WaterWater

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Water ResourcesWater Resources

Two types of water Fresh (3%)

77% in icecaps and glaciers

22% ground water

1% other

Salt (97%)

Two types of water Fresh (3%)

77% in icecaps and glaciers

22% ground water

1% other

Salt (97%)

Water CycleWater Cycle

Water travels between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere Evaporation Precipitation Condensation

Water travels between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere Evaporation Precipitation Condensation

Surface Water Surface Water

Fresh water on the Earth’s land surface Found in lakes, streams, rivers, and

wetlands Most cities depend on surface

water for their water supplies for drinking water, crop irrigation, food, power and transportation

Fresh water on the Earth’s land surface Found in lakes, streams, rivers, and

wetlands Most cities depend on surface

water for their water supplies for drinking water, crop irrigation, food, power and transportation

Surface WaterSurface Water

River System: as streams and rivers move across the land, they form a flowing network of water Streams flow downhill into river, the

more streams the bigger the river Examples include the Nile, Amazon

(biggest in the world, and the Mississippi)

River System: as streams and rivers move across the land, they form a flowing network of water Streams flow downhill into river, the

more streams the bigger the river Examples include the Nile, Amazon

(biggest in the world, and the Mississippi)

Nile River, Egypt

Surface WaterSurface Water

Watersheds: the area of land that is drained by a river Pollution anywhere in a watershed

may end up polluting the river Mississippi watershed drains more

than 30 states, covers more than 40% of the U.S. continental land area What tributary in our community

flows into the Mississippi?

Watersheds: the area of land that is drained by a river Pollution anywhere in a watershed

may end up polluting the river Mississippi watershed drains more

than 30 states, covers more than 40% of the U.S. continental land area What tributary in our community

flows into the Mississippi?

Surface WaterSurface Water Groundwater: water stored

beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formations Aquifers: an underground formation

that contains groundwater Water table forms the upper boundary

of an aquifer Water table is the level at which soil

and rocks are saturated Rock, sand and gravel act as a sponge

Groundwater: water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formations Aquifers: an underground formation

that contains groundwater Water table forms the upper boundary

of an aquifer Water table is the level at which soil

and rocks are saturated Rock, sand and gravel act as a sponge

Surface WaterSurface Water

Porosity and permeability Porosity - the amount of space

between the particles that make up a rock The more porous the rock the more water

it can hold

Permeability - ability of a rock or soil to allow water to flow through it. Examples are sandstone, limestone or

layers of sand or rock

Porosity and permeability Porosity - the amount of space

between the particles that make up a rock The more porous the rock the more water

it can hold

Permeability - ability of a rock or soil to allow water to flow through it. Examples are sandstone, limestone or

layers of sand or rock

Surface WaterSurface Water Wells: a hole dug or drilled to find water

Drilled/dug below the water table because it can fluctuate depending on the season

Recharge zone: the area of the Earth’s surface where water percolates down into the aquifer Affected by amount of permeable material Environmental fragile due to pollution

Wells: a hole dug or drilled to find water Drilled/dug below the water table because it

can fluctuate depending on the season Recharge zone: the area of the Earth’s

surface where water percolates down into the aquifer Affected by amount of permeable material Environmental fragile due to pollution

Water Use and Management

Water Use and Management

What are ways in which we use water on a daily basis?

How much water do you use on a daily basis?

What are ways in which we use water on a daily basis?

How much water do you use on a daily basis?

Global Water UseGlobal Water Use

Three major uses of water: residential, agricultural (the most used), and industrial The most common being agricultural,

and least common is residential 80% of water use in Asia is

agricultural Europe and North America use the

most industrial water

Three major uses of water: residential, agricultural (the most used), and industrial The most common being agricultural,

and least common is residential 80% of water use in Asia is

agricultural Europe and North America use the

most industrial water

Graph of Global Water Use

Graph of Global Water Use

Residential Use of WaterResidential Use of Water

In U.S. an average American uses 300L (80 gal) of water a day, while in India an average person uses 41L a day

In U.S. an average American uses 300L (80 gal) of water a day, while in India an average person uses 41L a day

Water TreatmentWater Treatment Most water has to

be treated in order to be safe to drink or use (potable) Removal of such

things as mercury, arsenic, lead and pathogens (found in water from sewage

Most water has to be treated in order to be safe to drink or use (potable) Removal of such

things as mercury, arsenic, lead and pathogens (found in water from sewage

Industrial Water UseIndustrial Water Use

Accounts for about 19% of all water in the world Used to manufacture goods, dispose

of waste and generate power. 100,000L of water needed to build a

car Most of water is used to cool power

plants

Accounts for about 19% of all water in the world Used to manufacture goods, dispose

of waste and generate power. 100,000L of water needed to build a

car Most of water is used to cool power

plants

Agricultural Water UseAgricultural Water Use

67% of the water used in the world

Irrigation: a method of providing plants with water from sources other than direct precipitation High pressure overhead sprinklers

are most common form of irrigation

67% of the water used in the world

Irrigation: a method of providing plants with water from sources other than direct precipitation High pressure overhead sprinklers

are most common form of irrigation

Water Management Projects

Water Management Projects

From ancient times humans have tried to manage water and it flow. Aqueducts: Romans Dams Water diversion

canals

From ancient times humans have tried to manage water and it flow. Aqueducts: Romans Dams Water diversion

canals

Water Diversion Projects

Water Diversion Projects

To supply dry regions with water, all or part of a rive can be diverted into canals that carry water across great distances Owens River provides drinking water

to L.A. Colorado River: supplies water to

seven Western states and often goes dry

To supply dry regions with water, all or part of a rive can be diverted into canals that carry water across great distances Owens River provides drinking water

to L.A. Colorado River: supplies water to

seven Western states and often goes dry

Los Angeles AqueductsLos Angeles Aqueducts

Dams and ReservoirsDams and Reservoirs

Dam: a structure built across a river to control the river’s flow.

Reservoir: an artificial lake formed when a dam is built

Dams are often used to generate power Dams can have many negative

consequences.

Dam: a structure built across a river to control the river’s flow.

Reservoir: an artificial lake formed when a dam is built

Dams are often used to generate power Dams can have many negative

consequences.

Water ConservationWater Conservation In Agriculture: drip irrigation system

deliver small amounts of water directly to plant roots by using perforated tubing. Water is released to plants as needed and at

a controlled rate

In Agriculture: drip irrigation system deliver small amounts of water directly to plant roots by using perforated tubing. Water is released to plants as needed and at

a controlled rate

Water ConservationWater Conservation

In Industry: most widely used water conservation practices involve the recycling of cooling water and wastewater Tax breaks, payments to

businesses for using conservation methods

In Industry: most widely used water conservation practices involve the recycling of cooling water and wastewater Tax breaks, payments to

businesses for using conservation methods

Water ConservationWater Conservation

In the Home Short showers Low flow shower head, toilets,

aerators Don’t run the water while brushing

your teeth or shaving Only wash full loads in dishwasher

and washing machine Water lawn sparingly or at night

In the Home Short showers Low flow shower head, toilets,

aerators Don’t run the water while brushing

your teeth or shaving Only wash full loads in dishwasher

and washing machine Water lawn sparingly or at night

Solutions for the FutureSolutions for the Future

Desalination: the process of removing salt from salt water

Transporting water: Greek islands Water from Alaska Icebergs

Desalination: the process of removing salt from salt water

Transporting water: Greek islands Water from Alaska Icebergs