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ANIMAL TISSUES ANIMAL TISSUES

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Page 1: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue

ANIMAL TISSUESANIMAL TISSUES

  

                                                                    

          

Page 2: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue

1. 1. Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue

Animal tissuesAnimal tissues Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue Connective tissueConnective tissue Muscular tissueMuscular tissue Nervous tissueNervous tissue

They form the skin and line They form the skin and line hollow organs of the body, hollow organs of the body, such as the gut such as the gut

Some epithelial cells have Some epithelial cells have secretory functionssecretory functions

Cells are aligned over a Cells are aligned over a connective tissue.connective tissue.

They don’t have blood They don’t have blood vessels and nervesvessels and nerves

they frequently have they frequently have protective as well as protective as well as absorptiveabsorptive,, transport transport and and receptor receptor functions. functions.

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-1b/lab-1b.htm

Epithelial tissues are sheets of densely packed, tightly connected cells that cover in ner and outer body surfaces

Page 3: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue

Table 4.1 Epithelial Tissue

Type Description

Simple squamous One layer of flattened cells

Stratified squamous Many layers; cell flattened at surface

Simple cuboidal One layer of cube-shaped cells

Simple columnar One layer of elongated cells

Pseudostratified columnar Appears to be layered but is notn layered

Transitional When tissue stretches, layers become fewer

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SIMPLE EPITHELIALSIMPLE EPITHELIAL

Page 5: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue

STRATIFIED EPITHELIALSTRATIFIED EPITHELIAL

Keratinsiz çok katlı yassı epitel- AĞIZ İÇİ

Keratinli çok katlı yassı epitel- DERİ

Çok katlı değişken epitel-İDRAR KESESİ

Page 6: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue

SECRETORY EPITHELIALSECRETORY EPITHELIALExocrine glands - Endocrine glandsExocrine glands - Endocrine glands

Salivary gland, digestive glands– hormonal Salivary gland, digestive glands– hormonal glands(hypophysis,thyroid), pancreas,glands(hypophysis,thyroid), pancreas,

Page 7: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue

A A gland gland consists of one or more cells that produce and secrete a consists of one or more cells that produce and secrete a product. Most glands are composed primarily of epithelium in product. Most glands are composed primarily of epithelium in which the cells secrete their product by exocytosis. which the cells secrete their product by exocytosis.

The mucus-secreting goblet cells within the columnar ep ithelium The mucus-secreting goblet cells within the columnar ep ithelium lining the digestive tract are single cells lining the digestive tract are single cells ..Glands with ducts that Glands with ducts that secrete their product onto the outer surface (e.g., sweat glands and secrete their product onto the outer surface (e.g., sweat glands and mammary glands) or into a cavity (e.g., pancreas) are called mammary glands) or into a cavity (e.g., pancreas) are called exocrine glands. exocrine glands.

Glands that no longer have a duct are appropriately known as the Glands that no longer have a duct are appropriately known as the ductless glands, or endocrine glands. ductless glands, or endocrine glands. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands (e.g., (e.g., pituitary gland and thyroid) secrete their products internally so pituitary gland and thyroid) secrete their products internally so they are transported by the bloodstream. Endocrine glands they are transported by the bloodstream. Endocrine glands produce hormones that help promote homeostasis. produce hormones that help promote homeostasis.

Page 8: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue

                                                    

                                         

            

TEK TEK HÜCRELİHÜCRELİ

ÇOK ÇOK HÜCRELİHÜCRELİ

MUKUS-GOBLET HÜCRELERİ

Kanallı salgı bezleri- tükrük

Karma salgı bezi-pankreas

Kanalsız salgı bezleri-hipofiz

Yağ bezi

Page 9: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue

Receptor(sensory) epithelial cellsReceptor(sensory) epithelial cells

Dilde tat alma epiteli

Deride dokunma duyu epiteli

Page 10: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue

2. 2. Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Connective tissue Connective tissue binds binds structures together, provides structures together, provides support and protection, fills support and protection, fills spaces, produces blood cells, spaces, produces blood cells, and stores fatand stores fat

CConnective tissue cells are onnective tissue cells are widely separated by an widely separated by an extracellular extracellular matrixmatrix ..

Matrix includes Matrix includes fibers( collagen, fibrous and fibers( collagen, fibrous and reticular)reticular)

Ex. Bone, cratilage, adipose, Ex. Bone, cratilage, adipose, bloodblood

Page 11: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue

Classification of Connective Tussue

Type Structure Location (Good Example)

Fibrous Connective

Loose connective

Collagenous and elastic fibers Between tissues and organs

Adipose Fibroblasts enlarge and store fat Beneath skinDense

connectiveRegular Bundles of parallel collagenous

fibersTendons and

ligamentsIrregular Bundles of nonparallel

collagenous fibersDermis of skin

Reticular connective

Reticular fibers Lymphatic organs and liver

Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage Fine collagenous fibers Ends of long bonesElastic cartilage Many elastic fibers External earFibrocartilage Strong collagenous fibers Between vertebraeBone

Compact Osteons SkeletonSpongy Trabeculae, red bone marrow Ends of long bonesBlood Plasma plus cells Blood vessels

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Binds organs togetherBinds organs together The major cells are fibroblasts, as they get older they The major cells are fibroblasts, as they get older they

are called fibrocytesare called fibrocytes Contain collagen and elastic fibersContain collagen and elastic fibers Mast cells secrete- heparin(unclotting agent)-histamin Mast cells secrete- heparin(unclotting agent)-histamin Macrophages and white blood cells helps immunityMacrophages and white blood cells helps immunity

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In In cartilagecartilage, the cells , the cells (chondrocytes), (chondrocytes), which lie in small chambers called which lie in small chambers called lacunae, lacunae, are separated by a matrix that is solid yet flexible. Unfortunately, are separated by a matrix that is solid yet flexible. Unfortunately, because this tissue lacks a direct blood supply,because this tissue lacks a direct blood supply, and nerve endings and nerve endings it heals it heals very slowly. The three types of cartilage are classified according to the type very slowly. The three types of cartilage are classified according to the type of fiber in the matrix.of fiber in the matrix.

Hyaline cartilage Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage. The matrix, which is the most common type of cartilage. The matrix, which contains only very fine collagenous fibers, This type of cartilage is found in contains only very fine collagenous fibers, This type of cartilage is found in the nose, at the ends of the long bones and ribs, and in the supporting rings the nose, at the ends of the long bones and ribs, and in the supporting rings of the trachea. The fetal skeleton is also made of this type of cartilage, of the trachea. The fetal skeleton is also made of this type of cartilage, although the cartilage is later replaced by bone.although the cartilage is later replaced by bone.

Elastic cartilage Elastic cartilage has a matrix containing many elastic fibers, in addition to has a matrix containing many elastic fibers, in addition to collagenous fibers. For this reason, elas tic cartilage is more flexible than collagenous fibers. For this reason, elas tic cartilage is more flexible than hyaline cartilage. Elastic car tilage is found, for example, in the framework of hyaline cartilage. Elastic car tilage is found, for example, in the framework of the outer ear.the outer ear.

Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage has a matrix containing strong collagenous fibers. This type has a matrix containing strong collagenous fibers. This type of cartilage absorbs shock and reduces friction between joints. Fibrocartilage of cartilage absorbs shock and reduces friction between joints. Fibrocartilage is found in structures that withstand tension and pressure, such as the pads is found in structures that withstand tension and pressure, such as the pads between the vertebrae in the backbonebetween the vertebrae in the backbone..

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BoneBone

Extracellular matrix is solidExtracellular matrix is solid Cells are called as OsteocytesCells are called as Osteocytes Osteocytes are connected Osteocytes are connected

with each other by canaliculiwith each other by canaliculi Spongy boneSpongy bone Compact bone- contains Compact bone- contains

haversian systemhaversian systemPeriosteum- regenerates the Periosteum- regenerates the

bone tissuebone tissue

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Bone is the most rigid of the connective tissues. It has an extremely hard matrix of mineral salts, notably calcium salts, deposited around protein fibers.

The outer portion of a long bone contains compact bone. Compact bone consists of many cylindrical-shaped units called an

osteon, or Haversian system. In an osteon, matrix is deposited in thin layers called lamellae that form a concentric pattern around tiny tubes called central canals. The canals contain nerve fibers and blood vessels. The blood vessels bring nutrients to bone cells (called osteocytes) that are lo cated in lacunae between the lamellae. The nutrients can reach all of the cells because minute canals (canaliculi) containing thin extensions of the osteocytes connect the osteocytes with one another and with the central canals.

The ends of a long bone contain spongy bone, which has an entirely different structure. Spongy bone contains numerous bony bars and plates called trabeculae separated by irregular spaces. Although lighter than compact bone, spongy bone is still designed for strength. Like braces used for support in buildings, the solid portions of spongy bone follow lines of stress. Blood cells are formed within red marrow found in spongy bone at the ends of certain long bones.

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AdiposeAdipose

• Cells are lipoblasts

•Stores fat(triglycerides)

•Have well developed blood capillaries

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BloodBlood

• Blood is composed of cells and plasma

•Plasma- contains water, protein, inorganic mol, hormones, excretory products, glucose, gases

•Plasma proteins- albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

is important for ozmotic equalibrium and clotting

•Serum doesn’t have clotting proteins

•Cells- white blood cells(leucocytes),Red blood cells(erythrocytes) , blood platelets-thrombocytes(part of the megakaryocyte)

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Red blood cells dont have nucleus and Red blood cells dont have nucleus and mitochondria. They can not divide. They mitochondria. They can not divide. They can not do oxidative phosphorylation. can not do oxidative phosphorylation. Carry hemoglobin to carry oxygen.Carry hemoglobin to carry oxygen.

Antigen is a protein in the cell Antigen is a protein in the cell membrane of the red blood cells. They membrane of the red blood cells. They function in the recognition of the foreign function in the recognition of the foreign molecules like antibodies.molecules like antibodies.

Antibodies are proteins that are formed Antibodies are proteins that are formed by the immune system as a response to by the immune system as a response to foreign molecules.foreign molecules.

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Blood groupsBlood groups

http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational/landsteiner/readmore.html

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Rh system Rh system ( is shown by D )( is shown by D )

Page 22: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue

Erythroblastosis fetalisErythroblastosis fetalis A severe hemolytic disease A severe hemolytic disease

of a fetus or newborn of a fetus or newborn infant caused by the infant caused by the production of maternal production of maternal antibodies against the fetal antibodies against the fetal red blood cells, usually red blood cells, usually involving Rh involving Rh incompatibility between incompatibility between the mother and fetus.the mother and fetus.

If the mother is rh – , and If the mother is rh – , and baby is Rh , mother can baby is Rh , mother can produce antibodies against produce antibodies against the blood of baby and can the blood of baby and can kill her.kill her.

If the mother is rh – and If the mother is rh – and father is Rh + , the care father is Rh + , the care should be taken. should be taken.

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1. Kanında sadece B antijeni 1. Kanında sadece B antijeni bulunan bir kişinin kan grubu bulunan bir kişinin kan grubu nedir?nedir? BB2. Kanında sadece B antikoru 2. Kanında sadece B antikoru bulunan bir kişinin kan grubu bulunan bir kişinin kan grubu nedir?nedir? AA3. AB rh – kan grubuna sahip olan 3. AB rh – kan grubuna sahip olan kişinin antijen ve antikorlarını kişinin antijen ve antikorlarını belirtiniz.belirtiniz.

Page 24: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue
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Muscular tissueMuscular tissue

Muscles have Muscles have cantractile fibers that cantractile fibers that are formed by proteins. are formed by proteins. These proteins are These proteins are actin and myosin.actin and myosin.

Page 27: ANIMAL TISSUES. 1. Epithelial tissue Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Muscular tissue

Skeletal Skeletal musclemuscle

Smooth Smooth musclemuscle

Cardiac Cardiac musclemuscle

VoluntaryVoluntary Striated because Actin Striated because Actin

ve myosin molecules ve myosin molecules are arranged are arranged regularly.regularly.

Long fibersLong fibers MultinucleatedMultinucleated Nuclei are at the Nuclei are at the

peripheryperiphery

InvoluntaryInvoluntary Actin and myosin Actin and myosin

molecules are not molecules are not arranged regularlyarranged regularly

Spindle shapedSpindle shaped Only 1 nucleusOnly 1 nucleus At the centerAt the center

InvoluntaryInvoluntary Striated because Actin ve Striated because Actin ve

myosin molecules are myosin molecules are arranged regularly.arranged regularly.

Long but branched fibersLong but branched fibers Cells have intercalated Cells have intercalated

discs discs Nucleus can be 1 or two at Nucleus can be 1 or two at

the center the center

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Nervous tissueNervous tissue Nervous tissue, Nervous tissue, found in the found in the

brain and spinal cord, contains brain and spinal cord, contains specialized cells called neurons specialized cells called neurons that conduct nerve impulses. A that conduct nerve impulses. A neuronneuron has three parts: (1) A has three parts: (1) A dendrite dendrite collects signals that may collects signals that may result in a nerve impulse; (2) the result in a nerve impulse; (2) the cell body cell body contains the nucleus contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm of the and most of the cytoplasm of the neuron; and (3) the neuron; and (3) the axon axon conducts nerve impulses.conducts nerve impulses.

Neurons can not divide rich in Neurons can not divide rich in mitochondria.mitochondria.

nervous tissue nervous tissue also also contains contains neuroglianeuroglia- supporting cells- supporting cells

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