warm-up 1. what is a tissue? 2. the study of tissues is called ______. 3. what are the 4 main types...
TRANSCRIPT
Warm-Up
1. What is a tissue?2. The study of tissues is called ______.3. What are the 4 main types of
tissues?
Warm-UpWhat type of epithelial cell is shown below?
1. 2.
3.
4.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Chapter 4
Tissue: group of cells that are similar in structure and function
Histology: study of tissues
Types of Tissues:1. Epithelium (covering)2. Connective (support)3. Muscle (movement)4. Nervous (control)
Preparing tissues for microscopy
Specimen is fixed (preserved) Cut into thin sections (slices) Stained with colored dyes
Part I: Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
“epithe” = laid on, covering Structure:
1. Covering and lining epithelium2. Glandular epithelium
Function: Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion
Special Properties1. Polarity
Apical surface = exposed free surface or edge (some with microvilli, cilia)
Basal surface = lower, attached surface
2. Specialized contacts Fits close together to form continuous
sheets
Special Properties3. Supported by connective tissue
Rests on basement membrane 4. No blood supply (avascular)
Rely on diffusion and underlying connective tissue for food/O2
5. Regeneration – Replace lost cells
Classification Two names = (# cell layers) + (shape of cells) Cell Layers: simple or stratified Shapes: squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
Simple Epithelium
Absorption, secretion, filtration Very thin
Simple Epithelium
Simple Epithelium
Simple squamous Filtration, rapid diffusion Capillary walls, air sacs in lungs, kidney
filtration Serous membranes: slick layer lining
ventral body cavity and its organs
Simple Epithelium Simple cuboidal
Secretion & absorption Lines ducts of glands (salivary), kidney
tubules, ovary surface
Simple Epithelium
Simple columnar Absorption and
secretion Lines digestive tract Microvilli, cilia Mucous
membranes: lubricating mucus
Simple Epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar Rests on basement membrane – false
impression (pseudo) of being multi-layered
Secretes or absorbs Respiratory tract – cilia propels mucus
from lungs
Stratified Epithelium
2+ layers, more durable Main function = protect
Stratified Epithelium
Stratified squamous Withstand abuse, friction Esophagus, mouth, outer portion of skin
Stratified Epithelium
Stratified cuboidal Usually 2 layers Mainly in ducts of large glands (sweat,
mammary, salivary)
Sweat Gland Esophageal Gland
Stratified Epithelium
Stratified columnar Thick, waterproof layer Pharynx, male urethra, lining ducts
Transitional Epithelium
Able to change shape (cuboidal squamous)
Lining of hollow urinary organs (bladder, ureter, urethra)
Stretches when filled with urine
Glandular Epithelium
Gland: make and secrete a particular product
2 Types: Endocrine gland: produce hormones
secreted into tissue fluid or bloodstream
Exocrine gland: secrete products into ducts onto body surfaces or body cavities Eg. mucous, sweat, oil, saliva, bile
Exocrine Glands
Unicellular Multicellular Mucus cells or
goblet cells Duct structure
Warm-UpWhat type of connective tissue is shown below?
1. 2.
3. 4.
Cartilage
Blood
Adipose Tissue (Loose
Connective Tissue)
Bone
Chapter 4
Part II: Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue Most abundant and widely distributed tissue Main classes:
1. Connective tissue proper (loose & dense)2. Cartilage3. Bone4. Blood
Functions:1. Binding and support2. Protection3. Insulation4. Transport substances
Classification Variations in blood supply
Avascular (no blood) – cartilage Poorly vascular – tendons, ligaments
Extracellular matrix Produced by cells, secreted to exterior Ground substance: “glue” - fills space
between cells & fibers water + adhesion proteins + polysaccharides
Fibers: provide support Collagen - strength Elastic – stretch Reticular – fine network, “skeleton” of organs
Loose Connective Tissue Universal packing material Subclasses: areolar, adipose, reticular Structure: softer, fewer fibers, gel-like
matrix Functions:
Cushion & protect organs (areolar, fat) Store nutrients (fat) Internal framework (reticular) Fight infection (areolar)
Cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat cells) Locations: under skin, lymph nodes, hips,
behind eyeballs
Dense Connective Tissue
Tendons & ligaments Subclasses: dense regular, dense
irregular, elastic Structure: mainly collagen fibers Functions:
Elastic Resist tension
Cells: fibroblasts Locations: tendons (muscle-bone),
ligaments (bone-bone), lower layers of skin
Cartilage
Subclasses: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Structure: flexible, no nerves or blood Functions:
Support Compression
Cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes Locations: larynx, joints, tip of nose,
ear, intervertebral discs, rib-breastbone, knee joint
Bone
Osseous tissue Subclasses: compact, spongy Structure: hard, calcified matrix;
blood vessels Functions:
support & protect Store calcium Blood cell formation (marrow)
Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes Locations: bones
Blood
Vascular tissue Subclasses: blood cells, plasma Structure: fluid within blood vessels,
no fibers Functions:
Transport vehicle (nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones)
Cells: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets
Locations: blood vessels
Part III: Muscle Tissue
3 types: Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle
Skeletal Muscle Description:
Long, cylindrical Multinucleate (2+ nuclei) Striated (banded appearance)
Function: Muscles contract, pull on bones or skin
cause body movements Location in the body:
Attached to skeleton Other features:
Voluntary control
Cardiac Muscle Description:
Striated Uninucleate (1 nucleus) Branching cells – fit at junctions called intercalated
discs Function:
Propel blood through blood vessels to all parts of body
Locations in the body: Walls of the heart
Other features: Involuntary control
Smooth Muscle Description:
No visible striations 1 central nucleus Spindle-shaped (pointed ends)
Function: Propel substances through hollow organs
Locations in the body: Walls of organs (stomach, bladder, uterus, blood vessels)
Other features: Involuntary control Contracts slowly Peristalsis: wavelike motion that moves food through SI
Part IV: Nervous Tissue Main component of nervous system Structure: neuron = dendrite + cell
body + axon Function: regulates and controls body
functions Location in the body: brain, spinal
cord, nerves
Part IV: Nervous Tissue 2 Major Cell Types:
Neurons Respond to stimuli Transmit electrical impulses
Other cells Support, insulate, protect neurons
Tissue Repair
Wound healing Two ways:
1. Regeneration: replace destroyed tissue by same kind of cells
2. Fibrosis: form scar tissue (dense fibrous connective tissue)
Depends on: Type of tissue damaged Severity of injury
Steps to Tissue Repair:
1. Inflammation Capillaries become very permeable WBC’s and clotting proteins seep into
injured area Clot prevents loss of blood (surface dries,
forms a scab)
Steps to Tissue Repair:
2. Granulation tissue forms Delicate pink tissue with new capillaries Connective tissue produces collagen
fibers Epithelial cells multiply over granulation
tissue
Steps to Tissue Repair:
3. Surface epithelium regenerates Surface epithelium thickens Fibrous tissue matures – forms scar
tissue
Regenerative Capacity of Different Tissues
Extremely Well
Moderate
Weak
Virtually None
(mostly scar
tissue)• Skin epidermis
• Mucous membranes
• Fibrous connective
• Blood• Bones
• Smooth muscle
• Tendons, ligaments
• Skeletal muscle
• Cartilage
•Cardiac muscle
•Nervous tissue