wa1929 cloud computing for architects using openstack · wa1929 cloud computing for architects...

WA1929 Cloud Computing forArchitects using OpenStack

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Table of ContentsChapter 1 - The Rise of the Cloud.....................................................................................13

1.1 Where did Cloud Computing originate?.................................................................131.2 Cloud Computing....................................................................................................131.3 Wikipedia Entry......................................................................................................141.4 Gartner on Cloud.....................................................................................................151.5 The NIST Perspective.............................................................................................151.6 Five Characteristics.................................................................................................161.7 Five Characteristics.................................................................................................171.8 The Cloud Computing Spectrum / Service Models................................................171.9 Cloud Deployment Models.....................................................................................18 Understanding Cloud Computing................................................................................191.10 Understanding by Phone Service Analogy...........................................................191.11 Understanding by Electrical Power Grid Service Analogy...................................201.12 What is so special about Cloud?...........................................................................201.13 Synergy is Powerful..............................................................................................201.14 Moving to the cloud..............................................................................................211.15 Capacity Planning.................................................................................................211.16 Challenge – Measuring Capacity..........................................................................221.17 Capacity Planning Concepts and Challenges........................................................231.18 Capacity Planning – Utilization Risk....................................................................241.19 Utilization Risk – Mitigation................................................................................241.20 Capacity Planning – Different Workloads............................................................251.21 Multi-Tenancy Model ..........................................................................................261.22 Common Characteristics of Multi-tenant Applications........................................261.23 Data Management in the Cloud.............................................................................271.24 Data Management in the Cloud.............................................................................271.25 Data Physics..........................................................................................................271.26 By the Numbers.....................................................................................................281.27 Summary...............................................................................................................28

Chapter 2 - Cloud Computing Value Proposition..............................................................312.1 Why does Cloud matter? ........................................................................................312.2 Cloud Value Proposition.........................................................................................312.3 Cloud Value Business Case #1...............................................................................322.4 Cloud Value Business Case #2...............................................................................332.5 Cloud Value Business Case #3...............................................................................332.6 Cloud Value Business Case #4...............................................................................342.7 Cloud Business Cases.............................................................................................352.8 Cloud economics.....................................................................................................362.9 Cloud economics.....................................................................................................372.10 Cloud economics...................................................................................................372.11 Do Clouds Compute?............................................................................................372.12 1. Select Expected Benefits...................................................................................382.13 2. Identify applicable cost scenario ......................................................................382.14 3. Calculate initial, simple return .........................................................................39

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2.15 4. Calculate returns for on-going usage................................................................392.16 Summary...............................................................................................................39

Chapter 3 - Cloud Computing Myths.................................................................................413.1 Myth #1: Cloud == Virtualization...........................................................................413.2 Myth #2: Cloud == Grid.........................................................................................413.3 Myth #3: Cloud == SAAS......................................................................................423.4 Myth #4: Cloud == SOA.........................................................................................423.5 Myth #5: Cloud == Security Risk...........................................................................433.6 Summary – 1/2........................................................................................................433.7 Summary – 2/2........................................................................................................44

Chapter 4 - Cloud Computing Components.......................................................................454.1 The Cloud Computing Stack...................................................................................454.2 Cloud Computing Components...............................................................................464.3 Tightly Coupled Enterprise.....................................................................................464.4 Breaking the Silos...................................................................................................474.5 Understanding SOA ...............................................................................................484.6 Applying SOA to the Cloud....................................................................................484.7 Cloud Computing without SOA..............................................................................494.8 Cloud Component - Virtualization..........................................................................494.9 Hypervisors.............................................................................................................494.10 Hypervisor Types..................................................................................................504.11 Type 1 hypervisors................................................................................................504.12 Type 2 hypervisors ...............................................................................................504.13 Applying Virtualization to the Cloud....................................................................514.14 Cloud Component - SaaS......................................................................................514.15 Applying SaaS to the Cloud..................................................................................524.16 Web 2.0 – Should I upgrade?................................................................................524.17 Web 1.0 vs Web 2.0..............................................................................................534.18 Applying Web 2.0 to the Cloud............................................................................534.19 Summary...............................................................................................................54

Chapter 5 - Categorizing Clouds........................................................................................555.1 Consider the kind of cloud......................................................................................555.2 Cloud Scope – Public clouds ..................................................................................555.3 Cloud Scope – Private clouds.................................................................................565.4 Cloud Scope – Hybrid clouds ................................................................................565.5 Discussing Cloud Scope .........................................................................................575.6 Cloud Type - User Interface ...................................................................................575.7 Cloud Type – Application Service ........................................................................575.8 Cloud Type – Data Services ...................................................................................585.9 Discussing Cloud Types .........................................................................................595.10 Intersection of Scope & Type ..............................................................................595.11 Cloud Role............................................................................................................595.12 Discussing Cloud Categories ...............................................................................605.13 Cloud Integration .................................................................................................605.14 Cloud Integration..................................................................................................605.15 Summary...............................................................................................................61

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Chapter 6 - Real World Case Study Analysis....................................................................636.1 Case Study – Amazon Web Services (AWS).........................................................636.2 Amazon EC2 Value.................................................................................................636.3 Discussing Amazon.................................................................................................646.4 Case Study – TuneCore...........................................................................................646.5 TuneCore’s Value...................................................................................................656.6 Discussing TuneCore..............................................................................................656.7 Case Study – Salesforce.com..................................................................................656.8 Salesforce.com Value..............................................................................................666.9 Discussing SalesForce.............................................................................................666.10 Case Study – Google Apps...................................................................................676.11 Google Apps Value...............................................................................................676.12 Discussing Google................................................................................................686.13 Case Study – Pitney Bowes...................................................................................686.14 Pitney Bowes Value..............................................................................................686.15 Discussing Pitney Bowes......................................................................................696.16 Case Study – X.Commerce/OpenStack.................................................................696.17 OpenStack Value...................................................................................................696.18 Discussing X.Commerce/OpenStack....................................................................706.19 Summary...............................................................................................................70

Chapter 7 - Cloud Risks and Risk Mitigation....................................................................737.1 Failure-As-A-Service in 2009.................................................................................737.2 Failure-As-A-Service in 2010.................................................................................747.3 Notable Breaches in 2011.......................................................................................747.4 Notable Breach # 2..................................................................................................757.5 Notable Breach # 3..................................................................................................767.6 Notable Breach # 4 & # 5........................................................................................767.7 Notable Breach # 6..................................................................................................777.8 The Cost of Failed Clouds.......................................................................................777.9 Risks When Consuming Clouds: Service Reliability..............................................787.10 Service Quality......................................................................................................787.11 Problem Resolution...............................................................................................797.12 Data Back-up.........................................................................................................797.13 Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)...........................................................................797.14 Risks When Supporting Clouds: Provisioning......................................................807.15 The Scale of Scale.................................................................................................807.16 Financial Management..........................................................................................807.17 How to Practically Estimate Your Cloud Bill?....................................................817.18 Managing Service Levels......................................................................................817.19 Redundancy / Failover..........................................................................................827.20 Vendor Lock-In.....................................................................................................827.21 Liability.................................................................................................................837.22 Security.................................................................................................................837.23 Cloud Security.......................................................................................................847.24 Access Control .....................................................................................................847.25 Application Security..............................................................................................85

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7.26 Application Multi-Layer Security Design ............................................................867.27 Information and Data Security..............................................................................867.28 Network Security..................................................................................................877.29 Operational Security..............................................................................................887.30 Mitigating Cloud Computing Risks: Identifying Cloud-ready Solutions.............887.31 Governing Cloud Services....................................................................................897.32 Business alignment................................................................................................897.33 Asset Ownership...................................................................................................897.34 Contract-driven Services.......................................................................................907.35 Financial Management and Tracking....................................................................917.36 Governance and Risk Mitigation..........................................................................927.37 Some Best Practices..............................................................................................927.38 Summary – 1/2......................................................................................................937.39 Summary – 2/2......................................................................................................93

Chapter 8 - Cloud Standards..............................................................................................958.1 What Exactly Are We Standardizing?....................................................................958.2 What Exactly Are We Standardizing?....................................................................958.3 Standardizing on a Definition.................................................................................968.4 Why Standardize?...................................................................................................968.5 Simple Concept, Difficult Implementation.............................................................978.6 Perspective #1 – Turf Wars.....................................................................................978.7 Turf Wars................................................................................................................988.8 Turf Wars................................................................................................................998.9 Other Groups Defining Standards...........................................................................998.10 Recent Progress...................................................................................................1008.11 Recent Progress (cont.).......................................................................................1008.12 Perspective #2 – Let the Market Decide.............................................................1018.13 Standardization is Restrictive not Creative.........................................................1018.14 Fostering Creativity.............................................................................................1028.15 Survival of the Fittest..........................................................................................1028.16 OpenStack Foundation Model ............................................................................1028.17 Perspective #3 – The Simple View.....................................................................1038.18 Standards to Date................................................................................................1038.19 OCCI Details.......................................................................................................1048.20 OCCI Client Handshake......................................................................................1058.21 OCCI Server Response…...................................................................................1068.22 OCCI Server Response (cont.)............................................................................1068.23 OCCI Cloud Infrastructure Categories................................................................1078.24 Best Practices for Working with Cloud Standards: Building Cloud Solutions Today...........................................................................................................................1078.25 Advice #1 – Build on Proven Standards.............................................................1078.26 Advice #2 – Focus on Solid Design....................................................................1088.27 Advice #3 – Good Standards Take Time............................................................1088.28 Review – 1 / 2.....................................................................................................1098.29 Review – 1 / 2.....................................................................................................109

Chapter 9 - Cloud Computing Infrastructure...................................................................111

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9.1 Does It Really Matter?..........................................................................................1119.2 Cloud Infrastructure Categories............................................................................1119.3 Understanding Virtualization................................................................................1129.4 Cloud Management...............................................................................................1139.5 Controllers and Agents..........................................................................................1139.6 More Cloud Management Strategies.....................................................................1149.7 Abstracted Networking.........................................................................................1149.8 Abstracted Computing..........................................................................................1159.9 Abstracted Storage................................................................................................1159.10 Pulling it all together...........................................................................................1179.11 Eucalyptus...........................................................................................................1179.12 Eucalyptus (cont.)...............................................................................................1189.13 Eucalyptus (cont.)...............................................................................................1199.14 Eucalyptus (cont.)...............................................................................................1209.15 Eucalyptus (cont.)...............................................................................................1219.16 OpenStack...........................................................................................................1219.17 What is OpenStack?............................................................................................1219.18 What is OpenStack?............................................................................................1229.19 OpenStack main components..............................................................................1229.20 OpenStack main components..............................................................................1239.21 OpenStack main components..............................................................................1239.22 OpenStack Conceptual Architecture...................................................................1249.23 Summary.............................................................................................................124

Chapter 10 - Looking Under the Cloud Hood.................................................................12510.1 Amazon Cloud Overview....................................................................................12510.2 Working with Amazon Web Services (AWS)....................................................12510.3 Building an Amazon Cloud Service....................................................................12610.4 Google Cloud Overview.....................................................................................12710.5 Google Cloud Storage.........................................................................................12810.6 Working with the Google App Engine................................................................12910.7 Building a Google App.......................................................................................12910.8 Microsoft Azure Overview.................................................................................12910.9 Working with Windows Azure...........................................................................13010.10 Building an Azure Cloud Service ....................................................................13010.11 OpenStack Overview........................................................................................13110.12 Working with OpenStack..................................................................................13110.13 Building OpenStack Environment....................................................................13210.14 Building OpenStack environment by hand.......................................................13210.15 Using automated configurators.........................................................................13210.16 Creating OpenStack VM Instances ..................................................................13310.17 Managing OpenStack Clouds............................................................................13310.18 Summary...........................................................................................................134

Chapter 11 - Cloud Services............................................................................................13511.1 Defining Cloud Services.....................................................................................13511.2 The Typical Cloud Services................................................................................13511.3 Application Services..........................................................................................136

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11.4 Messaging Application Service...........................................................................13611.5 Email Application Service..................................................................................13711.6 Cache Application Service ................................................................................13711.7 Specialized Application Service.........................................................................13711.8 Storage Services..................................................................................................13811.9 Object Storage.....................................................................................................13811.10 Archive Storage ................................................................................................13811.11 Relational Storage ..........................................................................................13911.12 NoSQL Storage ................................................................................................13911.13 Monitoring Services .........................................................................................13911.14 Review...............................................................................................................140

Chapter 12 - Cloud Computing Sanity Check.................................................................14112.1 The Cloud Shift...................................................................................................14112.2 Adapting to a Broader Market.............................................................................14112.3 Before You Leap to the Cloud............................................................................14212.4 Cloud Sanity Check #1........................................................................................14212.5 Cloud Sanity Check #2........................................................................................14312.6 Cloud Sanity Check #3........................................................................................14312.7 Cloud Sanity Check #4........................................................................................14312.8 Summary.............................................................................................................144

Chapter 13 - Adopting Your Very Own Cloud................................................................14513.1 How can my organization explore Cloud?..........................................................14513.2 Cloud Adoption Best Practices...........................................................................14513.3 Cloud Adoption – Phase 1...................................................................................14613.4 1. Identify your business drivers.........................................................................14613.5 2. Get Educated...................................................................................................14613.6 3. Articulate a Value Proposition........................................................................14713.7 4. Define one or more scenarios..........................................................................14713.8 Cloud Adoption – Phase 1...................................................................................14813.9 Cloud Adoption – Phase 2...................................................................................14813.10 5. Produce a Road Map.....................................................................................14913.11 6. Gain Stakeholder Buy-in...............................................................................14913.12 Cloud Adoption – Phase 2.................................................................................15013.13 Cloud Adoption – Phase 3.................................................................................15013.14 7. Establish Governance....................................................................................15113.15 8. Invest in Infrastructure..................................................................................15113.16 9. Cloud Pilot....................................................................................................15213.17 Scoping the Pilot Project...................................................................................15213.18 Pilot Project Scope (cont’d)..............................................................................15213.19 10. Enterprise Roll-out......................................................................................15313.20 Start small and grow incrementally...................................................................15313.21 Summary...........................................................................................................154

Chapter 14 - Cloud Reference Model .............................................................................15514.1 Parsing the Cloud Service Model........................................................................15514.2 Cloud Reference Model......................................................................................15514.3 Cloud Infrastructure............................................................................................156

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14.4 Cloud Infrastructure – Vendor Comparison........................................................15714.5 Cloud Infrastructure - Cloud Storage..................................................................15814.6 Cloud Platform....................................................................................................15914.7 Cloud Software....................................................................................................16014.8 SaaS - Cloud Services.........................................................................................16114.9 SaaS - Cloud Applications..................................................................................16214.10 OpenStack Solution Stack.................................................................................16214.11 OpenStack main components/services..............................................................16314.12 Compute (Nova) ...............................................................................................16314.13 Main Compute (Nova) modules/services..........................................................16414.14 Image (Glance)..................................................................................................16514.15 Object Store (Swift) .........................................................................................16514.16 Components of Swift.........................................................................................16614.17 Block Storage (Cinder) ....................................................................................16714.18 Identity (Keystone) ...........................................................................................16714.19 Network (Quantum)..........................................................................................16814.20 Dashboard (Horizon) ........................................................................................16914.21 Pulling It All Together......................................................................................17014.22 Summary...........................................................................................................170

Chapter 15 - Cloud Layering...........................................................................................17115.1 Cloud Layering....................................................................................................17115.2 Cloud Layering Overview...................................................................................17215.3 Content Services..................................................................................................17215.4 Logic Services.....................................................................................................17315.5 Orchestration in the Cloud..................................................................................17415.6 Utility - Security Services...................................................................................17515.7 Security Service Example ..................................................................................17515.8 Utility - Data Services.........................................................................................17615.9 Layering Example – 1/5 .....................................................................................17615.10 Layering Example – 2/5 ...................................................................................17715.11 Layering Example – 3/5 ...................................................................................17815.12 Layering Example – 4/5 ...................................................................................17915.13 Layering Example – 5/5 ...................................................................................18015.14 Summary...........................................................................................................180

Chapter 16 - SDLC in the Cloud......................................................................................18316.1 Software Development Lifecycle Phases...........................................................18316.2 SDLC Models......................................................................................................18416.3 Waterfall..............................................................................................................18416.4 RAD SDLC Practices..........................................................................................18416.5 The Criticisms of RAD.......................................................................................18516.6 Enterprise Technology Delivery Frameworks....................................................18516.7 ETDF Phases ......................................................................................................18616.8 Project Initiation .................................................................................................18716.9 Project Classification..........................................................................................18716.10 Requirements Discovery...................................................................................18816.11 Analysis and Design..........................................................................................188

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16.12 Development.....................................................................................................18916.13 Testing...............................................................................................................18916.14 Production Implementation...............................................................................19016.15 Post-implementation Monitoring of Cloud Solutions ......................................19016.16 Retirement.........................................................................................................19116.17 Summary...........................................................................................................191

Chapter 17 - Requirements Discovery.............................................................................19317.1 Discovering Cloud Requirements.......................................................................19317.2 Discovery Workshops.........................................................................................19417.3 Running a Discovery Workshop.........................................................................19417.4 Cloud Requirements............................................................................................19517.5 Scoping Cloud Requirements..............................................................................19517.6 Documenting Expected, Average and Peak Usage.............................................19617.7 Defining Cloud Service Levels...........................................................................19617.8 Discovery Best Practices.....................................................................................19617.9 Discovery Best Practices (Cont'd).......................................................................19717.10 What is Six Sigma?...........................................................................................19717.11 Discovery Gotchas............................................................................................19817.12 Summary...........................................................................................................198

Chapter 18 - Analysis and Design ..................................................................................19918.1 Analysis and Design in the Cloud.......................................................................19918.2 Analyzing Cloud Requirements..........................................................................19918.3 Requirements Management.................................................................................20018.4 Analysis Workflow.............................................................................................20018.5 Mapping Cloud Requirements to Usage Scenarios.............................................20118.6 "Good/Not so Good" Use Cases for the Cloud...................................................20218.7 Introduction to Cloud Design..............................................................................20218.8 Designing Cloud Service Solutions....................................................................20318.9 Design the Cloud Service Interface.....................................................................20318.10 Designing for Cloud Non-Functional Requirements........................................20418.11 Analysis and Design Best Practices..................................................................20418.12 A&D Best Practices - Prototyping....................................................................20518.13 A&D Best Practices – System Partitioning.......................................................20518.14 A&D Best Practices -Leveraging Cloud Platform Services ............................20518.15 A&D Best Practices - Using Asynchronous Communication Patterns.............20618.16 A&D Best Practices - Design for Failure .........................................................20618.17 A&D Best Practices - Caching .........................................................................20718.18 A&D Best Practices - Staying Hands-On ........................................................20718.19 Analysis and Design Gotchas............................................................................20718.20 More Design Gotchas........................................................................................20818.21 Summary...........................................................................................................208

Chapter 19 - Cloud Design Strategies..............................................................................20919.1 Cloud Design Strategies......................................................................................20919.2 Designing for Cloud Availability........................................................................20919.3 Designing for Cloud Security .............................................................................21019.4 Designing for Cloud Security - OWASP 10......................................................210

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19.5 Designing for Cloud Security - OWASP 10 (Cont'd)........................................21119.6 Designing for Cloud Security – Multi-Factor Security ......................................21219.7 Designing for Cloud Storage...............................................................................21219.8 Stepping Across Site Silos..................................................................................21219.9 Stepping Across Site Silos – SAML and OpenID..............................................21319.10 Stepping Across Site Silos – OAuth.................................................................21419.11 Selecting the Right Storage ..............................................................................21519.12 Cloud Storage Model........................................................................................21619.13 Designing for Cloud Management....................................................................21619.14 Designing for Cloud Maintainability................................................................21619.15 Designing for Cloud Service Reuse..................................................................21719.16 Designing for Cloud Agility..............................................................................21819.17 Designing for Cloud Usability..........................................................................21819.18 Additional Usability Considerations.................................................................21919.19 Summary...........................................................................................................219

Chapter 20 - Cloud Development....................................................................................22120.1 Implementing Cloud Services.............................................................................22120.2 Common Pitfalls for Cloud Developers..............................................................22120.3 Building Composite Solutions............................................................................22120.4 Cloud Development Stacks.................................................................................22220.5 Creating Services for Amazon WS.....................................................................22220.6 AWS Toolkit for Eclipse ....................................................................................22320.7 AWS Explorer.....................................................................................................22320.8 AWS Toolkit for Visual Studio ..........................................................................22320.9 Testing in the Amazon Cloud.............................................................................22420.10 Deploying Amazon Web Services....................................................................22420.11 Consuming Amazon Web Services...................................................................22420.12 Creating Services for OpenStack......................................................................22520.13 Creating Applications for OpenStack...............................................................22620.14 Testing OpenStack Solutions............................................................................22720.15 Consuming OpenStack Solutions......................................................................22720.16 Creating Services for Google............................................................................22820.17 Testing Google Cloud Services.........................................................................22820.18 Deploying Google Services...............................................................................22820.19 Consuming Google Services.............................................................................22920.20 Summary...........................................................................................................229

Chapter 21 - Cloud Governance......................................................................................23121.1 IT Governance.....................................................................................................23121.2 Agile IT in the Cloud ........................................................................................23221.3 SOA Governance Overview................................................................................23221.4 SOA Governance in Practice .............................................................................23221.5 Cloud Governance...............................................................................................23321.6 Top Cloud Computing Consumer Risks.............................................................23421.7 Top Cloud Computing Provider Risks................................................................23421.8 Risk Mitigation....................................................................................................23421.9 Defining Cloud Governance...............................................................................235

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21.10 Cloud Governance Model.................................................................................23521.11 Key Artifacts.....................................................................................................23521.12 Governance Life Cycle.....................................................................................23521.13 Policies and Procedures.....................................................................................23621.14 Roles and Responsibilities................................................................................23621.15 Governance Best Practices................................................................................23721.16 Governance Gotchas.........................................................................................23721.17 Summary...........................................................................................................237

Chapter 22 - Cloud SLAs.................................................................................................23922.1 The Importance of Cloud SLAs..........................................................................23922.2 What Belongs in a Cloud SLA?..........................................................................23922.3 Minimal Cloud SLA............................................................................................24022.4 Robust Cloud SLA..............................................................................................24022.5 More SLA Items..................................................................................................24022.6 Governing Cloud Service Quality.......................................................................24022.7 Supporting Clouds...............................................................................................24122.8 Summary.............................................................................................................241

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Chapter 1 - The Rise of the Cloud

ObjectivesKey objectives of this chapter:

Describe the major aspects of Cloud Computing

Identify the different trends that converge into Cloud Computing

Explain the five attributes of Cloud Computing

Describe the different elements of the enterprise that can be moved to the Cloud

1.1 Where did Cloud Computing originate?

Cloud computing represents a convergence of threads

◊ Virtualization, 1960s, 1990s, 2000s – abstracting computer resources to support efficiency and availability

◊ Grid computing, early 1990s, late 1990s – harvesting of computer resources as a collective

◊ Software as a Service (SaaS), late 1990s – hosting of software in a centralized fashion with access and licensing provided on-demand

◊ Web Services (WS), late 1990s – standards-based messaging integration technology

◊ Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), early 2000s –connecting service providers and consumers in a distributed fashion across ownership domains

◊ Web 2.0 / Web Oriented Architecture (WOA), early 2000s – collaboration, rich multimedia, data mash-ups

1.2 Cloud Computing

Everyone has their own definition, perspective, or angle regarding what 'Cloud' is and what impact it will have upon the industry

Cloud computing is …

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◊ One scoop of SOA

◊ A dash of SAAS

◊ Stir in Virtualization

◊ A pinch of Grid Computing

◊ Layer with Web 2.0 / WOA as desired

1.3 Wikipedia Entry

Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computational resources from a location other than your current one.

In its most used context it is Internet-based ("cloud") development and use of computer technology ("computing").

The cloud is a metaphor for the Internet, based on how it is depicted in computer network diagrams, and is an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it conceals.

It is a style of computing in which IT-related capabilities are provided “as a service”, allowing users to access technology-enabled services from the Internet ("in the cloud") without knowledge of, expertise with, or control

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over the technology infrastructure that supports them.

1.4 Gartner on Cloud

Gartner defines Cloud computing as…

◊ A style of computing in which scalable and elastic IT-enabled capabilities are delivered as a service to external customers using Internet technologies

The What, Why, and When of Cloud Computing – Gartner, 2009

1.5 The NIST Perspective

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)’s definition of cloud computing

◊ "Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction."

◊ Furthermore, the cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models."

5 Characteristics

3 Service Models

4 DeploymentModels

Notes The NIST Perspective

NIST is a U.S. agency and laboratory that focuses upon innovation and standardization in science and technology. More information is available at NIST.org

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"The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing" (NIST Special Publication 800-145) - http://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/cloud-102511.cfm

1.6 Five Characteristics

3 Service Models

4 DeploymentModels

5 Characteristics

On-demand self-service - A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service’s provider.

Broad network access - Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling - The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, and virtual machines.

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1.7 Five Characteristics

3 Service Models

4 DeploymentModels

5 Characteristics

Rapid elasticity – Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service – Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

1.8 The Cloud Computing Spectrum / Service Models

5 Characteristics

4 DeploymentModels

3 Service Models

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Notes The Cloud Computing Spectrum / Service Models

The Cloud Computing Spectrum:

Infrastructure-As-A-Service (IAAS) – The vendor provides infrastructure for you to deploy your own software solution, OS images, database, etc. Amazon EC2 and GoGrid are hosted in the provider’s cloud, RightScale is a management platform to use with an IAAS for scaling and resource management.

Platform-As-A-Service (PAAS) – The vendor provides a framework that your solution must fit within. You code against their APIs, management resources, and other elements of the framework to ensure that your software stack works within their environment.

Software-As-A-Service (SAAS) – The vendor provides a complete solution that you simply purchase access to in the form of some sort of licensing subscription model.

1.9 Cloud Deployment Models

5 Characteristics

3 Service Models

4 DeploymentModels

Private cloud - The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and

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may exist on premise or off premise.

Community cloud - The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise.

Public cloud - The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.

Hybrid cloud - A composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds).

Understanding Cloud Computing

1.10 Understanding by Phone Service Analogy

Landline phone service (non-cloud)

◊ Select a single provider

◊ Always use that provider for your service (unless you switch)

◊ If that provider goes down, you are hosed

Cellular phone service (cloud)

◊ Select a standard (CDMA, TDMA, GSM)

◊ Select a provider and negotiate rates

◊ Provider offers seamless support wherever you travel (sometimes renting bandwidth from others, but abstracting this via the cloud)

◊ If the provider is unavailable, the contract may allow you to use another service at a higher rate

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1.11 Understanding by Electrical Power Grid Service Analogy

Another analogy is the Electrical Power Grid that generates and delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers, where

◊ Power stations are data centers

◊ Transmission lines are the network

◊ Consumer electrical appliances are client applications

◊ Electrical power is available on demand

◊ Power distribution is a utility service

◊ Clients pay as per “as you go” model

Much more efficient and reliable then managing your own power generator

1.12 What is so special about Cloud?

There are some that will argue that Cloud Computing is merely the next fad in a string of hype and buzzwords

Does Cloud Computing actually offer anything novel or unique?

◊ Not exactly. You would be hard-pressed to identify a 'Cloud Standard' or 'Cloud Platform'.

◊ On the other hand, it provides a unifying theme to several evolving threads. Synthesis is valuable.

1.13 Synergy is Powerful

Virtualization offers technology cost savings and productivity increases.

SOA provides a foundation for the creation and governance of services and business processes.

SaaS offers a paradigm for software delivery and shifts cost models and capital expenditures to a lean, on-demand model.

Web 2.0 delivers compelling user interface experiences.

Cloud brings all of these together and synthesizes a solution to a business

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problem.

1.14 Moving to the cloud

A big part of what makes the concept of Cloud Computing so interesting is the ability to move select IT concerns "to the cloud"

◊ Establish a contracted agreement

◊ Pay for service and actual usage

◊ Disregard up-front fixed costs and avoid on-going maintenance costs (just fee-for-service)

What can you move to the cloud?

◊ Data

◊ Software

◊ Business logic / processes / rules

◊ User interface

1.15 Capacity Planning

Is the key part of assessing the practicality of moving your solutions to the cloud

In many cases, you need to decide upfront: how many instances you will need (create a pool of stand-by instances or let the cloud scale out elastically).

You need to define what resources are “cloud”, what resources aren't

◊ e.g. Database might be “outside the cloud”

◊ Determine critical parameters

Disk Capacity

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I/O

Database

CPU

Memory

You need to make sure you don't overrun your cloud bill

To help you estimate your cloud bill (per month or year), cloud vendors offer resource utilization calculators

Capacity Planning

Capacity planning is a key aspect of cloud deployment. One of the key value propositions of cloud is that capacity can be shared and optimized across many application deployments.

• What resources are “cloud” resources, and which aren't

◦ For example, database might be “outside the cloud”

• Determine which parameters are likely to be critical

◦ Disk capacity

▪ May be distinguished by “instance” or “attached” storage and remote or “SAN” storage

◦ Database capacity

▪ Common to have a traditional database cluster “outside the cloud” serving the cloud.

▪ If so, then apply traditional capacity planning for the database.

◦ I/O Capacity (disk read/write operations)

◦ CPU capacity

▪ how to measure – difficult since cpu types vary.

• Amazon, for instance defines a “compute unit” as equivalent to “1.0 or 1.2 GHZ 2007 Opteron or 2007 Xeon processor”

◦ Memory Capacity

1.16 Challenge – Measuring Capacity

◊ Different nodes have different capacities

◊ Capacity is virtualized

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◊ e.g. CPU – difficult to compare

May require arbitrary measurements

Amazon, for instance defines a “Compute Unit”

1.0 -1.2 GHz 2007 Xeon processor equivalent

1.17 Capacity Planning Concepts and Challenges

◊ As number of applications, instances or deployment units grows, capacity becomes a linear commodity

◊ Smaller deployments need to be planned on a “what-if” basis

Also applies to applications that take a large slice of resources

◊ Traditional capacity planing focused on new servers for applications that had funding

◊ “On-demand” provisioning changes the equations

Fewer signals of capacity need

Shorter time horizon when needs are known with any degree of certainty

Need to speed up ability to add capacity

Capacity Planning Concepts and Challenges

• As number of applications/instances/deployment units grows, capacity can be viewed as a linear commodity.

• For a small number of deployments, capacity needs to be planned on a “what-if” basis

◦ Also applies to deployments that take a large proportion of the cloud's resources.

• Traditional capacity planning focused on new servers for applications able to achieve capital funding.

◦ This model is undermined by allowing application teams to assume that servers can be provisioned “on-demand”, which of course is the whole idea of the cloud.

• Fewer capacity signals are available, and the time frame for capacity planning becomes much shorter

◦ If applications are thought-up, written, and deployed in a matter of weeks or months, with

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“on-demand” assumptions, capacity planning has a much shorter time horizon with any degree of certainty.

◦ May need to drastically reduce your reaction time in adding cloud resources.

1.18 Capacity Planning – Utilization Risk

◊ Utilization Risk – Risk that utilization of a resource is different from expected

Overuse – leads to excess wait times and failure to meet requirements

Underuse – wasted money, low return on investment

◊ In traditional “server per application” model, the app owner also owns the server, thus bears the risk

◊ In the cloud, cloud provider bears the risk

Utilization Risk

• Utilization risk

◦ Risk that the utilization of a resource is higher than expected

▪ Overuse, typically leading to excess wait times and failure to meet requirements

◦ or lower than expected

▪ Wasted money, low return on investment

◦ In traditional “Server-per-application”, application's sponsor owns the server, thus bears the utilization risk.

◦ In cloud, the cloud provider bears the utilization risk.

1.19 Utilization Risk – Mitigation

◊ App owners can provision and release resources on-demand

◊ Could lead to seasonal or other periodic surges

◊ Solutions:

Controls on how much, how often

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Requires policy setting and negotiation

Charge-back model

Price is an efficient rationing mechanism

Allow use of public cloud

Good overflow flexibility, but what about costs and data physics?

Utilization Risk - Mitigation

• Application owners can provision and release resources “on-demand” (perhaps subject to some limitations).

◦ Could lead to seasonal or other-periodic surges in demand

◦ One solution – charge-back costing model to pass on the costs to users.

◦ Price is an efficient rationing mechanism.

• Application owners might also have the option to use a public cloud when necessary.

◦ Good overflow flexibility, but what about costs?

1.20 Capacity Planning – Different Workloads

◊ Applications have different needs for CPU, memory, I/O

◊ How do you plan without knowing the mixture?

◊ Offer different types of VM instances to users

Users can decide (and pay for) the type of workload they need to provision for

Again, cost tends to lead users toward informed choices

Capacity Planning – Different Workloads

• Some applications will be more CPU, memory, or I/O-focused than others – how to plan for them?

◦ Offer different types of VM instances to users. Then users can decide (based on insight or testing) which instance type they need.

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1.21 Multi-Tenancy Model

◊ Cloud providers pool their IT capabilities to serve multiple cloud service consumers by employing multi-tenancy models

◊ Multi-tenancy often relies on the use of virtualization technologies

◊ Cloud IT resources are partitioned so that computational resources, data, network, etc. can be shared between multiple organizations

Each organization sees only its own tenanted (rented) resources

1.22 Common Characteristics of Multi-tenant Applications

Tenant isolation

◊ Run-time behavior of one tenant does not affect others

Data isolation

◊ Tenants receive individual databases and / or schemas

Network

◊ I/O operations are totally isolated

Scalability

◊ It is a tenant-scoped operation; it does not affect application availability and / or performance of other tenants

Security

◊ Enforced on the per tenant basis

◊ Vendors may employ common cloud public-key infrastructure (PKI) shared among tenants

Usage Metering and Billing

◊ Resources (CPU, Network, Data, etc.) consumed by tenants are metered and tenants are billed at current rates only for what hey consumed

Data back-up and recovery

◊ Can be executed on demand by a tenant without affecting other tenants

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1.23 Data Management in the Cloud

◊ All the usual good practices apply

Canonical Data Model

Master Data Management

◊ Horizontal Scaling affects data

Database Sharding – partition data across multiple nodes to parallelize bandwidth and access.

NoSQL Databases are a good fit

“Eventual Consistency” - non-transactional programming style

Stateless servers help with scalability

BUT! - data physics applies

1.24 Data Management in the Cloud

◊ Multi-Tenancy cloud model affects data

◊ Three approaches

Separate database

Separate schema

Shared Tables with discriminator column - “tenant id”

1.25 Data Physics

◊ Data Physics considers the relationship of data and the processing elements that use the data

◊ There is a cost to moving data

So data should be located near the processing

◊ If data is stored in the cloud rather than on local disk, it will take time and bandwidth to move it.

◊ In a networked environment, it's often faster to calculate a value than

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retrieve it

◊ Architects need to be able to specify the locality of virtual components and storage

Maintain well-defined relationship between processing units and the data they process.

1.26 By the Numbers

Cloud Computing certainly seems to be gaining some traction

◊ Over half of respondents to a survey by IBM identified that developing new applications for the cloud would be the top activity for the next 24 months. (2011 Tech Trends Report)

◊ 37% of businesses globally are deploying cloud to either remotely host applications or host data, or both. (AMD 2011 Global Cloud Computing Adoption, Attitudes, and Approaches Study)

◊ 39% of SMBs with 2-250 employees expect to be paying for cloud services within three years [an increase of 34%] (Microsoft Global SMB Cloud Adoption Study, March 2011)

1.27 Summary

Cloud Computing represents a convergence of several different trends, including

◊ Virtualization, Grid Computing

◊ SOA, Web Services, Web 2.0 / WOA

◊ Software As A Service (SAAS)

Cloud brings all of these elements together and synthesizes a solution to a business problem

Many aspects of the enterprise can be moved to the cloud

◊ Data

◊ Software

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◊ Business logic / processes / rules

◊ User interface

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Chapter 2 - Cloud Computing Value Proposition

ObjectivesKey objectives of this chapter

Introduce the value and potential associated with Cloud Computing

Explore several Cloud business cases

Examine a framework for quantifying the value of Cloud Computing solutions

2.1 Why does Cloud matter?

Why should enterprises examine Cloud Computing?

Three reasons (well, maybe just two):

◊ Be more efficient

◊ Gain a competitive edge

◊ It’s too depressing to spend all day watching the market waffle and talking to potential customers that you know don’t have any money to spend

2.2 Cloud Value Proposition

Efficiency

◊ put idle resources to work

Frugality

◊ minimize capital expenditures, shifting fixed costs to variable costs

Reliability

◊ offer strong redundancy solutions and seamlessly roll over to alternative providers as needed

Scalability

◊ more easily adapt to changing user needs and usage scenarios

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Centralization

◊ move capabilities and their support to a centralized provider that can be commonly shared by many

Maintainability

◊ off-load updates, upgrades and burden of hardware obsolescence

2.3 Cloud Value Business Case #1

Cloud desktop

◊ Virtualize the desktop environment, serving up operating systems (along with file and network access) to users via a wide range of thin client interfaces

Examples

◊ Hosted OS (e.g. OS is accessible on-demand through various devices, served from a centralized location)

Operating SystemUser ProfilePreferencesFile Access

Network Access…

Notes Cloud Value Business Case #1

A classic example of this type of solution would be CITRIX solutions like XenDesktop where you host an OS along with configured software through a thin client interface. UI commands are captured at the client-side and then a message is sent over the wire to the server-side where the instruction is interpreted and the command is carried out. The screen update is then sent back to the client-side to display the result of that action. VMWare offers a product called ‘View’ with similar capabilities.

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Cloud software

◊ Deliver software on-demand from a centralized location, rather than supporting a more distributed and diverse environment

Examples

Google Apps (e.g. replace MS Office, Outlook/Exchange, or similar)

◊ Salesforce.com (e.g. move sales team to Web-based CRM)

Web-based Softwareanytime access (24-7)

global availabilityautomatic patches/updatesper-user incremental cost

Notes Cloud Value Business Case #2

Another great example of this is GoToMeeting in which you can access a hosted conference and connect in from anywhere in the world through the use of a subscription plan.


Cloud service

◊ Provide information or offer a capability to meet requester needs on-demand

Examples

◊ Data retrieval (e.g. data aggregation, filtering, caching, etc.)

◊ Authentication / authorization (e.g. security system abstraction)

◊ Resource pooling (e.g. locksmith or tow truck driver)

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ServiceCommon interface

Seamless availabilityLocation independence


Cloud processing

◊ Support peak demand for data and transaction processing on an as-needed basis without paying for those resources during off-hours

Examples

◊ Batch processing

◊ Business process execution

◊ Data warehousing / BI

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Cloud Provider(EC2, RightScale, Flexiscale, etc.)

Corporate Infrastructure

2.7 Cloud Business Cases

Cloud desktop

◊ Virtualize the desktop environment, serving up operating systems (along with file and network access) to users via a wide range of thin client interfaces

Cloud software

◊ Deliver software on-demand from a centralized location, rather than supporting a more distributed and diverse environment

Cloud service

◊ Provide information or offer a capability to meet requester needs on-demand

Cloud processing

◊ Support peak demand for data and transaction processing on an as-needed basis without paying for those resources during off-hours

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2.8 Cloud economics

Graphic credit Luca Simonetti, ENGINE Networks Blog, http://blog.enginenetworks.net/2009/09/why-use-cloud-computing-for-web-applications/

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2.9 Cloud economics

Graphic credit Luca Simonetti, ENGINE Networks Blog, http://blog.enginenetworks.net/2009/09/why-use-cloud-computing-for-web-applications/

2.10 Cloud economics

Dave Powers, Eli Lilly Company ($20B global pharmaceuticals company):

“We were recently able to launch a 64-machine cluster computer working on bioinformatics sequence information, complete the work, and shut it down in 20 minutes," he says, describing a project the firm executed using Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) service. "It cost $6.40. To do that internally—to go from nothing to getting a 64-machine cluster installed and qualified—is a 12-week process."

2.11 Do Clouds Compute?

Determining a true value for a cloud solution involves several steps

◊ Select expected benefits from the cloud solution

◊ Identify an applicable cost scenario

◊ Calculate the initial, simple return (if any)

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◊ Keeping the benefits constant, calculate the returns for the second and subsequent implementations

2.12 1. Select Expected Benefits

Possible benefits

◊ Cost savings

Lower fixed costs

Lower variable costs

Lower operating costs during peak demand

◊ Better service quality

Availability improvements

Concurrency / performance improvements

◊ Better team composition

Workforce reduction

Staffing re-alignment

2.13 2. Identify applicable cost scenario

Service consumer

◊ Costs associated with developing front-end service consumption interfaces

◊ Costs associated with governing the consumption of cloud services

Service provider

◊ Costs associated with Cloud infrastructure

◊ Costs associated with service interface(s)

◊ Costs associated underlying business systems

Service consumer and provider

◊ Add applicable costs from both categories

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2.14 3. Calculate initial, simple return

A very simple ROI formula can be applied

◊ Benefits you’ve assigned to Cloud divided by the cost scenario

The initial, simple return is simply calculated based upon whether or not the initial deployment of these services yield an immediate return

◊ If moving to a cloud model eliminates certain fixed costs, then an immediate ROI can be realized from your initial Cloud deployment

◊ Other returns may only be realized over time

2.15 4. Calculate returns for on-going usage

Keeping the benefits constant, returns are calculated for the on-going utilization of this new solution

◊ Simple calculations may assume a linear profitability driver (via savings and/or revenue)

◊ More advanced calculations may follow a non-linear, even exponential profitability curve

The key here is to project savings and or new revenue based upon likely usage scenarios

◊ You may even find it useful to develop several models, factoring in different usage figures

2.16 Summary

Cloud Computing holds considerable value for enterprises

◊ Efficiency

◊ Frugality

◊ Reliability

◊ Scalability

Business cases abound

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◊ Cloud desktop

◊ Cloud software

◊ Cloud service

◊ Cloud processing

Effective tracking and monitoring is essential in order to protect and preserve a return on your cloud investment

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Chapter 3 - Cloud Computing Myths

ObjectivesKey objectives of this chapter

Understand common myths surrounding Cloud Computing.

Identify the subtle distinctions between Cloud Computing and the common understanding regarding what it is and what it is not.

Explain how Cloud Computing differs from these common misconceptions.

3.1 Myth #1: Cloud == Virtualization

Myth #1 – Cloud Computing is really just virtualization with a web-based interface put in front.

Reality – Cloud Computing designs often rely heavily upon virtualization technology for server consolidation, better resource utilization, management and driving operational costs down, but encompass a much broader set of supporting technologies.

◊ Cloud Computing solutions are rarely implemented without virtualization, but do not explicitly require resource virtualization.

◊ Cloud Computing supports a broad set of business cases (cloud dekstop, cloud service, cloud software, cloud storage).

◊ Cloud Computing delivers solutions via an elastic, utility computing model (pay per use), shifting fixed costs to variable costs.

◊ Cloud Computing supports loosely-coupled integration techniques through the use of standardized Web service interface technologies.

3.2 Myth #2: Cloud == Grid

Myth #2 – Cloud Computing is just a new term for Grid Computing.

Reality – They are similar in their efforts to optimize resources and support smooth scaling of capacity. Grid computing helps with resource provisioning on service demand, but it is nearly opposite in its objectives to

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Cloud computing.

◊ Grids are designed for one user to have all resources. Clouds are designed for one user to have a fraction of available resources.

◊ Grids are designed to carry the notion of federation to the “nth degree”. Even ethernet connections are federated. If this design strategy were applied to a Cloud, it would result in a colossal policy challenge to disentangle as multiple users compete for resources. Clouds are designed to virtualize and abstract a portion of resources in order to support elastic demand and scalable solutions.

3.3 Myth #3: Cloud == SAAS

Myth #3 – Cloud Computing is just the next generation of Application Service Providers (ASPs) in the form of Software As a Service (SAAS) like Salesforce.com, Web-based Email, Twitter, and others.

Reality – Cloud Computing supports various design strategies and business cases, with SAAS being a common but not exclusive model.

◊ Multiple Cloud service models exist, including Infrastructure-As-A-Service (IAAS), Platform-As-A-Service (PAAS), and Software-As-A-Service (SAAS)

◊ For examples of IAAS vs PAAS vs SAAS, see notes section

Notes Myth #3: Cloud == SAAS

Examples Please!

IAAS – Amazon Web Services, Google Compute Engine, RackSpace, OpenStack, GoGrid, and RightScale

PAAS – Force.com, Google App Engine, Microsoft’s Azure Services Platform, and Rackspace Cloud

SAAS – Salesforce.com, Web-based email (various), Netsuite, SAP Business ByDesign, Rackspace Email & Apps

3.4 Myth #4: Cloud == SOA

Myth #4 – Cloud Computing is basically Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) sitting on top of Virtualization.

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Reality – Clouds tend to incorporate service-oriented architectural principles, but incorporate additional considerations beyond the scope of most SOA environments.

◊ Cloud services have added requirements to support configurable / declarative data storage, configurable / declarative security, as well as interfacing with cloud controllers and/or agents

◊ Clouds tend to leverage SOA design patterns, interface and messaging standards, and service policy enforcement mechanisms

◊ SOA carries with it proven governance and service portfolio management strategies and supporting toolsets that Cloud solutions can utilize

3.5 Myth #5: Cloud == Security Risk

Myth #5 – Cloud Computing represents a huge security risk, exposing critical enterprise resources and valuable intellectual property in the public domain.

Reality – Not all clouds are created equally.

◊ Private clouds can be constructed behind a company firewall, in which an enterprise-level organization serves as the cloud provider for various divisions and business units.

◊ Public clouds can be used selectively, moving sensitive data to the cloud and/or moving processing blocks to the cloud out-of-context so as to off-load their processing without revealing their usage.

◊ Many organizations house data in 3rd party data centers today and are reasonably confident of the providers security measures, storing data with a Cloud provider could be handled in much the same way.

3.6 Summary – 1/2

Myth #1: Cloud == Virtualization

◊ Cloud Computing designs often rely heavily upon virtualization technology, but encompass a much broader set of supporting technologies.

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Myth #2: Cloud == Grid

◊ They are similar in their efforts to optimize resources and support smooth scaling of capacity, but they are nearly opposite in their objectives.

Myth #3: Cloud == SAAS

◊ Cloud Computing supports various design strategies and business cases, with SAAS being a common but not exclusive model.

3.7 Summary – 2/2

Myth #4: Cloud == SOA

◊ Clouds tend to incorporate service-oriented architectural principles, but incorporate additional considerations beyond the scope of most SOA environments.

Myth #5: Cloud == Security Risk

◊ Not all clouds are created equally. Private clouds can internalize risks behind a corporate firewall. Public clouds can be used selectively and securely.

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