War Affects Society

Chapter 17, Section 2

Disagreements About The War:*1863 people tired of war! -Confederacy lost a large portion of its

army-Southern & Northern states were

disagreeing among themselves over the war effort

-North: Copperheads – Northerners who wanted to make peace with the South.

*Lincoln had war protesters arrested and the gov’t. could hold citizens without a trial.

The Draft Laws:1863*Both sides needed more soldiers!-Passed the draft.-Draft required men serve in the military.*South: Healthy, white men between 18

and 45 had to join army. Wealthy men could hire substitutes and planters with 20 slaves or more could avoid military service.

• “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”

*North: Offered bounties, or cash payments to men who volunteered.

-Small percentage of men in North were drafted.

*Draft very unpopular in North and led to New York City draft riots, killing more than 100 (mostly African Americans).

Economic Effects of the War; Resistance by Slaves

*South: Food shortages, inflation (increased prices), and slave resistance.

*Resistance hurt the South’s economy!-slowed pace/stopped working-ruined crops-sabotaged farm machines-few rose in rebellion-more often, fled plantations to fight for the

Union*With fewer slaves to do work, economy hurt!

War helped North Economy:*War production boosted

Northern industry.*Inflation was lower in North*Income tax (tax on people’s

earnings) and new paper currency helped pay for the war.

Women Aid the War Effort:*Men away at war, women took on

new duties: run plantations, plow fields, office jobs, factories.

*Helped in war effort: nurses on front lines, washed clothes and cooked for soldiers, and were spies!

• Union spy: Harriet Tubman!• Confederate spy: Belle Boyd

Prison Camps*Filthy, horrible conditions.*Soldiers died from exposure to

severe weather, starvation, and disease.

The North Wins!

Chapter 17, section 3

The Battle of Gettysburg:*June 1863, Confederate forces

crossed into southern Pennsylvania. -Fought Union troops near the town

of Gettysburg. *Battle of Gettysburg raged on for 3

days*Confederate General George Pickett

attacked the middle of the Union line….deadly mistake.

*Called Pickett’s charge, was torn to pieces by Union troops.

*Confederates retreated. *Like Antietam, Union troops did

NOT follow general Robert E. Lee. Even so, Gettysburg was a turning point in the war.

*North losses: 23,000*South losses: >28,000*With such a huge Confederate

loss, Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory in the North were gone.

Siege of Vicksburg*Last Confederate stronghold on

Miss. River*Union general – Ulysses S. Grant*Union troops gained control of

Vicksburg May 1863.*Grants victory fulfilled a major part

of the Anaconda Plan: Union had complete control of Miss. River. South now split in two.

*With victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, the war was in favor of the North!

General Grant:*General Grant was willing to follow

and fight General Lee unlike other Union generals.

*Lincoln was impressed by Grant*March 1864 – Lincoln made Grant

commander of all Union armies*Grant made a plant to defeat the

Confederacy.

1. Grant would pursue Lee in Virginia

2. Under William Tecumseh Sherman Union troops would push through deep South and wage total war.

-Total war: Against enemy troops, everything that supported the enemy, destroyed railroad lines, destroyed crops, and burned towns

*Sherman’s victories important to Lincoln b/c of tough reelection and northerners tired of war!

-With Sherman’s success, Northerners could sense victory!

*Optimism helped Lincoln win reelection!!

Surrender at Appomattox:*June 1864, Grant’s troops

reached edge of Richmond, VA.*Two sides battled for 10

months!!!*Lee could not hold out!*Union army marched into

Richmond on April 3, 1865.

*April 9, 1865: Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Court House in VA. There, the two men arranged a surrender.

*Grant offered generous terms: After handing over their weapons, the Confederates were free to return home. After 4 years, the Civil War was over.

The Legacy of the War

Chapter 17, section 4

Costs of the War*Deadliest war in American history*1861-1865: >600,000 soldiers died*Union lost about 360,000*Confederacy lost about 260,000*Another 535,000 wounded*About 3 million served = 10% of

country’s population!

Thirteenth Amendment*As Union army marched through South

during and after the war, soldiers released African Americans from slavery.

*Freed millions, but African Americans in the border states were still enslaved.

*1864, Lincoln approved a constitutional amendment to end slavery throughout the nation – failed to pass Congress.

*January 1865: Lincoln tried again!! This time, Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment.

*Officially banned slavery in the U.S. and it became apart of the U.S. Constitution.

Lincoln’s Assassination*Did not live to see the end of

slavery. ONLY 5 days after the South surrendered, Lincoln was shot in the back of the head by a Confederate supporter and famous actor named John Wilkes Booth during a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C.

*Lincoln died the next day.*Booth was found several days

later and killed by soldiers.*Lincoln first president

assassinated.*Murder stunned the nation*Loss of his experience and

political skills a huge setback.

Consequences of the War*North: People began to think of the

U.S. as a single nation rather than a collection of states.

-Caused the national government to expand (with demands of war, grew larger and more powerful)

-Transformed Northern economy: New industries such as steel, petroleum, food processing, and manufacturing grew rapidly.

*South: Economic DISASTER!*Farms/plantations destroyed!-40% livestock killed-Half of farm equipment

wrecked-Factories destroyed, thousands

of miles of railroad track destroyed.

-Slavery, the system that built the Southern economy - was GONE!!!!!

Reconstruction Begins• RECONSTRUCTION: was the process of

bringing the Confederate states back into the Union after the Civil War.

• Lasted from 1865-1877.*Freedman’s Bureau:*Organization that helped former

slaves by setting up schools and hospitals, gave out clothes, food, and fuel.

Andrew Johnson*Lincoln assassinated in 1865 – Andrew

Johnson became president. -Based Reconstruction plan on Lincoln’s

goals:1. Southern state governments had to

forbid slavery.2. South had to accept the supreme power

of the federal government3. Johnson pardoned white Southerners

who pledged loyalty

Black Codes: *Laws passed by Southern states that

limited the freedom of former slaves.

Fourteenth Amendment: *Bill promoting civil rights – rights

granted to all citizens. Passed in 1865: declared all

people born in the U.S. were citizens and stated all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of race.

Fifteenth Amendment:*Became law in 1870. Gave

African Americans (male) full voting rights.