Water Cycle

Carbon Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Food Webs

• What essential component of all food webs is not shown?

Energy Pyramids & 10% Rule

Other Ecological Pyramids

Predator/Prey Relationships

Community Interactions -Symbiosis

Symbiosis: interdependence or close interaction between two species– Mutualism (+/+): Both species benefit– Commensalism (+/0): One species

benefits, the other is not affected– Parasitism: (+/-): One species benefits,

the other is harmed

Symbiosis: Mutualism

• Clownfish is safe from predators who cannot withstand the anemone’s sting. Clownfish scares butterfly fish which would eat the anenome.

• Lichen is a combination of an algae and a fungus. Algae uses nutrients fungus digests from rock and provides fungus with the sugars and oxygen of photosynthesis.

Symbiosis: Commensalism

• Remora attaches to shark and feeds off scraps from the shark’s meals. Shark is neither helped nor harmed.

• Barnacles feed with sweeping appendages that gather small free-floating organisms. They often attach to whale flippers (or boats, shells etc.).

Symbiosis: ParasitismTick

Tapeworm

Heartworm

Ringworm (fungus)

CompetitionIntraspecific:

Interspecific:

What is carrying capacity?

Ecological Succession• A series of predictable changes that occurs in

a community over time. Can be abrupt after a disturbance or gradual in response to natural fluctuations

Primary Succession•Occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. •The first species to appear on the rock are called pioneer species and are usually lichens. •Ex) Exposed after volcanic eruption or glacier passage

Secondary Succession•Occurs on surfaces where soil exists•The first species to appear will be mosses or grasses•Ex) Abandoned field or after a forest fire

Primary Succession