warm-up: development vocabulary write down key terms for each age range. think of things like...
TRANSCRIPT
Warm-up: Development Vocabulary Write down key terms for each age range. Think of things like
physical, emotional, intellectual growth & conflict at that age.
First year1 to 34 to 5
6 to 1213 to 1819 to 2525 to 4545 to 6565 on
Developmental Psychology
Defined• the study of the age-related
changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death(physical, cognitive, social-emotional
and moral development)
Nature/Nurture Controversy• The debate about how much of development results from
heredity or environment Nature: argues our development is governed by
automatic, genetically predetermined signals Nurture: argues development occurs by learning through
personal experience and observation of others
Study Methods Specific to Developmental Psychology
Cross Sectional Studies• observing subjects of
varying ages at one moment in time
Longitudinal• observing subjects of the
same age at varying times across their lifespan
Cohort Sequential• observing subjects of
varying ages across varying times across their lifespan
Genetics 23 pairs chromosomes Dominant vs. Recessive Genotype (Bb) vs. Phenotype (Brown) Homogenous (bb or BB) vs. Heterogeneous Male XY, Female XX Down syndrome: extra chromosome There are abnormalities (XXY, XYY, XXX, XO):
studies on behavioral differences
Prenatal Development Zygote: conception to two weeks of gestation-
placenta, teratogens Embryo: from two to nine weeks of gestation-
vulnerable, miscarriages Fetus: from nine weeks to birth Age of Viability: the age at which a fetus can
survive outside the womb (about 24 weeks)
Infant senses Hearing, smell, taste, sight Memory- age 3, but... Reflexes: Blink, Moro, palmer, rooting Motor development
• Maturation- genetically programmed biological plan• Proximodistal- Torso out• Cephalocaudal- Head down
Landmarks of Motor Dev. diagram
Childhood- Physical Development Perception
• Visual Acuity• Depth Perception-visual cliff
Motor-Large Muscle Development• Milestone development
• head support• rolls over• sits up• standing• walking
Harlow’s Monkey Study: Contact comfort
Attachment Studies done by Harlow
• Found infant monkeys would seek comfort from terry cloth mothers even if they were not fed by them
AttachmentMary Ainsworth: study on attachment: “strange situation”
Separation anxiety (peaks at 13 months) Secure Attachment Anxious-Ambivalent or Resistant Attachment Avoidant Attachment
Effects of poor attachment…
Temperament Easy (40%) Adaptable Difficult (10%) Slow-to-warm-up infants (15%) Average (35%)
70% of difficult infants develop behavior problems 18% of the easy infants develop behavior problems
Parenting style
Authoritarian: rules and obedience Permissive: few demands, little punishment
Authoritative: demanding but responsive
Authoritative seems to be best approach, but research is correlational.
Adolescence Pubescence: two years before puberty Secondary sex characteristics Puberty:
• Males- sperm production 14, maturation 18• Females- menarche 12.5, maturation 16
Early puberty affects on gender
Adolescence Emotional Development
• Erikson- search for identity
Physical beginnings of adulthood to independence
Physiological Changes • Puberty: stage when sexual functions reach maturity, generally
considered to be the mark of the beginning of adolescence• Growth Spurt: earlier in girls, maturation• Maturation of secondary sex characteristics
Gender development Carol Gilligan: girls moral decisions “care perspective” Females are more “interdependent” Most difference are attributed to gender roles in society. Men do seem to have slightly better spatial skills,
women verbal and fine motor skills
Issues in Adulthood Psychosocial Development
• Erikson- intimacy, generativity, and integrity Physical Changes/Aging
• appearance• hormones• sensory sensitivity
Cognitive Changes• longitudinal vs. cross sectional• crystallized vs. fluid• recall vs. recognition
Physical Aging Diagram
Memory & Aging Diagram
Stage Theorists in Development
Erikson: Psychosocial Development Freud: Psychosexual Development (will study next chapter)
Piaget: Cognitive Development Kohlberg: Moral Development
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Trained as a Freudian Psychoanalyst One of the first theorists that looked at
development through the lifespan Came up with stages relating to the social conflict Did feel early experiences leave a permanent
mark, but did not focus on unconscious.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3) Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5) Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence) Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood) Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood) Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)
Erikson’s Stages Diagram
Piaget’s Cognitive Stages Sensori-motor: object permanence
Preoperational: symbolize, language, imitation, egocentric, irreversibility, developing conservation
Concrete operations: can decenter and reverse, mastered conservation, have trouble with hypothetical
Formal operations: abstract, logic and systematic thinking
Piaget’s Terms for Thinking Schema: basic thought structure
Assimilation: Error in applying a schema to a new situation (all 4 legged animals= dog, all male adults= dad)
Accommodation: Changing schemas based on experience or understanding
Piaget’s Stages Diagram
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
In Europe a woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2000, ten times what the drug cost to make. The husband went to everyone to borrow money, but he could only get half together. He asked the druggist to sell it cheaper or let him pay later, and was told “no.” The husband broke into the man’s store and stole the drug. Was this morally right? Why?
Kohlberg’s Moral
Development Diagram