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WATER DESALINATION
BY
MOHAMMAD AK. AL-SOFI
ARABIAN CONSULTING ENGINEERING CENTREPOST OFFICE BOX 3790, AL-KHOBAR 31952,
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIAE-mail: [email protected] H20 Desalination
Nov. 21, 20051
WATER DESALINATION
Mankind’s knowledge did not stop at appreciating the secrets of water but merged in his endeavors to imitate what happens in nature. Late Professor (of Desalination) Robert Silver once said that, “Earth is the largest distillation unit”.
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WATER DESALINATION
DISTILLATION ABOARDSHIPS 2ND MILLENNIUM B.C. ARISTOLS CITATION
1ST MILLENNIUM B.C.DOUBLE WALLED WATER
CAVERN 3RD MILLENNIUM B.C.
SEA WATER
SAND BASINFRESH WATER
AL-GHUMSAHAN ANCIENT SAMAWAR
3RD MILLENNIUM B.C.
4
2 3
5 6
A1
EARTHA1 = 2A 1
B1 = 0.5B
B A = APEX
B1
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WATER DESALINATION
7 8 9
10 11 12
THE HOLLOW WAX BALL1ST MILLENNIUM A.D.
THE OLDEST ANCESTOR OFDAULL PRODUCTION OF HERIO1ST MILLENNIUM A.D.
PERFUM DISTILLATIONOF ARABIAN CIVILIZATION1ST MILLENNIUM A.D.
DESALINATION USINGDAMASQUAIN GLASS2ND MILLENNIUM A.D.
LEONARDO D’VINCI CITATION2ND MILLENNIUM A.D.
THE TALE OF DANIELDAVO2ND MILLENNIUM A.D.
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WATER DESALINATION
Today the Arab World desalinates more water than all other parts of the globe combined. Saudi Arabia by itself represents about one-fourth of the total world’s capacity. Petroleum wealth has been the prime force behind this paramount growth in desalination capacity in more than one way. Oil booms have led to escalating rises in demand, the oil wealth provided capital funding for this growth and above all energy availability supported such high production rates of desalinated water. Some of the highest per capita desalination production rates are in Qatar and United Arab Emirates (UAE).
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(a)
0.48
19.71
0
5
10
15
20
Norway Japan
%(b)
23.5
95.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Syria Egypt
%(c)
1.11
6.9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Iraq Saudi Arabia
Multiples
WATERRICHCOUNTRIES
COUNTRIESWITHSUSTAINABLEWATERRESOURCES
Consumption Divided by Renewable Water ResourcesNOTE: Surface water would also provide renewable electricity.
iii) TECHNOLOGY
THIRSTYNATIONTHIRSTYNATIONSWHAT TO DO?1. Allot, e.g.:
i) Managementii) Tariff Structure &iii) TECHNOLOGY
THIRSTYNATIONS
WATER DESALINATION
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Desalination ProcessesAs known today: 1a-3a, or as could be thought of: 3b
WATER DESALINATION
Desalination processes can be divided into:1. Physical processes of phase change:
a. Solar distillation, stands half-way between nature & MSF.
b. Multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation
c. Multi-effect distillation(MED)
d. Vapor-compressiondistillation (VCD)
e. Pervapouration* f. Freezing
REHEAT
* A process of vaporization and vapour permeation.H20 Desalination
Nov. 21, 20057
WATER DESALINATION
Desalination Processes (Cont’d.)
2. Physical processes of ionic change:
a. Reverse Osmosis (RO)
b. Electrodialysis(ED)
c. Inoexchange d. Hydration
e. Electromagnetic f. Chelation
3. Processes of chemical change:
a. Precipitation b. Bio-Desalination
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WATER DESALINATIONPerformance of MED/TVC is Highly Influenced by Scale
Formation
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WATER DESALINATION
Salient Features of MEDHigh heat transfer rate (thin film boiling and condensation).
Maximum temperature operation 65 °C to limit scale formation.
Higher frequency of acid cleaning. Tube configuration is not suitable for sponge ball cleaning.
Higher Gain output (GOR)*a
MED GOR = N-1MSF GOR = N/2
Low power consumption* (2 kWh/m3)a
Small to medium capacity size plants* in MIGD range of:
* These numbers are based on:a) Different steam grade than that required by MSF thus: GOR & Power Consumption
are fictitious references, as they are used by many; yet the use of PR will give more realistic references.
b) Unit capacities of over three are achieved by duplicate(s) of parallel ejectors and distillation stages.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6b 8b7
WATER DESALINATION
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WATER DESALINATION
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WATER DESALINATION
TABLE AMembrane Area Per Unit Volume(Ft2 membrane per Ft3 module)
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TUBULAR~ 100
SPIRAL WOUND~ 300
HOLLOW FIBER~ 5000
WATER DESALINATION
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WATER DESALINATION
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WATER DESALINATION
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WATER DESALINATION
U o
UBi Ui
UBo
Ui
uo
Ni
Nano Filtration80% No
15%NRUBi
95%100%
5%
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WATER DESALINATION
Features of New MSF Plants
Very high production per unit size.High performance ratio.Optimized heat exchange surfaces.Optimized design parameters.Reduced loses.Reasonable construction time.
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WATER DESALINATION
MSF Costs and Unit Capacity
0.4 0.350.25 0.25
0.100.10
15.0
13.5
11.0
9.0
6.0
7.0
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004
Cost in SR/kl ($/kgal)
0.00
1.80
3.60
5.40
7.20
9.00
10.80
12.60
14.40
16.20
18.00
Treatment Cost Installation Cost Production Cost Unit Capacities, MIGD
UD
U
D
Unit Capacity in MIGDInstallation Cost - SR/L($/gal)
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WATER DESALINATION
MSF Number of Stages, GOR & Descaling Frequencies
21
42
63
50
40
10
54
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 20040
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
OL TC Frequency in hr/wk SD TC Frequency/Decade Gain Output Ratio "GOR" Number of Stages
U D
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WATER DESALINATION
Developments in Materials Selection
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Large thickness to compensate for corrosion
Carbon steel
Increase in weight & thickness
Shell & Internals
1960-1980
Tubes
1960-1980 Aluminum brass
Corrosion problem
High
Maintenance
costCopper-Nickel alloys
Titanium
Thin thickness of metals
Stainless steel & Duplex stainless steel “Lining or solid”
Reduction in weight and size
After 1980
More cost effective
WATER DESALINATION
ExhaustGases<150°C
Gas Cycle
Power Output
~1100˚C
Compressor
CombustionChamber
Fuel in
Air in
Gas Turbine
RO Reject
FiltrationReverse
NFBD
Osmosis Nano
~600˚C
Steam TurbineSteam Cycle
Heat Recovery Steam Generator
Power Output~500˚C
Seawater RejectSeawater Supply
Recycle Brine
Product Water
Heat Recovery Section Heat Rejection Section
Blowdown
BrineHeater
>120˚C
<115˚C
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WATER DESALINATION
RO Reject
FiltrationReverse
NFBD
Osmosis Nano
ExhaustGases<150°C
Gas Cycle
Power Output
~1100˚C
Compressor
CombustionChamber
Fuel in
Air in
Gas Turbine
~600˚C
STG (BP)Steam CycleBack Pressure
Heat Recovery Steam Generator
Power Output~500˚C
Seawater RejectSeawater Supply
Recycle Brine
Product Water
Heat Recovery Section Heat Rejection Section
Blowdown
BrineHeater
>120˚C
<115˚C
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WATER DESALINATION
SCALE FORMING CONSTITUENTS OF SEA WATER
Ca ++, SO 42-
Calcium Carbonate
MagnesiumHydroxide
Calcium Sulfate
Ca ++, Mg ++, HCO 3-
Alkaline Scale " Soft " Non-AlkalineScale " Hard "
Ca ++, Mg ++, HCO 3-, SO 4
2-
Typical Composition of Gulf Sea Water
Cations ppm
Sodium 13630Potassium 437Calcium 481Magnesium 1608Traces of ions Copper, Boron, Strontium
Anions
Chloride 24040Sulfate 3200Bicarbonate 128Bromide 76Traces of Fluoride & Silicon
Total dissolved salts = 44000
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WATER DESALINATION
FeedTank
FeedTank
SWSWIntakeIntake CFCF
Fine SandFine Sandmediamedia
PumpPump
NF RejectNF Reject
SWRO UnitSWRO Unit
ProductProductNF UnitNF Unit
B.BB.B
H.RJH.RJ4 HRC 4 HRC
StagesStages
Brine Brine HeaterHeater
SW from MSF Rejection SectionSW from MSF Rejection Section
SWSW
DD
HPHPPumpPump
BoosterBoosterPumpPump
PermeatePermeate
SWRO UnitSWRO Unit
Reject to MSFReject to MSF
A/AA/A
B.RB.R
MSF UnitMSF Unit
Schematic Flow Diagram of NF, SWRO and MSF Pilot Plants Used to Schematic Flow Diagram of NF, SWRO and MSF Pilot Plants Used to Evaluate Evaluate DiDi or Tri or Tri Seawater Desalination HybridsSeawater Desalination Hybrids
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WATER DESALINATION
45,460
21,587
16,438
28,260
39489
1,527
3,100
7,500
174029<2
220
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
TDS Cl- TotalHardness
SO4-- Mg++ Ca++ HCO3-0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Seawater
NF Filtrate
24%%
38% 92%98%97% 99.9% 56
Ionic Hardness
Hard
ness
Con
cent
rati
on (
Hard
ness
Con
cent
rati
on ( p
pmppm
))
Ions
Con
cent
rati
on (
Ions
Con
cent
rati
on ( p
pmppm
))Effect of New NF Pretreatment Process on Removal of Hardness IoEffect of New NF Pretreatment Process on Removal of Hardness Ions and TDS at Umm ns and TDS at Umm
LujjLujj NFNF--SWRO UnitSWRO Unit
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WATER DESALINATION
481
1608
3200
12852 143 2302496
253414
42
Ca++Mg++
SO4HCO3
SeawaterNF Prod.SWRO Rej.
Ion
Conc
entr
atio
n (
Ion
Conc
entr
atio
n ( p
pmppm
))Operation of SWRO Unit on NF Product Produces High Quality SWRO Operation of SWRO Unit on NF Product Produces High Quality SWRO Permeates Permeates Void of Hardness Ions and SWRO Reject Containing Very Low HardneVoid of Hardness Ions and SWRO Reject Containing Very Low Hardness Ionsss Ions
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WATER DESALINATION
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Seawater
CASE 1
CONTROL
136 m3/hCartridge Filter
To Train200
2nd StageHP Pump
65 bar360 m3/h
108 m3/h
CF
HP Pump
2nd Stage RO85% Conversion
1st Stage RO30% Conversion
91.8 m3/h
720 m3/h
25 bar360m3/hNF
Pumps
234 m3/h
Brine Outfall
SWRO HP Pump 64 bar
98 m3/h
a.SWRO
b. NF-SWRO
65% ConversionNF Section
SW PumpFilter ForwardPump
Gravity Filter Filtered Water Sump Pressure FilterIntake Sump Clear Well
To Train100
30 bar
720 m3/h
SWRO 58 % Conversion
CASE 2 New Tech
Umm Umm LujjLujj SWRO Plant Flow Diagram a. SWRO Arrangement as Built in 1986 (TSWRO Plant Flow Diagram a. SWRO Arrangement as Built in 1986 (Train 200, Control) b. NFrain 200, Control) b. NF--SWRO Arrangement as SWRO Arrangement as Converted to NFConverted to NF--SWRO System Sept. 2000 (Train 100, New Tech.)SWRO System Sept. 2000 (Train 100, New Tech.)
WATER DESALINATIONA Photo of the Final NFA Photo of the Final NF--SWRO Plant with NF Section in Front and SWRO Section in the BSWRO Plant with NF Section in Front and SWRO Section in the Backack
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WATER DESALINATION
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Calculated Energy Consumption for the Convention at Calculated Energy Consumption for the Convention at UmmlujjUmmlujj SWRO SWRO Process as Built in 1986 and for the Various Conversion Cases ofProcess as Built in 1986 and for the Various Conversion Cases of NFNF--SWROSWRO
Case 2: Train 100 (NF-SWRO) Using Existing Pretreatment, Case 3 : Conversion of Two Trains to Full SWRO HP pump Capacity (360 m3/h) with Introduction of Additional Pretreatment, Case 4 : Same as Case 3 with Two Stage Operation of each of NF and SWRO and
Energy Recovery Turbocharger in between.
0123456789
10
Control Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
KW
h/m
3
9.55
7.346.191
2.21
4.81
Calculated Energy (KWh/m3)
Train 100
4.741
3.36
Train 200
Saving in Energy (KWh/m3)
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WATER DESALINATION
3.23
2.08
1.66
0.97 1.15
1.57
2.26
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Control Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
Unit Water Production Cost in SR/m3
SR/m
3
Saving (SR/m3)
Train 200
Train 100
Case 2: Train 100 (NF-SWRO) Using Existing Pretreatment, Case 3 : Conversion of Two Trains to Full SWRO HP pump Capacity (360 m3/h) with Introduction of Additional Pretreatment, Case 4 : Same as Case 3 with Two Stage Operation of each of NF and SWRO and Energy
Recovery Turbocharger in between.
Cost (without interest) of Added Water Production(SR/m3)Cost (without interest) of Added Water Production(SR/m3)
WATER DESALINATION
Commercialization of Suggested and Innovative Schemes
1. Unconventional High Temperature MSF (HTF), see Figure 182. Solar Energy Utilization, especially through Solar Ponds.3. Utilization of Other Renewable Resources, such as: Wind and Wave Energy.4. Electrically Induced Separation.5. Ion Exchange (IED). 6. Hydration, see Figure 19.
Figure 18 Figure 19
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WATER DESALINATION
Commercialization of Suggested and Innovative Schemes (Cont’d.)
7. Chemical Reaction, Salt Precipitation, see Figure 20.
8. Biodesalination, Anion/Cation Bacterial (oxi-re), see Figure 21.
Figure 20 Figure 21H20 Desalination
Nov. 21, 200533
Commercialization of Suggested and Innovative Schemes (Cont’d.)
Figure 22 Figure 23
9. Freezing.10.Nuclear Energy Utilization, see Figure 22.11.Combined Membrane Processes of Dylitic,
Osmotic & Ion Exchange(ED, RO, IX), see Figure 23.
WATER DESALINATION
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