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INDICATIONS OF A SOVIET PARTICLE-B~I WF.APON PROGRAM TT!. THE TTHINC OF PAVL<lVSI\IY Is J\r.CFLF.RATOR OEVI-:LOPHENT (U)

SiliOO K:lStiC!l

August 1981

N-1719-ARPA

\'he Defcnsf> • .Wv.:1nced Research !'rojec:ts Agency

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The resl'arch descT1hed in this n:port was sJ,onsored by t"· Defense ,,dvanct~d Res~arch Pro.t~ct.~ Aflency under ARPA Ot\J~r No. 3520, Contract No. ,.l!lA903-7B-C-0189, Director's Office.

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UNCLASSIFIED -·-- -- •• . . -- - • I&CURITY CLAUifiCATIOtl Of' TMIS PAGI! ,__ D.te ......

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE fl· MPORT IIUMIIP

N-1739-ARPA • ,..,. ... (Md ..,,,,.)

/~Indications of a Soviet Particle-Beam Weapon 1/J Prosr-1; III. The Timing of Pavlovskiy' s · ·Accelerator Development,(U). /;)

'lt.' 7 AUTHORC'a)

(}bJ Simon JKassel

I. P&ArORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AMO AOOAISI

The Ra~d Corporation 1700 Main Street Santa Monica, CA 90406

I I. CONTROLLING OI'I'ICI NAill AIID ADDitEIS

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Department of .Defense A,.1.. VA ??~no

RBAD INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING 1'0101

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~./ Interim ~ · pt"' 8. P~AFOAIIIMG OltG. AI!POAT NUtiBI!A

•• .. COIITRACT OR GRANT NUMIII"tel

·J!; MDA9;3-78-c-f189~ 11 RPA f)JJ.,J~~-~ ~·:~ 10. PROGAAMIL~~~PRO,U~CT, TASK

ARIA 6 WORIC UNiT NUM81RI

1~. AIPOAT OAT. · ,-" t II, ) ~ .·~ ,. August 1981 /..t: ~.. 1

11. NUMBER 01' PAGES 27

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••· IIOIIITORING AOIJNC. t NAME I AOOA£11(11 ,,.,_, ,_ .t:onllollhl4 OIIIH) fl. S8C:UAITY CLASS. (ol IItie ~

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·q~~S-UP~P~L~IM~K~N~T~A~RY~N~O~TI~S~-----------------------------------------------------------

lt. ICE\' WORDS (C011flls¥• C111 ,..._ •• _,. II necHNfF awl,,_,, 67 &loci' IMDbH)

!'article Beams Russia or USSR Weapon !:ystems

S6e reverse side

~~arged Particles Acceleration (Phyoics) Energy Storage

DD , ~::~, 1473 t!OITION OF 1 Nov es 11 0810L&Ta UNCT.ASS I FlED

•

ONGl '5&lF1m>~..----­IIC:UAatY C&.ASSI,ICA'rtON or TMIS PA;;E(IIPten Dcta ... ....,)

(U) The likelihood of a Soviet miltta~ program to develop charged-particle-beam weapons and the probable history of such a program are investigated on the basis of evidence in Sovfet open-source technical publications. Individual notes examine three aspects of pulsed-power development: atmospheric propa­gation of high-current electron beams; repetitive pulsed-power switch technology; and probable history of Soviet accelerator developments. (EFP)

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A RAND NOTE

Prepared For

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INDICATIONS OF A SOVIET PARTICLE-BE,\H ~IF.APON PRO!;RAH liT. THE TIMING OF PAVLOVSKIY'S ·ACCELERATOR DEVELOPMENT (U)

!'i.mon Kassel

August 1981

N-1739-ARPA

The J>dense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DD254 fo~ dated 10/23/80 for Coutract MDA903-78-C-0189 and

Clcnsffied by ·111ultiple sources.

Downgrade to t\ /A o

Oedcntlfy 0'"---- ----------or Revi- on ,\u :u;; t ; 1 · "lQQ l

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.. iii

(ll) I'REF,\t::·:

(1,;) This Rand r.otc was prepal'cd iu lhe:: course .Jf a co nti:min~

:Hudy, sponsored by the Odcnsc AdvcmC'ed Rt!se.uch Projects Agency, of

&l'' h• ~ rt!..'iCa rch and development of hif?,h-rurrent, h i~h-l•ncr~y chaq~c·d­

p:n ~.irlt> twlius and their f;cientific :md technc,logiclll applications.

(jJ/f The n C\ te is th~ third in o series investigatin~, on the basil'

of \•vidence in So••iet npcn-source technical publications, the possible

€Xi~t l!laCt' ;) r a Soviet military pr<lgram to develop charged-particle bE=am

wc:tpLitlS a~!d the probable history of such a progrnm. This note examines

the> tndic:tt:fons that A. t. Pgvlovskiy hns built. a new, third generation

<lf charged- particle :1ccelerntors. P:wlovskiy is knvwn as the d<?veloper

of the radial-lint:: accelerator, <~ rnncPpt of mtlltary significance.

Eariiur notes in the seri£s examine Soviet work on the propagation of

• ** high-currc>nt electron beams in air and switch development.

(tl) The note, prepared for the Director's Office, !>ARPA, may also

he uf interest to pulsed-power specialists engaged in accelerator de­

vclC'pm~nt and planning.

* (u) Simon Kassel, Inc1i'.catiom; of a Scmi~Jt. Par>tic .'e-lleom l1'caron i'J>r>:Tl"'.Vn: [. H1:ah-C'uro-rent 17Zat:Jtrvm-Ream Propagatior. in ,:·ir (U), Th~ Rand Corporation. N-1737-ARPA, Au~ust 1981 (S,•::ret).

** (t:> Simon Kassel, Tnd1:aation:; o.r a Soviet Pa1•t:" cle-l:Jaam Weapon J'l'!/Cil'am: 1 !. ?t~!sed-PorJer Closi>f(J St~~:tch(JB (U), Tho:: Rand Corporation, N-17'38- ARPA, Au~ust l981 (SI!cret).

v

(1.1) SUMMARY

(, A detailed study of • I. Pavlovskiy's ~&D activities during

the past two decades, based on ~pen-sourc~ publications, indicates that

in 19~- ne probably built a high-current charged-particle accelerator

~apable of resolving the atmospheric beam propagation problem. This

accelerator would be a third-generation machine, a s•Jccessor to the

LIU-10 accrlerator. The pace of che Soviet program needed to produce

such an acceJerator by the mid-1970s i~ estimated to ~e similar to that

of the currenL U.S. program at the Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory.

vii

PRI-:FACE • e I e e e e I I e I I I I I I I I I I I. I I I I I • I I I I I I I I • I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I e I I iii

SUMMARY I I I I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I • • I I • I I I I I I I I I I • I • I I I I I I I I I I I I I I v

Section 1. INTRODUCTION ............................... . ........... . 1

l {. THE TIMING OF LIUB-2 AND I.JU-10 ,\r~ELERNl"ORS ••••••••••••• ~ l The LTUB-2 Accelerator Project •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 The J .. tD-10 Accelerator Project • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • 7

III. THE THIRD GENERATION ••••••.••• :........................... 11

lV.

.. .. THE TIMING OF COLLATERAL RESEARCH ACTIVITIES . ............ . I4

CONCLUSiONS . ............................................. . 19

RI-:.FERENCES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • , 2 3

UNCLASSIFIED I

1

(U) I. INTRODUCTION

(U) In assessing. t:he prest.nt status of a possible Soviet particle­

beam weapon (PBW) program, an essential step is co determine the timing

~f key Soviet R&D events that may b~ pertinent to such a program. Par­

tic•Jlarly important are the installation and activation ddt~s of · major

particle accelerators ~nd the milestoneF marking the progress of the

various research projects. Sovi~t published technical literature con­

tains ample material with which to structure R&D events in the time di­

mensic.~. The ccntinuity of Sllccessiv~ research reports reflecting the

evolution ~f theoretical concerL~ and experimental res~lts ~rovides the

basis of the ~equential structure. Dotes of submission of papers to the

edi~or and of publication, datP.s of citcc Soviet and for£16~ papers,

da~e~ of conferences involving research di,;closurr.s, dates of filin& .md

publicatio'l of patents, ltnd dates of events ment'ioned in the text of re­

search reprrts provide the necessary fixed points for the basic time

sequence.

~~ An important question that ari~~~ here is whether, in view of

th2 !<>pedal ~ensitivity of events that mav bea1: on rBW, the Soviet!~

would ele~t to tamper with the dates of sucl. events. Th'!' sillnllest way

to conceal an advanced Rtate of th~ art it. ~:; ••.lay public.ation. The

anuounr.ed dates of activation of experi."lental iacil-'.t~ es c11u be set

later than the actual dates and made to conform to the del~yed publica­

t1on. It would be of interest to determine whether such artificial

til!le shifts ar~ likely in the ca·. of substantial flows of intarrelatecl

documents and continuously evolvi •• g research activity. While the need

to conceal the tempo cf their c.~v~lopment might tempt the Soviets to

practicP artificial dating, the nPt~ork of mutually corroborating

events and t~e evolutionary nature of the R&D process may well destroy

the consistency required for such practlce.

~ This note tra=es the development between 1966 and ~980 of A.

I. Pavlovskiy 's work in an area pertinent to PBW and estimates the

likelihood ~f the Soviets having tampered with the dating of key events.

Pavlovskiy developed chargecl-pal:ticlE' acceleratCY'R with a bro:.d range

..

··------~ ----------------.:0:.::....1:~~· •:r.;•.J.~•~·~a.-...-...~~ ..... ~ .............. :..;.:..·- .,-~-=::-:::, .......... -..a...-·•••..D" ';·z)O .. 'C'nr _j

I I l

2

* of military applications, An earlier Rand report provides the ground-

~~rk for the present analysis, which extends the coverage or Pavlov­

skiy:~ publications through 1980.

* (U) ~ee Simon Kassel, IJeveZcpment and Potent!.aZ of Radial-Line AcceZerotors (U), The Rand Corporation, R-111:!-ARPh., Marr.h 1977 (C,.mfidcntial).

3

(U) !J. THE TIMING OF LIUB-2 AND LIU-10 ACCELERATORS

(~ Pavlovskiy's publications reflect a long-term accelerator de­

velopment that began in the ·l950s with air-core betatrons, continued

with toroidal inductor linear accelerators of the LIUB type, and reached

an advanced stat.e of thP. art in the LlU-10 radial-line accelerator. If

the advanced parameters of the LIU-10 machine imply a significant mili­

tary capability, whether as a radiography tool or a PBW test bed, it

would be desirable to determine when such a capability b~came available

to the Soviets . The establi "'hment of such a benchmark would tnen make

it easier to infer the level of achievement reached by the Soviets in

high-performance accelerators and in the solution of beam behavior

problems.

(U) n1e following analysis is ba~ed on the assumption thaL the

LIUB and Liu-10 accelerators represent successive stages of accelerator

development, i.e., that the latter evolved from the former. The sicr

pleat indication of this evolution is the progress1on of the operatin~

parameters: from 2 MeV, 2 kA for the initial LlU&-2 machine; through

·o.4 MeV, 25 kA for its later version; to 3.5 MeV, 50 kA for the ~IU-10.

Oth~r indications derive from the evulut1~n of the concept of air-core

t.oroidal cavity inductors anq, of course, from the comparison of timP.

periods involved. If this assumption is correct, the timing of the

Llu-10 development derends to some extent on the history of LlUB-2.

(U) THE LIUB-2 ACCELERATOR PROJEC'i'

(U) Several key dates mark the development of the LIUB-2 accel­

erator. The earliest i~ July 27, 1966, the filing date of the b~sic

patent (author's priority certificate) describing beam transport in a

* ~gnetic field within the LIUB-2 accelerator (1]. The LIU&-2 was put

into operation about a year lnter, sometime in 1967 (2}; however, noth­

ing was published on it ur.Lil 1970. If the LIUB-2 was initially

* (U) This is the only patent among several filed by Pavlovskiy for air-core accelerators that is cited in ~he Soviet literature as pertaining directly to the •ius-2 [2,16). \

l¥. c£( II s s. · : el.

UliCLASSIPIBD "• '. 4

classified, some sort of preliminary downgrading mu&t have taken place

in April 1970. After that date, the above patent and a number of theo­

retical and experimental reporte on the LIUB-2 were published; but with­

out mentioning the accelerator by name (1,3-7). The final declassifica­

tion was reflected in an early 1974 paper ( 2], which disclosed the LIUB-2

designation, provided the icstallation date, and tied the patent_and t~e

several previ·uus reports to tbis machine •.

The classification hypothesi ... in regard to the LIUB-2 is a.&pported

by several additional interesting details. The publication of the 1966

l,lUB-2 patent was delayed 4 y~ars and 2 months, while otl'ler Soviet pat­

ents in th(t same category filed in 1 ~66 were delayed 18 »"·ths on aver­

age and over 80 percent were delayed from 8 months to 2 years (see. Pis•

1). For example, another Pavlovskiy pateut for a linear inductton ac­

celerator concept, filed on the same day as the LIUB-2 patent, was pub­

lidhed 16 months later (8]. Fourteen months after fJlin~. the number of

the LIUI-2 patent appear'!d in the l'atent Bulletin with the notation ''not 0 •

for publication" in place of the usual abstract (9]. The long delay,

together with the notation appe3ring at the normally expected publica­

tion time, strongly suggest that th(! LIUB-2 patent had been classified.

The same pTocedure vas later applied to the LI~-10 patent.

In addition to patents directly (although retrospeetively) as­

cribed to particular accelerator systems, Pavlovskiy filed seveTal un­

c~sifi&d patents for v~riantq of his accelerator concept [S,lQ-12].

These patents were all published "within approximately l.S years of fil­

ing, regardl€:6& of the assumed chssification of J,IUB-2 materials.

Thu~, for the LIUB-2 accelerator, 1 year elapsed between patent

fi!h&g and installation; about 3 years between installation and publi­

cation of the first papers reporting a current of 2 kA at 2 MeV; and

7 years between installations and publication of the final paper dis­

closing both the LIUB-:2 pTOject and the at:hittvement of 25-kA beam out­

Put by a varianc of the machine. FisU're 2 sh.1¥S this time sequence in

a graphic form.

* Such a ~otation is frequent in the Soviet Patent Bulletin prac-tice and does 11ot necessarily imply classification.

UITCLASSIPIED

t ' j

--~

d Ill 0 ~ :.. • • .... '!II ... -I ~

40

30

:t! ... c :. .J a ~ 20 0

"" ;,

§ ?.

10

..... -

,.. . 40

~

- ~ - 30 --,_

~ -P--

-- - 20 ,.....

""""- -!---

1-- ,.._

- . 10 ,...... ~

I--~

,.._ ~

H I rh ,--, 8 9 \0 1\ 12 13 t4 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 12 33 34 35 )6 months

1 2 '3 years

Time fTom filing to publ teat ion of patent

Flg. \--Delay l~ publication of Soviet patents (a~thors' c~rtificates) ln Category 21g (category of Pavlovskly's accelerators), filed in 1966 (':OURCF.: .-.tl.:,•·.~t.·t:,.:~ ;:: ... inteteJu::!a. rror.:uonl.:·~m:l;te ,.bt'1::• :;":h t.':'.n-•.·.'t= ::•1•1kl.. 'litcitcl '•z:J;r l.'!'ic!:..:·te•r'• Nos. 1-24. 1967, and 1-36, 1968)

··---·---- --

Cl

~ t-1

"" ;.. • • .... IIJI .... II '='

d f!l t:-1 ;. • -... IIJ .... -'='

""" , ... ~ "e'fi' JO'C.6 ....... ., ~ 1 o~

t ~,. "--._o &1' "e~ o"" ~"- '\.\.9- \•~ \.• "e~

~94t v"-& .,e\:. "e" •'-,; '\.~ ~~ \.~ 1~

! A II I .J

t-.6

LIUB-2

67 68

~-._e~ . .-"~ ~ ~ "e'fil ""c., ~

t\.\.'\S\ c.~\.o ~·"'~ "e..P '\.&~ \.o "e.P"' e~" ~"~ \.~ -c.~ ~&\. ~ 1•"" c,o~g; ""'e 1,~"-e '\.~6 ~\.~1i-

Q A lr=] + I LIU-10

t I __ .t I _ _ _I__ _ _ _ __.__ I l 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

Fig. 2--Flow chart for developw.ent of Pavlovskiy's linear inductfon acc~lerntors

G\

d'

~ tit ;.. • .. ... IIJ ... i!l '='

7

<f> lt is probable that tht• LlliB-l project sta!"ted well before

the pater•t Wab filed. This asa;umption is hased c•n th:~ fact that only a

year elapt~ed between the time the patent was filed and the LIUB-2 vas

put into Ol~rntion, ~nd a year seea~ tno short a time for the desi~,

construction, nnd installatJon of the accelerator. The important ques­

tion, however, is whet her the LlUB-l 1113chinc •as :1ctuall y int;talled

earlier than repnrted. Tile f4-iTly long wait uf 7 }~ars hefllre the So­

·viets disclosed the existence of the · s:roject ;;rgul?s a~ninst Ruch a

hypothesis. Furthet1110re, if the LIUB-2 were lnstalled much e&:rlier

than the filing date or the P4tent, it would imply a carefully planned

artificlal program of grac;ual disclosure, including patent clasRifica­

·tion and declassification, projected over 10 years in advance, a hi~ly

unlikely procedure. Therefore, it is a:~sumed that the time schedule of

Fig. 2, derived from the available publications, and the installation

date o f 19E7 reflect actual events. ':he 25-kA cuz T"ent vas probftbly

achieved in early 1972. TI1e clat1aification v3s prcbably downgraded in

early 1970 because the next project involving radial-line accelerators

and the uu-10 had begun. We 4sst•me here that a new generation of

technolo{O' rcnderR the preceding (leneratinn relatively obsolete and

thus less senAitive to disclosure.

(U) THI:: &.!u-10 ACCELERATOR PRC!:!!f!

(U) As in the case of the LI~B-2, the Liu-10 project began v!th a

basic patent t13J, filed in Au~ust 1968; the patent, who~e number was

recorded in Hay 1970 as "not for publlcat!nn." wdc finally published in

November 1971. The patent specified a llnenr inducllon ftccelerator cor.­

slslin~ of torotda.l inductors with distributed parameters and a ring

swi tch producing rectan~ular acceleratin~ voltaRe pulses to ensure mono­

chromatic particle energy. Acr.ording to the patent diaclosure, the pro­

posed arcelerator systeDl was suitable fo1· the generation of single pulses 4 or a :o;edes of pulse& of chuRed particl(•S with a hcam current of >10 A

~nd. a l ow repetition frequency (~0.1 Hz). Pavlovskiy stated that this

p.ttent representt!d a new type of linear induction accelerator based on

ra.Uu lines and Intended to produce high-current charged-particle bemus

8

of tens and hundreds of MeV [14]. The term l'<Jd1:az 1i'11~s and the goal 8

of lU ~v a,rAared f~r the first time.

The similarity of th~ LIUB-.t pa:ojoc:t al.1o extendA ta the report

publication pattern. eousisting of a prelimi na r)' (141 and a f iu.1l [ 1 r;]

* report. 'lbe preliminary report, Rubmitted tt· the editor in November

1974 and t,ublished in .Jun~ 1975, announced tha.~ n ri.tdial-line ace£1er­

ator h•1d achieved an intermediate r.1nge of pa~a11eter:.~ (100 to 150 kA :tt.

1 MeV) and that a larger (unnamed) machine was .:nd~r ,~on.itruction. The

!inal report, submitted to the editor in Octob~r 1979 and publish'"' in

February 1980, disclosed the ~ru-10 des1guation atd instnllatlon ddte

of 1977 and tied the patent a\ld the prali'llinary rel-art to the LID-10

macitiae.

The timing of these ev,mts, howevctr, was quite c.li!fer•"!nt from that

of the LIUB-~ development. As shown in Fig. 2 (above), lhe lnterval

between 'ne filing date \lf the patent and the rttpnrted lnf;tnllat.ion of

the LIU-10 accelerator was over 9 years. The preli~rinaey report was

published about 2 years before the installation and the final repo~t

over 2.5 years after the LID-10 was put into operation. Besides the

long interval between the filing of the Liu-10 patent and the installa­

tion of the accelerator, the most signf.t.;r.ant derart'.lre from the LIUB-1

pattern was that Pa•1lo\•sldy reJmrted the installation o£ Liu-10. as hav­

ing occurred after the publication of the preliminary report.

In eomparing the LIUB-2 and LIU-10 deVelopment patterM. as de­

~ived from Pavlovskiy's publications, one finds that the completion of

the LI:~2 cycle was followed shortly hy the publication of a review

paper (:~1 summarizing th~ LIUB-2 parameters and concept and outlining

the poss:bil~ties of the l..TU-10 p1·oject. The r'~"·ieu paper was, in

turn, fol~owed within a fe~· months by the preliminary paper of the

LID-10 project. The intt-rvl·l between the s:ublication of preliminary

•nd final x.aports was 4 year., in both :yeles, reflecting a remarkable

co:tsisteney in P81tlovsldy's p.tblicatio:t practices.

- *Tbe -;:". fiP'Itl.I zeepoztt i., ,ase.i here only to show siadlaritY to the LIUB-2 }lubl1ce.:1ons; it does ~&ot prerl ttdP possible future publications by Pavl~vskty ~n thi~ subject.

UNCLASSIFIED ...,.4l

·~··· a·$' , !.iJ

f

·!

9

~ The Liu-lo accelerator is a more complex machine than the

LlUB-2 or the 25-kA variant, requiring a l onger time for construction,

installation, and experimental work. However , Lhe reported interval

of 10 years between the installa~ion dates of the LIUB-2 and Liu-10

accelerators seems excessive, in view of the fact that the respective

patents were filed only 2 years apart . On the other hand, the publi­

cation interval, as noted abuv~, ~~G the Hame--4 years--tor each proj­

ect. These facts lead to the hypoLhesis that both 4-y-:ar publication

periods were devoted mainly to the processing and presentation of mate­

rial \Jbtained at somt. earlier time, and that the LIU-10 had been in­

stslled earlier than Pavlovskiy had reported. If his work is indeed

as consistent as it appears from Fig. 2 {above), the LIU-10 acceler­

ator should have beell installed after the filing of the p .. Lent and be­

fore the submission of the preliminary (epnrt. If the Liu-10 had been

insta!~ed in, say, 1970 instead of 1977, some key facts about Pavlov­

skiy' s proJects could be more easily reconciled. Specifically, a 1970

installation date would:

1. Give Pavlovskiy 5 years for experimental'vork before publica­

tion, in contrast to the 3 years avatlable to the LIUS- 2

project and the 2 years available to the Liu-10 project if

the 1977 installation date were valid.

2. Coincide with the hypothetical declassification of LIUB-2

materials an~ provide a rationale for such action.

3. Render more credible Pavlovskiy's statement about the accumu­

lated experience of 5, 000 to 10,000 shots sustained by the

Liu-10 machine.

4. Allow twice as long an interval between patent filing and

installation for the LIU-10 as for the LIUi.-2, reflecting

the greater complexity of t~e Ltu-10.

5. Conform to the LIUB-2 development pattern.

(~ The discrepancy of 7 years between the hypothesized and re­

ported installation dates of th~ LlU-10 nccelerator may be resolved by

, .. . • 10

considerinl that an accelerator is regarded as "under construction" (as

stated in Pavlovskiy's LIU-10 preliminary report) until a fonaal accep­

tance procedure has been completed. In this case, the final re..,ort,

stating that the Liu-10 had been put into operation in 1977, can be in­

terpreted as teferring to the formal acceptance date.

~~~-~: .. ~.- ~ ..

11

(U) Ill. THE THIRD ~ENERATION

<# On the bash of the hypothetical installation date of 1970

for the Liu-10 accelerator, it is possible to extrapolate the known

pattern of LIUB-2 and LIU-10 development to the next generation of

Pavlovakiy ac:elerators. The third-generation accelerator would be

more complex and powerful than the T.lll-10 and •ould pn,bably require

more time than the two preceding systems. It ia assumed that the audi­

tional time for the t hird-generation accelerator can be estimated by

doubliug the intervals between (l) the LIUB-2 and LIU-10 patent filing

dates and (2) th~ patent ii!ing and installation of each accelerator.

Two years elapsed between t.he filing of patent~ for the LTUB-2 and

LIU~lO accelerators . Therefore, the third-generation accelerator pat­

ent is assumed to have been flied 4 years after the Llll-10 p~ttP.nt fil­

ing date, i.e., in 1972. The interval between patent filing and in­

st~llation was 1 year for the LIUB-2 and 2 years (hypothetical) for

the LIU-10, and is thus assumed to have been 4 years for the third­

generation accelerator--leading to an estimated installation date of

1976. Figure 3 shows the-progression of Pavlovskiy's accelerators up

to the hypothetical third generation.

(~ The 1976 installation date is close enough to the LIU-10

preliminary report publication date to conform to the pattern of the

preceding generations. It could be argued that the publications on the

LIU-10 accelerator were released because the next generation machine

was installed, just as it was assumed that the hypothetical installa­

tion of the LIU-10 provided the rationale for releasing the publica­

tions on the LIUB-2.

(U) The above .assumptions and .hypotheses are speculative. They

are driven by a superficial logic of characteristic time spans appar-

ent in the development cycles of the first two generations of Pavlov- .

skiy 's accelerators, and by a sense of imbalance inherent in the re­

ported timing~ the overly long period betwcPn the two documented generil­

tions of accelerators (10 years from the installation of LIUB-2 to that

r ...... • ~ •• ..., •• ~

•

'!!'"" ~~ ~ .~ ~s \. \. • "'\O ~ft.•~~ efl' JJf."

"'~"' .~~· \\.9~- ~ f. f.ev-~o. \t:-•"' ~f.e "'ef 'it\~~ I A II'-(\, 1~ LIUB-2

66

(t')

\. \. \. \,(\ 9.. 0. \. t~'f.."-.t\'l. ... ~'(. \,G 'f..\.0(\ n ~'iV" •"'a\.\.o. . \'(\ e~of."'

~'i ~ ~'(.· 'J1> \S\0. f. ~1f' , •• ~ ~e•"' .... •• I~ ~..,_ft.\.

_j

Lit:-! 0

~\.\."'~ .,_\ot\ . ... \ •\.\~

~~"'e"' \t\~'f..ft. . -• Hypofheti.cc.l 3d-geneoratlon accder.:~tnr

69

Fig. 3--H)'f10theti.c.:~J extrapolation of Pa\•lovskfy'~ 3ccelcr.:1tor d£:vl.lo(llllcnt

i' ·•" ........

~ .• J N .,. -· .,., •••

~

13

of I Iu-lv), and the overly brief period c>f 2 years bet~o:een the reported

installatiun of J.Ju-10 :md the 1' inal reJ:ort.

C/> If t.l1¥"' hypothcc;es un• correct, it would me01n that in the

mid-1970R the Soviets had an accel.•rntor capability far surpassin~ .1ny­

thiog that the United States haR nvallnblc tod01y. Scaling up from the

2 ~leV of the J.JUB-2, throu~h the 13.5 MeV of th~ LIU-10, the third-gen­

eration acceh•rator should hJvc P00111:h beam energy to address the ques­

tion of atlllllspheric prop<lgation di:·ectly, by expcrim~nt. The installa­

tion of the thi!d-~t-neration accelerator in 1976 '-'Ould thus amount to :t

significant milestone in the Soviet high-current uccelerator prograJ!l•

(U) ~ f01r, we !1:av~! dl:;cussl'd th~ c~ntrnl r>ortion of Pavlovskiy'lt

activities: the development of air-core linear induction accelerators.

We now turn to axamine hew theRe activitie:; fit within a broader per­

spective of Pavlovskiy's work.

,.

------------------------------UNCLASSII'IBD

14

IV. TilE TIMING OF COLLATERAL RESEARCH ACTIVr:'IES

Pavlovskiy's publications reflect a bro~~ rangP.of R&D prujects . . . It

witb varying degrees of relevance to his devele~pmeaat of high-current

accelerators. Some or these projects involve the study of physieaJ

phenomena, such as radiography, relevant tn the cL!velopment oi nuclear

weapons. Others are in the category of basi~ or applied ro~ear~h with

less obvious. applications. The .following ·publisht'd research projects

not involving accelerators have been asso~iated with Pavlovskiy during

the past 15 years:

1. Development of bigh-em.•rgy lasers.

2. Study of the Faraday·effect in me~aRauss fields.

3. Study of gas discharges forced by a r.u~gnetie f !C'ld lt' 1nt€'ra~t

with insulators.

4. Study of neutron and X-ray emissJon from plasma focus.

S. Production and stu\Jy of a discharge channel in air.

6. Genttration of hifth cagnetic fields.

1. Dynamic compression of crystals by magnetic fields.

The fir~t three projects wer~ initially performP.d by known insti­

tutes and vP.re later joined by Pavlovskiy 6nd members of hi& group. The

last four projects appear to be internal to Pavlovskiy's organization.

As the following discussion will shaw, the timing or the collateral

projects and their organizational relationships ID3Y havP an important

bearing on our understanding of the overall t~rust ~f P~vlovskty'u ac­

tivities. Equally significant wnay be the circumstances o! installation

and use of the following thre~ distinct types af energy storage (ac111-

ties available to Pavlovskiy:

1. A SDO-kV Man generator.

2. A series of explosive magneto-c-lativQ genera.tors (!fCC). • • b 3. Two high-E~nergy capacitor anka for l.:SS and 2.7 KJ, desig-

nated MKB-1 and Mt~2, respectively.

UITCLASSIFIBD

UITCLASSII'IBD 15

Each of these facilities was attended by ~ts own team of designers and

experimentalists, and each had a role in several of the accelerator. de­

velopment and collateral projects.

The Marx senerlltor was -iesiSJied and opera ted by the same team that

developed Pavlovslay•a •ccelerator. Early in 1971, the Mar~ generator

was -iescribed as intended for the LIUB-2 accelerator (4]. The MCGs were

used to drive variants of Pavlovskiy's betatron [17], and the MK-2 type

C-160 MCG was 1 epoT'ted to be delivering 1 MJ t'l a LIU!' accelerator (18].

Pavlovskiy's masnato-cumulative se~erators, first SU81eSted in 1951

by A. D. Sakbarov, were realized for the first time in the Soviet tlaion

1n 1952 [ls-21]. Remarkably fast progre4s was made in the early years:

the MX-2 w~s buil~ within a year of the initial proposal. and in 1953 it

delivered !00 }1,!, l20,21). According to Sakharov., the MCG development

cycle lasted from 1952 to 1956. It is not clear whether Pavlovskiy was

involved in the development. R. z. Lyudayev, a member of th• team that

buUt the first Soviet MCC. wall later identified with Pavlovskiy's MCG

team.

According to Pavlowkiy, these early devices were not practical.

Subsequently, extensive research, :-eported on after 1965 by Pavlovskiy's

team, was dedicated to improving the MCGs. shortening the; current rise

time, and increasing the efficiency of conversion from chemical to elec:­

tx~magnetic: eneray and energy gain. Despite the high level of effort

that he dE'votecl to MCCs, Pavlovsldi' considered thom temporary substi­

tutes in exploratory research for whi~h larg£ capita~ expenditures for

extensive facilities were not readily available (22].

The MKB-l capacitor bank was lnstalled 1n 1965 and the MKB-·2 1n

1968. according to a report published in 1974. This report, without

mentionine any application to accelerators. stated that the cKpacitor

banks were intended for tl~ study of fast processes {23]. They were

used, however, tc pTovide tbe i:litial field in some MCGs [24].

The use of the above energy storage f•cilitit:d, which in the 19~0s

involved the LIUB-2 accelerator, appe~ars to ha~t ... changed in the 1970&,

and between 1973 and 1975, a. 1 three were used in collateral projects.

the Marx senerator found apllcat lon 1n laoer development. Tiae

laser work hnd begun in tbe. 1960s at the Physics Institute of the

UliCLASSIFIBD

UITCLJ.SSII'IED 16

Byelorussiar Academ, of Sciences in Minsk, initially under B. I. Ste­

paaov and A. H. Rubinov [25]. Between 1970 and 1974, tbe Minsk Insti­

tute issued a steady flow of papers by Rubinov. L. V. Sukbanov, and

others on rhodamine lasers and their effect C'n various materials [26-

31]. These paper~ are closely interlinked by author, subject, and a

networ.k of citations. When Pavlovsldy became associated with this

group, be made the Marx generator available to it.

Since 1975, a series of reports bave been published jointlr by

Pavlovskiy and Sukhanov on the investigation of several laser types,

including an Net glass laser with a coaxial flash lamp which yielded

660 J in a 25~).1s pulse [32) and a co, laser pumped by an electron beam .. [33). The Marx genemtor was reported in connection with an electric

discharge co2 laser [34). This paper had no Minsk coauthors, possibly

becau•e the Minsk researchE.ts d1d not have direct access to Pavlovakiy's

facility. In 1979, again in a joint ef£oTt, Pavlovskiy investigated the

effort of a rhodamine 6G laser on aluadnum, exposing the metal tn a beam

intensity of S to 60 Mi/cm2 [35~.

The MCG f ac111 ty began the study of electro-optical pbenomena in

high magnetic fields about 1974 and .:he compression of qunrtz by high

mapetic fields in 1978. As in the case of the laser project, the elec­

tro-optical studies began ~uc:h earlier outside Pavlovskiy's orsaaization.

In 1959, G. S. Krinchlk of the MOscow State UniversJty was the first

to introduce the concep' of magnetic: susceptibility of a magnetic: crystal

at optical frequencies to explaL1 the Faraday effect in ferrite garnets

[36). V. V. Druzhinin of the Moscow Engineerin' Physics Institute has

worked on the energy-level structure of paramugnetics since at least·

1965 [37]. In a paper submitted to the editor in 1972 and published in

1974 [38] Druzhinin noted Sakharov's MCG paper []9) and expressed inter­

est in tbe study of polarization plane rotatton in various media in

strong magnetic fields. Shcrtly afterward, Pavlovsldy, Krinchik, and

Dt uzhinin coauthored several papers on the Faraday effect, us ins HCGs

to produce the magnetic field [39-41]. Since that time, Pavlovskiy and

Druzbinin have jointly repoTted expeTiments using increasingly strong

magnetic fields (42-45]. At the same time, Kriuc:hik and Druzhin:ln have

UliCLASSII'IBD

UITCLASSII'IBD 17

cootinued to publish separately and without Pav~vskiy the results of

their work not involving megagauss fields (46-Sl).

The MKB capacitor bank facility reported between December 1973 and

July 1975 on the study of electric discharge channels in air [S2), gen­

eration of strong magnetic fields (SJl, and plasma focus experiment.G

[54,55]. These studies appear to be whol~y inte~nal to the Pavlovskiy

organization. consist of r~e ~r two papers each, and do not r.lte earlier

papers by thei1: authors in the nreas involved •. The HD-1 c:apacltor bank

was used in all experiments.

The pattern evident in the use of the three energy storage facili­

ties suggests the following hypothesis: The establishment of all three

facilities in the mid-196~s coincided with the start of work on the LIUB * . accelerators. From that time until the early 1970s these faciliti~,

were used for the LIUB accelerat~rs and possibly for Pavlovskiy's beta­

trons. Since 1973, just after the final report on the LIUB-2 machine.

the energy storage facUlties were switcbed to collaterAl projects. They

do not appear to have been usei in connection with the LIU-10 accelerator.

Pigure 4 shows the three energy storage facilities and the projects

1n which these facilities have been used. The cluster of the collateral

projects appears on the right side of the chart.

* The installation date of tlte Marx generator it~ not known; however, since it was intended for the LIUB ac:c.elerators, we can assume that it goes back at least as far as the LmBs.

UNCLASSIFIBD

.c:s ~ t-t 11-• • ... IJit ... -t:l

65 66

ooooooooooooocooooooooo 00000000000000000000000

0001)0 oooon

oooo d gooooooc oooo Farra ay effect oooooo<

Magncto-cumulat~ve generatnr~ (~r.G) aocaoa-o

_ _ compression

67

capacitor bank

£,8 69 70 71

88 Air chann-el

focus

ooa-aaacra-aao-oaooo-croooooooo-aoooooc D

72 7J 74 75 76 77

~ig. 4--PRvlovskiy's energy storage facilities (square shading) ·and their applications (circle shading)

78 79 80

.... Q)

c:l ~ tilt lit • • ... 'Ill ... 1!1

"

UNCLASSII'IBD 19

V.. CONCLUSIONS

If the above hypothesis about the shift of t.he energy storaze

facilities to collateral projects is Lo have any validity, the start­

ing dates of tbese projects in Pnvlovskiy's organlz:tt.ion must be known

with an accuracy of 1 t.o 2 years. ln the case of the two largest

prcjects, those involving lasers and the Feraday effect, such dates

can be established· through the history of tl1is work prior to Pavlov­

sld.y' s entry. In both cases, before Pavlovskiy participated, there is

an unbroken continuity of reports published by t.ba initiating insti­

tutes: the Hlnsk Institute of Physics for the laser project and the

Moscow State Universlty and MOscow Engineering Physics Institute for

the Faraday effect project. In both cases, after joining the projec~s,

Pavlovskiy relied on their earlier work, citing their resl•lts in his

publications. It is neither likely, nor reasouble to assume, that he

and his &&sociates wor~ed on these projectR long bafore the publica­

tion of his first reports in these areas.

The t'IO major projects thus provide a circumstantlal, but never­

theless positive, indication of.tbe starting dates of Pavlovskiy'a

involvement. 1hey also represent sufficient evidence of the shift of

the energy storage facilities to collateral activities, sinee they in­

volve the two facilities that were previously directly associated with

accelerator development. nte.tbird facil1ty, the MKB capacitor banks,

was not intended, at least according t~ published reports, to be used

f.,r the accelerators. 'nle timing of its first use in the cc;llateral

projects caaaot be established positively; it cnn ~rely be sa~d that

none of the reports from these projects shows aoy citation history

and all appear to be recently commenced work.

If the above evid~nce 1s valid, the energy storage facllit.ies were

shifted to collateral activities between 1973 and 1975. Between 1965 and 1973, these facilities were used in accele~ator development and per­

haps also tn other, unpublished applications.

UNCLASSIFIED

i ,

-- - ·---- - · - - 1

20

(U) The history o~ the energy storage facilit:les can now be com­

pared with the history o( the LI~2 and LIU-10 accelerators discus3e~

in the early sectiond.

c/) Figure 5 shows that the timing oC the ~hift ic the use of the

energy storage f~cilities coincides precisely with the timing of the

LIUB-2 final r.eport, t.he review of past work and future possibilities,

and the preliminary report on the LIU-10. The shift alRo coincides

with the hypothetical period of construction of the extrapolated third­

generation accelerator. These coincidences provide strong evidence

that a major, significant transition must have occurred in Pavlovskiy's

accelerator program at that time.

(~ ~ae interpretation of this transition is that after the Liu-10,

Pavlo~skiy phased down or abandoned further development of accelerators.

However, the scale of Pavlovskiy's enterprise and the tempo of his work

render this possibility very unlikely. His effort was particularly in­

tense in the- case of the last reported accelerator, thl• l.IU-lC, used in

up to 10.000 shots. Even if we allow 5 years of operation from the

hypoth~tical installation date, rather than the 2 years repotted by

Pavlcvskiy, the accumulated total of shotN represents an impressive oper­

ating rate. It is more probable, therefore, that Pavlovskiy continued

to develop accelerators and produced the third-~ener~tion machine.

(" No evidence connects any of the three energy st~ra~e facili­

ties to the LIU-10 accelerator. The Liu-10 may possibly ~ave its own,

sp~ially built energy Rtorage system. The shift of the three known

facilities to collateral tesear'h may indicate that a totally new and

unique energy storage system has been acquired in the third-genP.ration

al·cele1.·cs~~'". releasing the older facilitles and some of Lheir persoMel

from work related to a~~P.lerators.

cfJ In the light of this con ... !••Rion, the 1973-1975 period marked

the completion of all work on the LIUB-2, the c~=?letion o{ experi­

mental work and publication of t he preliminary report on the :0!11-10,

the shift of the old energy storage facilities to collateral work, and

the construction of the t hird-ger.eration accelerator. This turning

point in Pavlovskiy's accelerator development was signaled by the review

I '

I I I I I I I

LltlB-2

Hypothetical installation

LlU-10

Patent filing

21

Final r eporl

Kevie1•

l:'rdiminary report

Installation • Hypothetical 3d-generation ~c~elerator

Shift p~riod

~£rgy-Gtorage facilities

\U) Fig. 5-··Hypcthelical flow chart cf Pnvlovslriy' s · r escu r ch activ ities

bee( A-~~;~: ~.t l ~ . .

Final report

22

published during that pericd (16) . The launching ot the new, hypo­

thetical accderator systen might have rendered the older LIUB-2 ilnd

Liu-10 less sensitive to publication and provided an opportunity for

revjewing past work and hinting at future plans. These hints were,

of course, vague, merely indicating the desirability of continuing

the development ef.accelerators with distributed parameters and the

expectation of ~~~egajoule machinu.

cf> The third-generation accelet:ator sy or may not be a ~~~ega­

joule machine. However, the prr.grussion of Pavlovskiy's accelerat~r

generations indicates that tlw. third generation would at least equa.l

the parameters of the future Advanced Test Accelerator (AtA) of Liver­

more . The rate of progress required to achieve this state of the art

need not have been greater than that of the Livernore program. The

interval between the installation date of the I.IUR-2 and the hYPo­

theti cal installation date of the LIU-10 (the first and second gener­

ations) is the same 3 years projected between Livermore ' s FTA and ATA.

This study postulates another 6 years between the LIU-10 and the third­

generation accelerator, implying a fairly moderate. pacing of the So­viet program.

<I If these hypotheses are correct, we may conclude that in

1976 the Soviets had a charged-parti~le acc•lerator capable of a

dir~t experilllental assault on the probla of atmospheric beam -. I .

propagation.

·UITJJ.L.ASSifiBD 23

RIFBREKCBS *

1. Bosamykin, V. S., A. 1. ~~,..n,;imov, A. 1. PavloVRki;t, Author'& Certificate 202365, .Byul. OTPTZ, ""· ~1 (October 6), 1970, P• 216.

2. Pavlovskiy, A. I., A. 1. Gerasimov, v. A. Tananakin, Ye. G. Dubinov, "The Use of Air-Core Inductors tu Generate and Trans­port Pulsed Electron Reams Up to 25 kA," PTE, No. 4, 1974, p. 23. -

3. Pavlovskiy, A. I., A. I. Gerasimov, D. I. 7.~nkov, V. S. Bosam­yldn, A. P. Klement'yev, v. A. 'tananakin, "Air-Core W.:aellT' Induction Accelerator," ~E, Vol. 28, No. S, 1970, p. 432.

4. Pavlovskly, A. I., v. S. Bo.lamykin, A. I. Gerasimov., A. P. Klement'yev, "500 kV Pul9e Generetor," !!!• No. 4, 1971, p. 112.

S. · Bosamykin, V. S. , "Magnet tic Focus in& of a Neutralized Beam in the . .. Acceleration Region, Zh~, Vol. 40, No. 6, 1970, p. 1173.

6. Bosamykin, V. S., "Dynau.ics of Neutralized Electron Beams, 11 !1!:!!• Vol. 41, No. 3, 1971, p. 539.

7. Gerasimov, A. I., Ye. G. Dubinov, B. G. Kudasov, "A Spectrometer for Pulsed Electron Beams, 11 !I!, No. 3, 1971, p. 31.

8. Bosam,kin, V. S., A. I. r~rasimov, A. P. Klement'yev, A. I. Pav­lovskiy, Author's Certificate 205178, Byul. OIPTZ, No. 23 (Novttmber 13), 1967, p. 68.

9. Patent Journal Notation: 202365 is not be1ng published, Byul. ~. No. 19, 1967, p. 94.

10. Bosamykin, v. S., "Linear Induction Accelerator," Author's Certif­icate 221853, Byul. OIPTZ, No. 9, 1969, p. 174.

11. Bosamykin, V. S., A. I. Pavlovskiy, "Nanosecond Voltage Pulsed Generator," Author's Certificate 353370, Byul. OIPTZ, No. 29, 1972, p. 143.

12. Pavlovskiy, A. I., G. D •. Kulesbov, L. N. Rabkin, A. s. Fedotkin, "Pulsed Air-Core Betatron," Author'A f!artific:ate 320957, Byu1. ~. No. 34, 1.971, p. 185. ·

13. Bosamykin, v. S., A. I. Pavlovskiy·, "Linear Induc:tion Accelera­tor," Author's Certificate 270913, BYul. OIPTZ, No. 34, 1971,

.p. 223; also, the more complete "Description of the Invention for the AutN»r's Certificate, 270913, 11 submitted by the Soviet government to the u.s. Patent Of£ice.

* See list of reference abbreviations, p. 27.

UITC..LAS81I'IBD . I

UITCLASSIFIBD 24

14. Pavlovskiy, A. 1., V. s. Bosamykin, G. D. Kuleahov, A. I. Geras­imov, V. A. Tananakin, A. P. Klement 1yev, "Multi-element Accel­erators Based on Radial Lines," DAN SSSR, Vol. 222, No. 4, 1975 1

P• 817.

15. Pavlovakiy, A. I. , V. s. Bosamykin, V, A. Savc:henko 1 A. P. Kle­ment'yev, K. A. MOrunov, V, s. Nikol' ·kiy, A. I. Gerasimov, V. A. Tananakin, V. F. Basmanov, o. I. Zenkov, V. D. Sel~mir, A. s. Fedotkin, "LID-10 High Power Electron Accelerator," l!!!.!,SSR, Vol. 250, Mo. 5, 1980, p. 1118.

16. Pavlovskiy 1 A. I., V. s. Bosamykin, "Air-core Linear Induction Accelerators," AE1 Vol. 37, No. 3, 1974, p. 228.

17. Pavlovskiy, A. I. , G. D. ICuleshov, R. Z. Lyudayev, L. N. Rabkin, A, S. Fedotldn, 11A1r-core Pulsed Betatron Driven by a Map.neto­Cumul.ative Generator," AE, Vol. 41, No. ·2, 1976, p. 142,

18. Pavlovskiy, A. I., R. Z. Lyudayev, L. N. Plyashkevich, A. M. Shu­valov, A. S. Kravchenko, Yu. I. Plyushchev, D. I. Zenkov, V. F. Bukharov, v. Ye. Gc.i.n, V. A. Vasyukov, "Transformer Energy Output Magnetic Cumulation Generators," IAE Prepr lnL, D-182, MOscow, undated (the article's most recent c1tatio~ ~efers to 1978).

19. Sakharov, A. D., R. Z. Lyuclayev1 Ye. N. Smimov, Yu, I. Plyusbchev, A. I. Pavlo•.t&Jdy, V. K. Cheruyshev, Ye. A. Feoktistova, Ye. I. Zharinov1 Yu. A. Zysin, "Magnetic Cumulation," DAN SSSR, Vol. 165, No. 1, 19651 p. 65.

20. Pavlovskiy, A. I., R. z. Lyudayev, L. I. Sel'chenkov, A. s. Ser­ezhin, V. A. Zolotov, A. s. Yuryzhev, D. I~ Zenkov, V. Ye. Gurin1 A. S. Bor1skin1 v. F. BaSIBnov, IAE Prepr:lnt, D-182, Moscow, undated (the article's most recent citation refers to 1974).

21. 5akharov, A, D., "Explosive Mapetic Generators," UFN, Vol. 881 No. 4, 19661 p. 725.

22. Pavlovskiy 1 A. I. , R. Z. Lyuclayev 1 A. S. Kravchenko, V. A. Vasyu­kov1 L. N. Plyat.hkevic:h, A. M. Shuvalov, A. s. Russkov, V. Ye. Gurin, V. A. Boyko, V. A. Zo1otov, "Formation and Transmission of Magnetic Cumulation Generators' Eleetro~Dagnetie Energy Pulses," IAE Preprint, D-182, Mosc:ow, undated (the article's most rec:ent citation refers to 1979).

23. Pavlovskiy, A. I., Ye. N. Smirnov, V. Ya. Latysh, v. N. Suvorov, A. A. Cherkasov, ''Hlsb EneTSY Capac:itor Banlcs for 1.35 and ~.7 MJ1" ~. No, 1, 1974, p. 122.

24. Pavlov&kiyl A. I., N. P. Kolokol'chikov, M. I. Dolotenko1 A. I. Bykov, "An Initial Flux Solenoid for the MK-1 Explosive Hagnetie Generator," !!!1 No. S, 1979, p. · 195.

UNCLASSII'IBD

--·-- .. -- -···-··---------------------UITCLASSII'IED

25

:!5. Stepanov, B. I. , A. N. Rubinov, "Orgdn i c Dye 1-aHers, yFN, Vol. 95, No. 1, 1968, P• 45.

26. Rubinov, A. N., T. I. Smol'skaya, S. A. Mikhnov, 11Effect. of Pump Speetrum on the Generation of Rbodamlne-6C Alcohol Solution," ~. Vol. 13, No. 2, 1970, p. 368.

27. Concbarov, V. K., L. Ya. Min'ko, s. A. Milthnov, V. S. Strizhnev, "Effect of RbodaminP Laser Ream on Absorbing Materials," y, Vol. 1, No. S, 1971 • ., 112.·

28. Baltakov, F. N., B. A. Barikhin, L. V. Sukhanov, "Space-Time Characteristics of 100 J Lasers Based on Rhodam1ne-6Zh Solu­tion in Ethanol," KE, Vol. 1, ~. 4, 1971, p. 973.

29. Baltakov, F. N., B. A. Bariki•in. V. G. ICornilov, S. A. Mikhnov, A. N. Rubinov, lu V. SUkhanov, "A ll'l .J Pulsed Luer 3ased on Rhoclamine-6Zh Solution in Ethanol," Zbt·F, Vol. 4 7, No. 7, 1972, p. 1459. -

30. Baltakov, F. N., B. A. BarikhJn, L. v. Sukbanov, "Optima! Param­eters o£ 100 J Lasers 16sed on Rhadamine-6Zh Solution in Ecllanol," ZhPS, Vol. :1, No. S, 1974, P• 914.

31. Baltalr.ov, F. N., B. A. Bsrikhin, L. V. Sukhllnov, .. A 400 J Pulsed Laser Based on RhC'damine-6Zh Solution in Ethanol," ZhSTF pis'ma, Vol. 19, No. 5, 1974, p. 300. -----

32. ZholoLov, Ye. F., D. I. Zenkov, A. I. Pavlovsk~y, N. V. Romaneako, L. V. Sukhanov, A. I. Tikonov, "High Efficiency Ebort Puls~ Laser with a Coaxial Pulse Flashlamp Pump," r~, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1977, p. 122.

33. Baltakov, F. N., V. s. Bosamykln, V. c. Kornilov, Ye. v. ~udry­avk:ln, A. I. Pnvlovskiy, V. T. Selyavskiy, L. V. Sukhanov, V. I. Chelpanov_, "High Voltage Glow Discharge Electron Gun," ~. Vol. 46. No. 10, 1976, p. 2195.

34. Pavlovskiy, A. I., v. s. Bosa~kfn, V. 1. Karelin, V. S. Nikol'­skiy, "Electrical Discharge Laser witla D:lreet Initiation in an Active Medium," K~, Vol. 3, Mo. 3, 1976, p. 601 •.

35. Bakeyev, A. A., B. A. Barikhin, V. V. Borovknv, L. A. Vasil'yev, L. I. Nikolasldna, A. I. Pavlovskfy, N. V. Prokopenko, L. V. Sukbano•1, A. 1. Fedosimov, V. 1. Yakovlev, "!xperimental Stuciy of tho Aetion of a Rhodam1ne-6G J.nser on Alt nfnum," !~, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1980, p. 349.

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UITCLASSII'IBD

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37.

]8.

39.

40.

41.

42.

26

f>ruzhinin, v. V., V. 1. Cherepatlov, V. ::\. ~vin, "AnnJ~·siK nf the Jo.:nergy Ltavels of ldn lnna in Cubit• CrystalR," ffi' • ~. 7, 1965, p. 2513.

Druzblnin, V. V., o. H. Tatsenko, "Faraday Eff~~l in Stron~ Mall­netic Fields," Q!, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1974, p. 733.

Druzhinln, V. V., G. S. Kritu-htk, A. I. PavlovskJy, U. H. Tatt:~enko, ''Optical Ha~etization of ParnmnROetic Cd (I'UJ)1 in an F.xt~rnal Field of 1.6 Mer.aJlnusa, 11 ?.hETF pis'ma, Vol • .22, No. ~. lCJ7S, p. 282.

Pav·ovskiy, A. 1., v. V. Druzhinin, o. M. Tatsenko, R. v. PiKarev, "Farada~· Effect in NiO Anti-Ferromagnetic in •· Strnn~ J.!a~net ic­Field," ZhETF pis'ma, V"l. 20, No. 8, 1974, p. 561.

DrU?.hinin, v. v., • 1. Pavlovskiy, A. A. Samokhvalov, 0. M. Tatsenko, "Faraday Effect in EuO F11ms in MegagauRs Fields," !h§TF ptR 1ma, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1976, p. ~5~.

Pavlovskiy, A. 1., N. P. Ko1okol'ehfkov, V. V. Druzhinin, n. M. Tatscnko, A. 1. Bykov, M. 1. Dolotenko, "kesonance Faraday Efftatt in a Pu1Red Magnt-tic Field Up to 10 Megagauss," ZbETF p1,;'ma., Vol. 30, No. 4, 1979, p. 211.

4:,.· Druzninin, V. v., A. 1. Pavlovakiy, o. H. Tatsenko,·M. 1. Dolotenko, A. 1. Bykov, N. P. Kolokol'chikov, _"Cyclotron Resonance in Bismut~ at Optical FrequcncitA& in Stron~ Magnutic F'-tt'lds," ZhETF pis'ma, Vol. 32, No, 8, 1980, P• 523.

44. PavlovskJy, A. 1., V. v. Druzhinin, o. M. Tatsenko, N. P. Kolokol'­c:hikov, A. 1. Bykov, M. I. Dolotenko, "Sense Osri1lat:hln. of Faraday Rotation Due to Eu3+ Ions in Strong Magnet!~ fields Up to 11 MegagausR," Zhf.TF pis•ma, Vol. 31, No. 11, 1980, p. 659.

45. T"ltRenko, O. M., A. 1. Pa.vlovskty, V. V. Druzhinin, "Rotation of Pola:-tzaton Plane in Pararz.agnei:ic: Glasses 1n Me~sg~us,; Pi.eldA," OS, Vol. 42, Nu. 1, 1977, ,. 147.

46. Krinchik, G. S., o. B. Yes:lkova, "Hagnet.,•Optical Prop~rties of Praseodym:hnu Gnrcets," FTT, Vol. 19, No. 11, 1977, p. 3479.

47. Druzhin1n, v. v., s. P. 7~pa,akiy, V. M. Povy~bev, "Analysis of Crystall:lne Field in Ferromagnetics, 11 FT!, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1975, p. 23.

48. Uruzhinin, v. v., s. P. 7•passkiy, V. M. Povyshev, ·~gnetf~nt\on of RRre-Ea1"th MetalN Al.,ng the Difficult Axis," J-"TT, Vnl. 17, No. 7, 1975, p. 2034. -

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49. l>ru7.hinin, V. \'., s. P. 7.apnsskiy, v. H. r,.,vyshc.•v, "Anisotropic Propcrti~R nf Rar ·-Earth MetalH," f'Mrol, V"ll. 42, No. 1, 1976, P• 27. -

50. ()r~hinin, v. v., 5. K. l'<momarev, s. P. 7.apRRRkiy, ''Theore:tic.al ~nd ExperfmentnJ Studies of Mo~netic Prnpcrt~eR of Terbium and Dyspr~slum in ~trnn~ Mu~etic Fields," m, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1977' p. 47.

Sl. Krincbik, C. s., V. A. Krylova, Yc. \. Berdennikova, R. A. Pet rov, "Anomalous Magneto-Optical Properties of Fttrrite Carnets," ~. Vol. u~. 2(8), 1973, p. 71J.

52. Pavlnvsk1y, A. 1., C. v. Knrpov, G. G. Katrayev, N. I. Leonov3, Ya. N. Smimov, "Cylindrical Channel in a High Current Discharge in Air," Zh'lF, Vol. 1tS, Nu. 2, 1975, p. 286.

53. Pavlovskiy, A. I., Ye. N. Smfrnnv, V. N. Suvorov, ~·Productioi' of StronR MaROctic FieldR With a HiRh-Power r~pa~itor Bank."![!, No. 3, 1975, p. 2!4.

S4. Pavlovskiy, A. 1., V. N, Suvnrov, !u •. B. Kondratenkov, V. J. Potikha, N. A. Prntop~po~, V. N. Protopopov, Yu. T. Sinyapkin, v. F. Kuryattin, "Measuring Time-Resolved X-Ray Spectra in a Plasma Pocus," f!!, No. 3, 1976, p. 222.

55. Pavlovskiy, A. I., V. N. Suvorov, V. I. Potikha, N. A. Tulin," ''Time Correlation of PenetratinR Radiation Pulses wf.th Elt!c:tric: DischarRe Charactcr1Rtics of a Plasma Focus Type," .fl, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1978, p. JO. ·

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