**SustainableArchitectureSafeguarding Water And Water Efficiency

**SUSTAINABLE DESIGN1- Sustainable Site Planning 2- Safeguarding Water and Water Efficiency3- Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy4- Conservation of Materials and Resources 5- Indoor Environmental QualityInnovation and Design Process

**2- Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency (Hydrologic cycle)

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2- Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Introduction)Scarcity and misuse of fresh water pose a serious and growing threat to sustainable development and protection of the environment. The need to improve the management of water resources is becoming more and more urgent as the global water crisis affects more and more countries. **

2- Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Introduction)A simple fact is that 97.5 per cent of the total volume of water available on this planet is salty. Of the remaining 2.5 per cent, two-thirds are locked up in the ice caps as glaciers and is not available for human use. And of the remaining - one-third of the 2.5 percent, which is 0.81 percent - large quantities are far beyond the reach of human settlements. Of the remaining which is accessible, 80 percent comes in bursts, as heavy rains **

2- Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(DUBLIN PRINCIPLES )Five hundred participants, including government-designated experts from a hundred countries and representatives of eighty international, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations attended the International Conference on Water and the Environment (ICWE) in Dublin, Ireland, on January 1992. **

2- Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(DUBLIN PRINCIPLES )The experts saw the emerging global water resources picture as critical. The Conference Report sets out recommendations for action at local, national and international levels, based on four guiding principles known as DUBLIN PRINCIPLES **

2- Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(DUBLIN PRINCIPLES )Principle No. 1 - Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environmentPrinciple No. 2 - Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels**

2- Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(DUBLIN PRINCIPLES )Principle No. 3 - Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of waterPrinciple No. 4 - Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good**

2- Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Saving Water in Urban Environments)Currently, treated drinking water is being used for purposes that do not require this level of treatment (e.g., watering lawns and flushing toilets) and is often only used for one purpose and then sent down a drain to the sewer system. **

2- Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Saving Water in Urban Environments)Instead of using treated drinking water for watering lawns and flushing toilets, options are available for reusing wastewater to meet these needs and, by so doing, increasing the productivity of the water that flows through buildings**

2- Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Saving Water in Urban Environments)There are significant barriers to adopting water reuse as follows: First, water reuse requires significant investment in changes (physical and regulatory) to the water distribution and disposal systems that are currently in use. **

2- Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Saving Water in Urban Environments)Another significant barrier facing water reuse is the lack of trust in and familiarity with the concept on the part of consumers. It will take some time to successfully manage the philosophical shift for recycled water to become an acceptable alternative to treated drinking water for non-drinking uses.**

Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Saving Water in Urban Environments)Promoting the efficient use of rainwater has the following main action points:The integration of rainwater storage facilities in buildings.The stored rainwater is utilized for flushing toilets, sprinkling gardens etc.The development of building code to make it compulsory for new buildings to incorporate rooftop water harvesting facilities.**

Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Saving Water in Urban Environments)**

Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Saving Water in Urban Environments)The introduction of a new and more efficient water management system; Instead of combining storm water and sewage in one system, rainwater is collected locally (e.g. in private cisterns) and allowed to infiltrate the soil. The wastewater treatment plant is thus no longer burdened with large volumes of rainwater, and rainwater is used to recharge groundwater.**

Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Saving Water in Urban Environments)Taxing households according to the amount of storm water they discharge into the municipal system. The tax is calculated on the basis of the paved area of the property. It provides an incentive to the resident to store the rainwater and to recharge groundwater in order to avoid being taxed. The state also benefits as it saves on its storm water removal costs **

Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Saving Water in Urban Environments)Five soccer stadiums in South Korea are catching rain to keep the turf green. One of them is the Inchon Munhal Stadium, built to host the 2002 World Cup. It has a doughnut shaped roof that acts as the catchment area. A network of pipes diverts rooftop runoff to an underground tank, which has the capacity to hold 600,000 liters of water **

Tarek Farghaly

Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Saving Water in Urban Environments)Two main effective policies in safeguarding water and water efficiency; increasing water use efficiency, and the sustainable use of water supplies. This vision can be achieved through a number of strategies such as:The provision of water saving devices (eg. dual flush toilets, smart showerheads)Carrying out maintenance programs (eg. fixing leaks)**

Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Saving Water in Urban Environments)Delivering a water conservation education program for residentsThe establishment of encouragement programs (eg. discounts for smart showerheads, rebates on energy and water efficient technology); andThe provision of advice on garden irrigation and low water use garden plants (eg. Drip irrigation, electronic water timers and detection of weather conditions, use of native vegetation) **

**Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency StrategiesMinimizing the Use of Domestic WaterWater QualityWater ReuseComposting toiletsAutomatic shut-off controls on sinks, toilets, and urinalsFiltration devicesFiltered tap water for drinkingWater samplingRainwater useGreen roofsGraywater use

Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Plumbing and Water Use)Sensors that automatically shut off faucets and flush toilets improve hygiene, and save water.Waterless urinals represent the most water-efficient urinal option.**

Tarek Farghaly

Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Plumbing and Water Use)**

Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) Standards for Indoor Plumbing FixturesFixtureEPACTRequirementCommentsToilets1.6 gallons perflush (gpf)Flush-valve toilets are typically used in commercial applications because they offer durability and less maintenance compared to gravity tank toilet fixtures.Devices sensing motion (ultrasound) and heat (infrared) and timers eliminate handling of fixture controls, improve hygiene.Urinals1.0 gpfWaterless urinals provide first-cost savings (e.g., eliminating the need to provide a water line and flush valve) and less maintenance (e.g., leaks, valve repairs, water overflows, etc.) over conventional urinals. Waterless urinals require the use and periodic replacement of a strainer cartridge and sealant fluid.Showerheads2.5 gallons perminute (gpm)Metering shower systems are typically used for high-use applications such as health clubs.

Faucets2.5 gpmMetering and self-closing faucets (faucets that automatically shut off after a certain period of time or when the user moves away) provide water savings by preventing faucets from being left on (or not completely shut off) and preventing overuse.Microprocessor-controlled sensor (motion or infrared-sensing devices) valves can be custom programmed to stay on for predefined lengths of time for water conserving needs.Sensor-operated faucets improve hygiene, and save water. Sensor control devices are usually battery-operated

Tarek Farghaly

Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency (Strategies)**Collects and treats all wastewater from the bathrooms and kitchen. The resulting graywater then returns to the toilets and urinals for reuse and may eventually also be used to supplement on-site irrigation.

Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, Oberlin College A WASTEWATER-PURIFICATION SYSTEM IN A GREENHOUSE (Source: adapted from DOE, 2002)

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Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency (Strategies)**Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, Oberlin College A WASTEWATER-PURIFICATION SYSTEM IN A GREENHOUSE

Tarek Farghaly

Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency(Strategies)** Cisterns collect rainwater Bathrooms use filtered rainwater Composting toilets 90% reduction of the drinkable water Closed system geothermal pipes (const.54)Chesapeake Bay Foundation's Philip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis, Maryland CISTERNS COLLECT RAINWATER FROM THE ROOF- LOW-WATER-USE FIXTURES(Source: adapted from DOE, 2002)The composting mister uses 1 gallon of water per day for the entire systemClosed systemgeothermal lines

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**Chesapeake Bay Foundation's Philip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis, Maryland CISTERNS COLLECT RAINWATER FROM THE ROOF- LOW-WATER-USE FIXTURES

Tarek Farghaly

Safeguarding Water And Water EfficiencyChesapeake Bay Foundation's Philip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis, Maryland The following safeguarding water and water efficiency strategies are used:Cisterns collect rainwater from the roof, sending the water to be treated and used for non-drinking functions, including hand-washing, fire control and mechanical systems.**

Safeguarding Water And Water EfficiencyChesapeake Bay Foundation's Philip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis, Maryland Low-water-use Fixtures: automatic faucet controls for lavatories, and composting toilets which are flushless toilets, these composting toilets use hardly any water (the composting mister uses 1 gallon of water per day for the entire system). They also reduce the load on sewage treatment plants. CBF recycles the compost as fertilizer for the native landscaping on site.**

Safeguarding Water And Water EfficiencyChesapeake Bay Foundation's Philip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis, Maryland The shed roof, covered in galvanized metal, allows for a single rain gutter, which drains the water through filters and into cisterns.A sand filter treats the rainwater and CBF employees use it for washing their gear and hands and for mop sinks, laundry, irrigation, and fire suppression.**

Safeguarding Water And Water EfficiencyChesapeake Bay Foundation's Philip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis, Maryland The centre uses a bioretention filter to treat oil and other pollutants in runoff from the parking area. Parking is underneath the building, and a relatively small area designed to meet occupancy and covered by a permeable surface is used for outside parking. Storm water passes through a bioretention storm water treatment system in the form of manmade wetlands to filter water and treat oils.**

Rainwater harvesting systems collect rainwater runoff from a building roof and store the water in a cistern (water storage tank). A pump transfers water from the cistern to a pressure tank to be used by evaporative cooling systems, toilets, landscape irrigation, and other non-potable water loads.

**Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency (Rainwater harvesting systems)Roof gutterTo non-potable usesTo fire suppression systemFilterAir GapOverflow drain to storm water systemFloat switch to potable water valvePotable water supplyPressure switchPress TankWater storage tank

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Safeguarding Water And Water Efficiency Phillip Merrill Environmental CenterLEED Version 1 Certification Level: PLATINUM**(Source: adapted from LEED, 2000)

6Safeguarding Water Score Possible Point8YPrereq 1Water ConservationYPrereq 2Elimination of Lead1Credit 1Water Conserving Fixtures11Credit 2Water Recovery System1Credit 3Water Conserving Cooling Towers11Credit 4Water Efficient Landscaping11Credit 5Surface Runoff Filtration11Credit 6Surface Runoff Reduction1BonusBonus Credit 1 - Biological Waste Treatment11BonusBonus Credit 2 - Measurement and Verification1

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