War of 1812War of 1812

CausesCausesFree seas and tradeFree seas and trade

Stopping American shipsStopping American ships ImpressmentImpressment

Frontier pressuresFrontier pressures Desire for landDesire for land

British CanadaBritish CanadaSpanish FloridaSpanish Florida

Conflicts with IndiansConflicts with IndiansTecumseh and ProphetTecumseh and ProphetBattle of TippecanoeBattle of Tippecanoe

William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison

War HawksWar Hawks Henry Clay, KentuckyHenry Clay, Kentucky John C. Calhoun, South CarolinaJohn C. Calhoun, South Carolina

Argued that war w/Britain only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, Argued that war w/Britain only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, & destroy Indian resistance& destroy Indian resistance

Declaration of warDeclaration of war Passed after Britain agreed to suspend its naval blockadePassed after Britain agreed to suspend its naval blockade

A Nation DividedA Nation Divided

Pro-warPro-war– Southern & western states incl. PA & VTSouthern & western states incl. PA & VT– RepublicansRepublicans

Anti-warAnti-war– NY, NJ, & New England statesNY, NJ, & New England states– FederalistsFederalists– New England merchantsNew England merchants– ““Mr. Madison’s War”Mr. Madison’s War”

War of 1812War of 1812 Invasion of CanadaInvasion of Canada

3-part invasion3-part invasion Detroit, Niagara, & Lake ChamplainDetroit, Niagara, & Lake Champlain Americans burned York (Toronto)Americans burned York (Toronto) Easily repulsed by superior British forcesEasily repulsed by superior British forces

Naval BattlesNaval Battles USS Constitution “Old Ironsides”USS Constitution “Old Ironsides”

Sank British shipSank British ship American privateersAmerican privateers

Success offset by British naval blockadeSuccess offset by British naval blockade Lake Erie, 1813Lake Erie, 1813

Most important naval battle of the warMost important naval battle of the war Captain Oliver Hazard PerryCaptain Oliver Hazard Perry

““We have met the enemy and he is ours”We have met the enemy and he is ours” Prepared the way for William Henry Harrison’s victory at Battle of Prepared the way for William Henry Harrison’s victory at Battle of

Thames R.Thames R. Tecumseh was killedTecumseh was killed

• Chesapeake Campaign, 1814• British defeated Napoleon increased troops in U.S.• British burn White House, Capitol, & other buildings• Attempt to take Baltimore

• Francis Scott Key-”Star Spangled Banner”

• Southern campaign– Gen. Andrew Jackson– Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814

• Creek Indians defeated– British ally– Opened new lands to white settlers

– Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1814• 700 British killed, 1400 wounded• 8 US killed, 13 wounded• Fought 2 weeks after the war had ended

Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent Both sides tired of the warBoth sides tired of the war

Britain had fought Napoleon over a decadeBritain had fought Napoleon over a decade America recognized it could not winAmerica recognized it could not win

Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814 TermsTerms

A halt to fightingA halt to fighting Return of all conquered territoryReturn of all conquered territory Recognition of prewar boundary of US & CanadaRecognition of prewar boundary of US & Canada Britain made no concessions about impressment, Britain made no concessions about impressment,

blockades, or other prewar grievances blockades, or other prewar grievances War ended in stalemateWar ended in stalemate

HartfordHartford Convention, December Convention, December 18141814

New England states opposed to war New England states opposed to war & Republican government& Republican government– Radical Federalists wanted Constitution Radical Federalists wanted Constitution

amended & secession as last resortamended & secession as last resort– Secession was rejectedSecession was rejected– Proposals were adopted to limit power Proposals were adopted to limit power

of Republicansof Republicans– Jackson’s victory & Treaty of Ghent Jackson’s victory & Treaty of Ghent

made Federalists appear unpatrioticmade Federalists appear unpatriotic– Federalists weakenedFederalists weakened

Legacies of War of 1812Legacies of War of 1812

US gained respect of other nationsUS gained respect of other nations

US accepts Canada as part of British US accepts Canada as part of British EmpireEmpire

Federalist party no longer a national forceFederalist party no longer a national force

New England sets precedent of talk of New England sets precedent of talk of secession & nullificationsecession & nullification

Indians loss of British allies forces them to Indians loss of British allies forces them to surrender landssurrender lands

American industry grew due to British American industry grew due to British blockade blockade

War HeroesWar Heroes Future political leadersFuture political leaders

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison

American nationalismAmerican nationalism Belief that the future of the US lay in the West Belief that the future of the US lay in the West

away from Europeaway from Europe