• Kenway, S.J., A. Priestley, S. Cook, A. Gregory, A. Lovell, and N. Smith. 2009. Energy use in urban water, in Climate Change and Water. International Perspectives on Mitigation and Adaptation. International Water Association and American Water Works Association.
• PMSEIC. 2010. Challenges at Energy‐Water‐Carbon Intersections. Canberra: Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council. • Kenway, S.J., P. Lant, A. Priestley, and P. Daniels. 2011. The connection between water and energy in cities ‐ a review. Water Science and
Technology, 63(9): p. 1983‐1990.• Kenway, S.J., P. Lant, and A. Priestley. 2011. Quantifying the links between water and energy in cities. 2011. Journal of Water and Climate
Change. 2011. 2(4): p. 247‐259. • Kenway, S., P. Lant, P. and A. Priestley. 2011 (online). Quantifying water‐energy links and related emissions in cities: Appendix, Parameters
and Assumptions. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 2(4), i‐iii.• Kenway, S.J., A. Gregory, and J. McMahon, Urban Water Mass Balance Analysis. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2011. 15(5): p. 693‐706.• Kenway, S. J., P. Lant. 2012. The influence of water on urban energy use. (Chapter 5), in: Water Sensitive Cities (C. Howe, C. Mitchell, eds.),
International Water Association, London.• AWE and ACEEE. 2011. Addressing the Energy‐Water Nexus: A blueprint for action and policy agenda.Washington: Alliance for Water
Efficiency and American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy,. • Cook, S., M. Hall, and A. Gregory. 2012. Energy Use in the Provision and Consumption of Urban Water in Australia: An Update. A report
prepared for the Water Services Association of Australia. Canberra: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.• Kenway, S. J., R. Scheidegger, H. P. Bader, T. A. Larsen, and P. Lant. (2013). Water‐related energy in households: a model designed to
understand the current state and simulate possible measures. Energy and Buildings. 58: 378‐389.• Kenway, S., J. McMahon, V. Elmer, S. Conrad, and J. Rosenblum. (2013). Managing water‐related energy in future cities ‐ a research and
policy roadmap. Journal of Water and Climate Change.• Kenway, S. J. 2013. The Water‐Energy Nexus and Urban Metabolism ‐ Connections in Cities. Brisbane: Urban Water Security Research
Alliance. Technical Report 100. http://www.urbanwateralliance.org.au/publications/UWSRA‐tr100.pdf• Kenway, S. J., and Lant, P. A. (In Press (2013). Water‐related energy will change our urban water systems and city design. In: Understanding
and Managing Urban Water in Transition. (Q. R. Grafton, M. B. Ward, and K. A. Daniell, eds.). Springer, Canberra.
Selected References
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Acknowledgements
Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group
Thanks to various supporters and research sponsors:
*Smart Water Fund *Australian Research Council (LP120200745)Yarra Valley WaterCity West WaterSouth East WaterMelbourne WaterJemenaEawag (ETH Zurich)
For more information:Dr Steven KenwayThe University of Queensland3346‐1228Email: [email protected]