wash, rinse, repeat prof. wes reber porter threaten enhancement coerce plea
TRANSCRIPT
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Wash, Rinse, Repeat
Prof. Wes Reber Porter
Threaten enhancementcoerce plea
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Judges want discretion in sentencing
SENTENCING TUG-O-WAR
Legislators want to curb discretion and control outcomes
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Rigid guidelines schemesMandatory minimumsSentencing enhancements
SENTENCING TUG-O-WAR
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Hate the player …
but also hate the game
Sentencing enhancements
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Sentencing enhancements
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TOUGH ON INDIVIDUAL
RIGHTS
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WHAT ARE SENTENCING ENHANCEMENTS?
As opposed to new crimes, law makers favor sentencing enhancement laws:
Facts or circumstances that, once “proven,” increase the punishment of the crime of conviction at sentencing
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Facts or circumstances like: Criminal history Use of firearm Resulting injury Increase max. sentence “Motive enhancements”
Sentencing enhancements
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The criminal justice system makes information available to the trial court so that it may exercise its discretion at sentencing. Information about:
the crime the defendant’s personal history his/her criminal history other mitigating/aggravating
circumstances
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Procedural failings included:
Judicial determination Lesser burden of proof Discovery Ability to contest
Sentencing enhancements
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Individual rights:
Due process? Right to jury trial? Notice? Fairness?
Sentencing enhancements
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SUPREME COURT ON ENHANCEMENTS
S. Ct. . . . legislatively-created sent.
enhancements affect the rights of the accused
therefore, we should require enhancements be. . .
found by the jury at trial found by beyond a reasonable
doubt
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Prove as an element (BRD)
or
Discretionary sentencing
Sentencing enhancements
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S. Ct. decisions (2004-05):
Federal solution …
Sentencing enhancements
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Federal solution:Prove as an element (BRD)
or
Discretionary sentencing
Sentencing enhancements
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S. Ct. decisions (2004-05):
Federal solution …
States solution …
Sentencing enhancements
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States’ solution:Prove as an element (BRD)
or
Discretionary sentencing
Sentencing enhancements
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Def’t gets jury trial on the enhancement . . .
. . . the SAME TRIAL . . .
. . . at the SAME TIME . . .
. . . before the SAME JURY . . .
. . . as the underlying crime!!
PROVING ENHANCEMENTS & BIFURCATION
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Death penalty Asset forfeiture Insanity defense
Bifurcation?
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Bifurcation Evidentiary motions “all or nothing” trial
Appellate review
California Gang Enhancement
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Hair pulling moment?!?
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trial
Motive enhancements
Plea bargain
ingSentenci
ng
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What can we do about this:
Local rules changes Change the plea colloquy Enact mandatory
bifurcation Defendant opt in/out
Recommendations
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I enjoyed my right to a
unconstitutional, prejudicial &
unfair
Jury trial