© Edgenuity, Inc. 1

Warm-Up DNA Mutations

Lesson Question

?

WK2 Words to Know

Fill in this table as you work through the lesson. You may also use the glossary to help you.

a change in the DNA sequence caused by the loss of one or more base pairs

the building blocks of proteins

a change in the DNA sequence caused by the replacement of one or more base pairs

a substance that slows or stops the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms

a change in the DNA sequence caused by the addition of one or more base pairs

a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene

Lesson Goals

Explore the types and effects of DNA mutations.

Distinguish common types of DNA mutations.

Analyze the effects of DNA mutations

on the of an organism.

© Edgenuity, Inc. 2

Warm-Up DNA Mutations

Protein Production

• A strand of RNA is formed in the .

• RNA stands for “ acid.”

• The sugar in RNA is ribose.

• The strand of RNA leaves the nucleus and moves to the ribosome.

• In the ribosome, the information that RNA copies from is used to produce a protein with a specific function.

© Edgenuity, Inc. 3

DNA MutationsInstruction

2Slide

4

Amino Acids and Proteins

• In the , the information that copies from DNA is

used to make proteins.

• Amino acids join together to make proteins.

Type of Mutation: Substitution

• A substitution mutation occurs when a in the DNA sequence is replaced by a different base.

• Substitution may change the type of acid.

THE DOG ATE THE HAT

THE HOG ATE THE HAT

H

Protein Change

• A permanent in the DNA

of a gene is called a

mutation.

• Mutations can change the of a protein.

© Edgenuity, Inc. 4

DNA MutationsInstruction

6Slide

Type of Mutation: Insertion

An insertion mutation occurs when one or more bases is added to the

sequence.

TAT

THE DOG ATE THE HAT

THE DOG TAT ATE THE HAT

Insertions may extra amino

acids in a .

T

THE DOG ATE THE HAT

THE DOG TAT ETH EHA T

Insertions may change all the amino

acids that follow the .

Type of Mutation: Deletion

A deletion mutation is caused by the of one or more bases.

THE DOG ATE THE HAT

THE ATE THE HAT

Deletion may amino

acids in a protein.

THE DOG ATE THE HAT

THE DOA TET HEH AT

Deletion may all the

amino acids that follow the mutation.

© Edgenuity, Inc. 5

DNA MutationsInstruction

9Slide

11

Effect of Gene Mutation on Traits

• Mutations may or may not change the way a trait is observed in an organism.

• Changes may be , harmful, or neutral to the organism.

Beneficial Effects of Gene Mutations

• Mutations may help organisms and survive.

• Bacteria mutate to fight off , which slow or stop the

of bacteria.

Beneficial Effects of Gene Mutations

• Mutations may help organisms live and .

• tolerance helps humans break down the sugar in milk

into molecules that can be used as a source of .

Harmful Effects of Mutations

Mutations may cause .

A defect in

decreases a person’s ability to carry oxygen.

Rapid reproduction and division of abnormal cells may lead to

.

© Edgenuity, Inc. 6

DNA MutationsInstruction

11Slide

Harmful Effects of Mutations

• Mutations may affect an organism’s .

• The frog’s white color does not protect it from other organisms that want to eat it.

Neutral Effects of Mutations

Mutations that do not benefit or harm an organism have a effect on the organism.

The color of this

flower does not affect how the flower

.

The difference in this cat’s eye color

does not affect the cat’s to see.

© Edgenuity, Inc. 7

Summary DNA Mutations

?

Answer

Review: Key Concepts

• A is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

• Types of mutations include substitution, insertion, and .

• Substitution occurs when one or more base pairs take the place of other base pairs in the gene sequence.

• Insertion occurs when one or more base pairs are added to the gene sequence.

• Deletion occurs when one or more base pairs are removed from the gene sequence.

• The effects of mutations may be , , or neutral.

Lesson Question What are the types of DNA mutations and their effects?

2Slide

© Edgenuity, Inc. 8

Summary DNA Mutations

Use this space to write any questions or thoughts about this lesson.