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IAS Geography2014 Paper

Paper 2

1(a) Map Location.

https://www.doorsteptutor.com/Exams/IAS/Mains/Optional/Geography/Questions/

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1(b) Explain how eco-tourism activities could be important livelihood options in the Himalayan and North-Eastern regions of the country.• Minimize negative aspects of conventional tourism

• Creates promotion of recycling, energy efficiency

• Water conservation and creation of economic opportunities for local communities

• Ecologically oriented

• Participation and empowerment of local people

• Approach is bio-centric in nature

1(c) How is drainage pattern determined by the water divide?

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1uY2mqYVMM

• Water divide separates the drainage systems

• Drainage pattern is affected by rock, topography, geological time, slope and amount of water flow.

• Explain Consequent and Antecedent Drainage Systems

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1(d) Location of thermal power plants and coal fields in India are not mutually conducive. Analyse.

• Thermal power plants are mainly coal fired. Some based on natural gas and others are oil based.

• Use of poor quality coal in India

• Heavy costs on the environment, resources and health.

• Emissions of harmful particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen and sulphur.

• Challenges of disposing off ash that has toxic heavy metals.

• Consumes large amounts of water

• Coal mining impacts land, air and water & exacerbate environmental footprint of coal-based power.

1(e) Why has agro and social forestry has failed to achieve its objectives?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QN3qaFFeXA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fL7cfF5QP-g

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2(a) Bring out the distribution of Laterite soils in India and their specific use for agriculture.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yC9AIZlAhqU

2(b) Suggest the measures of wild-life conservation with reference to extinction of rare species.• Protect habitat

• Delimit regions

• Restrict hunting

• Develop sanctuaries

• Wildlife management

• Wild Life Protection Act, 1972

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2(c) Describe the problems of agro-based industries in India in general and cotton textiles in particular. • Non availability of finance

• Distance from warehouse

• Dependence on government supply

• Large investment in fixed asset

• Breakdown in production

• Natural calamities

• Competition with machine made cloth

• Lack of organization

• Obsolete machinery

3(a) Highlight the socio-economic and ecological roles of River Cauvery in its riverine tract.

• It is One of the Saptha Sindhu Rivers

• Called as Dakshin Ganga

• Agriculture & fertililty

• Values in Purana - Skandpurana

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3(b) Discuss the problems and prospects of National Waterway No. 1.

• Topography with low depths and heavy meandering

• Fluctuation in water levels

• Silting of river beds

• Obstacles due to irrigational facilities and power generation sites

• Environment concerns of affecting the flora and fauna

• Shortage of infrastructure for cargo transportation

• Lack of interdepartmental and inter-state coordination

• Prospects: Tourism, Transport, Recreational activities, Irrigation, Power generation, Inland Trade and Cheap and environment friendly mode of transportation

E plai the o ept of Make i I dia a d indicate the essential inputs for its success.

• Increase in FDI

• Create Employment

• Foster innovation

• Harness Technology

• Simplification of tax rules - GST

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4(a) Describe the salient climatological characteristics of Rayalaseema region.

• Rayalseema includes Anantapur, Chittoor, Kadapa and Kurnool (Nallamalai mts).

• Economically backward area

• Dry tract

• No high mountain ranges, no thick forests, the paucity of perennial rivers, a low rainfall and landlocked region with no co li

• Archean granites and gneisses

• Mainly red soil

• Rainshadow area

I spite of a ious egati e i pa ts of G ee Revolution, there is a demand for New Green ‘e olutio . Ela o ate.• Drawbacks: Regional inequality, negative impact on land reforms

• Decrease in imports

• Industrial growth

• Rural employment

• Increase in buffer stock

• Increase in income of farmers

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4(c) What are the desired possible changes in our trade policy to promote the development of cottage industry ?

Increase exports

Curb imports – tariff

Digitize

Tech savvy

Compete with foreign goods

Khadi India

Patanjali

Amul

5(a) Map Location

https://www.doorsteptutor.com/Exams/IAS/Mains/Optional/Geography/Questions/

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5(b) Highlight the implications of declining child sex ratio in India.

• Lack of literacy, poverty and religious sentiments

• Female foeticide

• Sex determination and killing of girl child

• Rise in cases of crime

• Positive side: Increase female bargaining power in the marriage market, shifting resources and family structures to favour women

A al se the feasi ilit of S a t To s Development in India.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5clWhO91Dk

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5(d) Comment on the criteria of identifying Drought Prone Areas in India.

1962 Irrigation Commission:

Drought-prone area as one which receives less than 10 cm rainfall

Even 3/4th of this is not received in 20% more of the years under consideration

Area in which 30% or less of the total cropped area is irrigated

5(e) Bring out the role of terrain in determining I dia s politi al i flue e o e eigh ou i g countries.• Nepal & Bhutan - Due to common sharing of Alluvial terrain, common

way of life across border

• China – Aksai Chin - Terrain has given us extra edge in controlling the border areas with China always want to break.

• Easy terrain makes disturbance prominent along Pakistan border and north east border with China. These two issue dominated the geopolitics of the Indian subcontinent.

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6(a) Discuss the trends in emigration focusing on its major thrust.

• Discuss migration theory of Ravenstein and Lee

• Development of Counter-urbanization (within nation)

• Outside nation

6(b) Account for the multiple problems of urban agglomerations.• Overcrowding

• Housing

• Unemployment

• Slums and Squatter Settlements

• Transport

• Water

• Sewerage Problems

• Trash Disposal

• Urban Crimes

• Urban Pollution

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6(c) Evaluate the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme.

• New approach to address persistent regional imbalances

• Program subsumed Rashtriya Sama Vikas Yojana (RSVY)

• Bridge critical gaps in local infrastructure

• Facilitate participatory planning, decision making, implementation and monitoring

• Provide professional support to local bodies

• From top-down plans to participative plans

• 11% fund for capacity building and staff provisioning

7(a) How can a meaningful skill development programme contribute to the economic growth of hill areas?• Skill development to improve labour market outcome and economic

growth

• Inclusion of marginalized groups

• Inclusion of marketable skills

• Channels to connect market and human resource.

• Promotion of traditional arts and communication

• Promote tourism and business

• Increase physical and cultural connections

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7 Diffe e tiate et ee the i te sit a d ag itude of a ea th uake a d e plai its

varying impact in different parts of India.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpfhpGV_gtk

7 Dis uss the i pli atio s of I dia s st ategi location with reference to the Indian Ocean.

• Trade

• Investment

• Diplomacy

• Strategic partners

• Middle east and SE Asia have mineral deposits critical for India

• All sea lanes to Indian Ocean mainly Suez Canal and Straits of Malacca are kept open at all times

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8(a) India is involved in a number of border disputes. Explain the reasons and remedies. • People's Republic of China

• Aksai Chin

• Depsang Plains

• Trans-Karakoram Tract

• Arunachal Pradesh

• Pakistan

• Jammu and Kashmir 222,236 sq km

• Siachen Glacier

• Saltoro Ridge

• Sir Creek

• Nepal: Kalapani & Susta

• Sri Lanka: Kachchatheevu

• Bangladesh: South Talpatti Island & Indo-Bangladesh enclaves

8(b) Discuss the concept of Command Area Development and evaluate its success with reference to Indira Gandhi Canal.• Launched in 1974-75

• Improve utilization of created irrigation potential

• Optimize agriculture production and productivity from irrigated agriculture by multi-disciplinary team under Area Development

• Cons: Water supply outlet was unreliable, lack of technology, lack of farmers participation

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8(c) How has an inappropriate urban land use policy accounted for undesirable development in and around metropolitan cities?

• Explain Urban Sprawl

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67PruH6JdJE


IAS Geography2014 Paper

Paper 1 – Section A

1 a Defi e the ter ea der a d des ri e the basic characteristics of entrenched meander and ingrown meander.

Entrenched – Symmetrical, Quick downcutting,

Speed and no lateral erosion

Ingrown – Assymetrical, less rapid, lateral and

Vertcal erosion occurs

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1 Dis uss the salie t features of siro o a d istral .

• Sirocco- Mediterranean wind that comes from the Sahara and can reach hurricane speeds in North Africa and Southern Europe (Warm, dry, tropical)

• Mistral is a strong, cold, northwesterly wind from southern France into the Gulf of Lion in the northern Mediterranean

1(c) Give an account of the nature of biosphere as an ecosystem.

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1(d) State the uniqueness of the Eurasian Steppe Biome.

• Temperate grassland/ savanna or shrublands

• Extent: Moldavia to Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang and Mongolia to Manchuria

• Nomadic activity

• Silk road

• Little rainfall – Short grasses

• Soil – rich in minerals and lack organic matter

• Grazing animals

1(e) Illustrate the origin and nature of Sargasso Sea and Lagoon.

• Sargasso Sea lies entirely within Atlantic Ocean, is the only sea without a land boundary. – Vulnerable to climate change

• Known for seaweed – Sargassum (obstructs navigation)

• Home to numerous marine species

• North Atlantic Water got trapped in anticyclonic circulation of North Equatorial Current, Gulf Stream and Canary Current (all with high velocity) so no connection with other waters so becomes calm and motionless.

• Air subsidence, less mixing of waters, higher salinity & evaporation

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2(a) State the concept of plate tectonics. How does it help in explaining the formation of the Himalayas and Appalachian Mountains?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnBFNNRNOJ4

2(b) Describe the origin and development of thunderstorms with examples.

• Origin – Airmass gets unstable, unstable airmass expands and cool & water vapour condense into cloud release heat, make airmass warm and rises further.

• Updraft – Warm moist air rises vertically create cumulus and thunderstorm cloud

• Cumulus Stage – Heats and lighter

air moves up

• Mature Stage – Cumulus cloud

becomes large and heavy

• Dissipating Stage – Downdraft begins

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2(c) Enumerate the major causes of increasing degradation of environment in hills and hillslopes, and state its down-valley impact.

• Unplanned construction

• Deforestation

• Population Growth

• Shifting Cultivation

• Habitat Destruction

• Green Tax

• Restrict Tourist Vehicles

• Initiatives like Green Zone in Matheran

• Hill Area Development Program

• Landslides – Uttarakhand

• Migration to Downvalley

• Flash Flooding

• Water Pollution

• Lumbering – Paper Mills

• Washing of fertile soil in Downvalley

3(a) Discuss the nature and origin of Indian monsoon and recent techniques of its prediction.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7A5flepzZYk

8 land, ocean and wind parameters to predict monsoon (previous models used 16 parameters)

6 parameters were retained

From deterministic to probabilistic forecast – use statistical methods

Dynamic approach uses physical variables like pressure and wind velocity

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3(b) State the concept of erosion surfaces and highlight the factors responsible for their development .

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxZUrUPoX9M

• Plain surface with low relief – Davis and Penck

• Unconformities – Demarcates 2 rock mass of different ages

• Hard and Soft Rock –• Erosion Agents – Water, Wind, Waves

3(c) Give a critical account of reasons and consequences of marine pollution.

• Toxic waste

• Depleting oxygen

• Affect coral reefs

• Food Chain

• Biomagnification

• Human Health

• Sewage

• Toxic chemicals

• Land runoff

• Large scale Oil Spill

• Ocean Mining

• Littering

• Main - Cu

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4(a) Explain weathering and mass wasting, and describe their geomorphic significance.

Weathering: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuPUtNi8LM0

Mass Wasting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpsRJ9LRabg

4(b) Define zoogeographic region. Also describe the basic faunal makeup of the Nearctic zoogeographic region.

Wallace Distribution

Nearctic - North America & Greenland

Similar to Palearctic, Together with Palearctic known as Holoarctic

• Tundra species like muskox, wolf, & polar beer

• Temperate coniferous species like mule, deer, & lynx

• Grassland species like Siaga & wild ass

• Deciduous animals like raccoons & red fox

• Desert species like snakes & hedgehogs

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4(c) Give an account of recent observations on oral lea hi g ith refere e to Cli e Wilki so s

Report.• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YutwbhCtiB0

• Increase in Sea Surface Temperature, La Nina, El Nino in 1997-98 led to coral bleaching

• Hottest years – 1997/98, 2003, 2004 and 2005 while main bleaching in 1998 and 2005

• Warm Waters, Rising CO2, Sea level rise

• Clive Findings (was former global coordinator of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network - GCRMN): direct anthropogenic stress of nutrient pollution, excessive sediments, over-exploitation at local sites near concentration of people

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