War of 1812

Anger toward Britain

• Issues that led to war• Impressment• British practice of drafting Americans on

the sea to serve in British navy

Anger toward Britain

• Grievances Against Native Americans

• British support Native Americans and encouraged rebellion

Election of 1808

• James Madison, Virginian Republican, defeated Federalist Charles Pinckney

The War of 1812

• June 1812 President Madison sends a message to Congress to declare war against British

• British interference with American rights on the high seas

• "Free Trade and Sailors' Rights'' was a popular battle cry

The War of 1812

• Northeastern Federalists regarded war with Britain as a mistake

• Could not successfully challenge British supremacy on the seas

• The government could not finance a war without bankrupting the country

The War of 1812

• War was supported by a new generation of congressmen

• Young Republicans that Federalists dubbed "War Hawks.''

The War of 1812

• The American strategy called for an invasion of Canada

• The attack on Canada, was a failure

The War of 1812

• At Detroit, 2000 American troops surrendered to a much smaller British and Indian force

• An attack across the Niagara River, near Buffalo, resulted in 900 American prisoners of war

The War of 1812

• Along Lake Champlain, a third army retreated into American territory after failing to cut undefended British supply lines

The War of 1812

• On September 10, 1813, America won a major naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie near Put-in-Bay at the western end of Lake Erie

War of 1812

• Naval War• The U.S navy won

several courageous victories in ship-to-ship battles

• Captain Isacc Hull • USS Constitution

(“Old Ironsides”)

War of 1812

• Despite the powerful Royal Navy’s blockade of the American coast

• U.S. ships were able to slip through and attack the enemy

The Burning of Washington D.C.

• Napoleon is defeated

• British can focus on winning war

• Fleet of British troops arrive in Chesapeake Bay

• 4,000 troops descend on Washington D.C

The Burning of Washington D.C.

• Why would the British target Washington as the war entered its third year?

• Washington as "a meager village with a few bad houses and extensive swamps."

The Burning of Washington D.C.

• Avenge the Americans who had plundered and burned public and private buildings the year before in York (modern Toronto)

The Burning of Washington D.C.

• Secretary of State James Monroe

• Spying on horseback as the British advanced east of Washington, sent a scribbled note to the State Department

• Told his staff to secure the precious national documents and departmental records

The Burning of Washington D.C.

• Clerks, stuffed bags with the Declaration of Independence

• The Constitution• Treaties • George Washington,

historic letter resigning his commission

The Burning of Washington D.C.

• Dolley Madison• She insisted on staying

to save the portrait of the first president, which then hung on the west wall of the large dining room.

The Burning of Washington D.C.

• Save that picture if possible!" cried Dolley Madison. "Under no circumstances allow it to fall into the hands of the British!"

British Attack Baltimore

• Britain’s next objective was Baltimore

• British had to pass the guns of Fort McHenry

• British bombarded the fort

• Only 4 killed, 24 wounded

British Attack Baltimore

• Francis Scott Keys witnessed the shelling

• Inspired to write the “Star Spangled Banner”

Treaty of Ghent

• December 24th, 1814• American and British

negotiators sign a treaty in Ghent, Belgium

• British recognize the war was costly and nothing further could be gained

• Ended the War of 1812

Battle of New Orleans

• Occurred two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed

• The British outnumber the American forces by 2 to 1

• American losses totaled 8 dead and 13 wounded

Battle of New Orleans

• British casualties were 2036

• Allowed the Americans to end on a powerful and positive note

Significance of the War of 1812

• Destroyed the Indians’ ability to resist American expansion east of the Mississippi

• Allowed the U.S. to rewrite boundaries with Spain and solidify control over the lower Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico

Significance of the War of 1812

• The Federalists party never recovered from its opposition to the war

• A return to the prewar boundaries between United States and British territories

• Recommended constitutional amendment to restrict the power of Congress to wage war

Daily Quiz

The ____ was fought after the War of 1812 had already been

ended by treaty

• Battle of New Orleans

During the War of 1812, the British invaded the United States

and burnt

• the United States capital

The War of 1812 ended with

• a return to the prewar boundaries between United States and British territories

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

• The Creek Indians occupied a hundred-acre section of land in the U-shaped bend of the Tallapoosa River

• Andrew Jackson led US troops into battle

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

• 39th U.S. Infantry and Tennessee militia, proved successful after a brief, but severe, contest

• Creeks found themselves being attacked from the front and behind

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

• 800 warriors perished • Most devastating

defeat of Native Americans in North American history

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

• After the defeat at Horseshoe Bend, bands of starving Creeks surrendered themselves

• In August 1814, the Treaty of Fort Jackson forced the Creeks to forfeit over 20,000,000 acres of land to the United States

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

• Within five years white settlers overran the region and the state of Alabama was formed

• The demise of the Creek Nation had begun

Questions for Map 1

1. Use Map 1 to make a list of towns and waterways that have Indian names and a second list of places that have European names. Be aware that Peter McQueen's is actually an Indian town, one named after a Creek trader who had an English father.

2. What do the major Creek sites have in common? Why might the Creek have been chosen these sites for settlements?

3. How are the European sites located in relation to the Creek ones? Why do you think this might have been so?

4. Find and underline Burnt Corn Creek, Pensacola, Mobile, Ft. Mims, Ft. Jackson, Horseshoe Bend, and the Tallapoosa and Coosa Rivers. Each of these places was important in the events associated with the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

Questions for Drawing 1. Which of the barricades elements would have made it part of an effective defense? 2. Would such a fortification be effective today? 3. Which elements would modern technology render useless? What parts would still work?

Questions for Map 2 1. Would the Horseshoe Bend peninsula, particularly the area labeled "Tohopeka Village," provide a good defensive position for the Creek in case of attack? Why or why not?