waluyo hatmoko senior researcher, research center for water … · 2011. 9. 29. · pdam mauk di...
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Waluyo HatmokoSenior Researcher, Research Center for Water Resources
Ministry of Public Works Republic of Indonesia
Source: World Resources Institute
Country m^3/capitaCanada 86,752.7Indonesia 12,440.8China 2,112.4India 1,110.0Egypt 23.4Gaza Strip 11.7Bahrain 5.3
No Country km^3/year1Brazil 5,4182Russian Federation 4,3133Canada 2,8504Indonesia 2,8385China 2,8126United States 2,8007Colombia 2,1128Peru 1,6169India 1,261
10Congo, Dem Rep 900
Source: Review of World Water Resources by Country FAO 2003
Indonesia consists of 33 Provinces
33 Provinces
17,508 islands
Population 206 million
65% live in Jawa Island
SumateraTP: 738 PC: 18.4
Java TP: 187 PC: 1.6
KalimantanTP: 1008 PC: 98.8 TP: 247 PC: 18.3
Sulawesi
Papua & MalukuTP: 981 PC: 251.5
TP: 60 PC: 5.5 Sunda Kecil
Total IndonesiaTP: 3221 PC: 16.8
TP = Total Potential Water (billion m3 / year)PC = Potential Water per Capita (1,000 m3/capita) Source: DG Water Resources
Indonesia is divided into 133 River Basin Territory (RBT)as basis for Integrated Water Resources ManagementEach RBT have a Water Resources Strategic Plan and Master Plan
River Basin: 5,590 riversRiver Basin Territory : 133 (total)
National : 69 cross boundaries: 5, cross provinces: 27strategic : 37
Province : 51, District: 13
KETERANGANNILAI IPA = > 0.50 NILAI IPA = > 0.20 ~ 0.50NILAI IPA = > 0.05 ~ 0.20NILAI IPA = > 0.01 ~ 0.05NILAI IPA = < 0.01
KETERANGANNILAI CV = > 0.50 NILAI CV = > 0.30 ~ 0.50NILAI CV = > 0.20 ~ 0.30NILAI CV = < 20WILAYAH TIM-TIM
River Basin Organization (RBO)in Indonesia Public‐utility type RBO
structural development, rehabilitation and public‐obligation services
31 RBO under Central Government 59 RBO under Provincial Government.
Corporate‐type RBO cost‐recovery activities and conduct operation‐maintenance , and water services
Jasa Tirta I (Brantas and Bengawan Solo River Basin) and Jasa Tirta II (Citarum River Basin)
Meteorological Drought Indonesian Meteorological, Climate and Geophysics Agency, (Erwin Makmur, 2009) Drought Indices
Percent of Normal (Operationally)> 115 % Above Normal85 – 115 % Normal< 85% Below Normal
Palmer Drought Severity Index (Research) Normalized Multi‐band Drought Index (other Institutional)
Meteorological Drought Ministry of Public Works (Wanny Adhidarma, 2006)
Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) Has been applied in the Northern part of Central Java: Pemali‐Comal River Basin
Will be applied for the whole Java Island
SPI Values Drought Category Time in Category
0 to -0.99 mild drought 34.1%
-1.00 to -1.49 moderate 9.2%
-1.50 to -1.99 severe 4.4%
<-2.00 extreme 2.3%
Potential Drought Monitoring over Agriculture Area in Java Island, Indonesia, Orbita Roswintiarti , Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), 2010
Meteorological drought: Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI); Agricultural droughts: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
(NDVI) anomaly, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) anomaly, Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), and Vegetation Health Index (VHI)
Acquiring, processing, and analyzing meteorological drought index from daily and monthly rainfall from TRMM and GSMap data for some sample areas.
Acquiring, processing, and analyzing agricultural drought indices from sixteen‐day or monthly MODIS data for some sample areas.
Identifying the origin and its associated land cover change through the time series analysis of NDVI or EVI overlaid with land cover map from ALOS and Landsat data for some sample areas.
Our way of thinking about Hydrological Drought Based on available surface water in the water bodies: rivers, lakes, reservoirs
Strongly related with water allocation How much water is available to be allocated to: Various water users: agriculture, domestic, municipal, industry, fisheries, animal husbandry, maintenance flow
In different geographical area: upstream and downstream
In different administrative boundaries
PDAM Rajeg
S. Induk BaratDI Cisadane Barat9.930 ha
Sek
Ked
aung
S. In
duk
Bar
at L
aut
1.818 ha
Tng
S. C
isad
ane
Bd. Pasarbaru
PDAM Kota Tng
PDAM Bojongrenged
PDAM Mauk
DI Cisadane Barat Laut8.885 ha
DI Cisadane Utara3.255 ha
Alokasi Air Sungai Cisadane pada Bendung Pasarbaru
Sal. Induk Tanah Tinggi
Mookervaart
Sal. Induk Timur
Sal. I
nduk
Uta
ra
Penggelontoran
DI Cisadane Timur787 ha
143 ha
9,93
1,82
0,79
50
8,88
0,010
0 0,03
0,053,25
00,02
0,02
0,020,01
0,050
0,35
0,21
0,01
0,01
0,050
0,01
0,01
0,14
50
24,3
2
0,79
20,69
1,8 2
9,93 20,69 20,72
0,02
0
9,94 18,87 18,88
0,01
8,93
0
8,88
0,05
4,16 0,86 0,86 0,84 0,82 0,8
3,3
3 ,25
0,05
0
0,02
0,02
0,02 0,01
24,3
2
0
0,01
0,35
0,21
0,01
0,08 0,02 0,010,05 0
0,01
0,03
0,14
Water allocation in Indonesia Strategic water allocation
for the next 20 years For each river basin territory, as a basis
for water resources strategic master plan
Based on simulation of monthly or half‐monthly long time‐series of runoff
Annual water allocation Based on dependable flow Q80% Historically, for rice‐field agriculture
Real‐time water allocation For next week, next 10‐days, next half‐
month Success indicator: k‐factor K‐factor = supply / demand
Hydrological Drought Monitoring• Executed By Directorate General for Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works (based on the decree of The Minister of Public Works)
• Data from 33 River Basin Organizations – Reservoir and lake normal and actual water level water utilization, reservoir operation status
– Water allocation status, river discharges, planned and actual diverted flow
Hydrological Drought Monitoring– Data from 33 River Basin Organizations (cont.)
– the irrigation k‐factor = supply/demand– Safe: k > 70%– Potential prone: k between 30% ‐ 70%, – Severe prone: k < 30%
– Irrigation areal affected by drought – Drought anticipation and mitigation
– water tank truck , and – water pump distribution
Hydrological flow monitoring Daily flow is recorded for all river gauging stations, some gauging stations use telemetering real‐time data acquisition
Real‐time water allocation has been executed during the dry season in some river basins
Hydrological Drought Indeces• Mild Drought
• River discharges between dependable flow Q90% and Q80%
• Lake and reservoir level in the drought operating level
• Moderate Drought– River discharge between Q95% and Q90%– Lake and reservoir level between minimum operating level and drought level
• Severe Drought– River discharge less than dependable Q95%– Lake and reservoir level between minimum operating level and the dead storage
Concluding Remarks:Proposed hydrological drought indices Based on available surface water in the water bodies: rivers, lakes, reservoirs
Strongly related with water allocation In Indonesia water availability is expressed in:
Dependable flow Q80% for agriculture (more than 95% of water demand)
Dependable flow 90% for domestic, municipal and industrial water demand
Water in the lakes and reservoirs